A Nutrition Education Intervention to Increase Consumption of Pulses Showed Improved Nutritional Status of Adolescent Girls in Halaba Special District,Southern Ethiopia

This study aimed to determine the effect of a 6-month in-school nutrition education intervention to improve pulse consumption on weight status of adolescent girls in Ethiopia. At the intervention school, 66 girls received bi-monthly lessons that included recipes and tastings. Girls (n = 66) at the control school had usual in-school activities. With pulse-based nutrition education which included discussions and demonstrations, knowledge, attitude and practice scores improved (p < 0.001) in the intervention group while control scores remained low and unchanged. Prevalence of underweight, measured as Body Mass Index (BMI) for age, decreased with the education intervention, from 13.6% to 3% (p = 0.004), while there was no significant change seen in control girls. In Ethiopia, equipping girls in schools with the knowledge and skills to improve food intake by consuming locally grown pulses may mitigate underweight in Ethiopian female adolescents.     

Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Relevant Knowledge of Adolescent Girls in Rural Bangladesh

This study estimated the levels and differentials in nutritional status and dietary intake and relevant knowledge of adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh using data from the Baseline Survey 2004 of the National Nutrition Programme. A stratified two-stage random cluster-sampling was used for selecting 4,993 unmarried adolescent girls aged 13–18 years in 708 rural clusters. Female interviewers visited girls at home to record their education, occupation, dietary knowledge, seven-day food-frequency, intake of iron and folic acid, morbidity, weight, and height. They inquired mothers about age of their daughters and possessions of durable assets to divide households into asset quintiles. Results revealed that 26% of the girls were thin, with body mass index (BMI)-for-age <15^th percentile), 0.3% obese (BMI-for-age >95^th percentile), and 32% stunted (height-for-age ≤2SD). Risks of being thin and stunted were higher if girls had general morbidity in the last fortnight and foul-smelling vaginal discharge than their peers. Consumptions of non-staple good-quality food items in the last week were less frequent and correlated well positively with the household asset quintile. Girls of the highest asset quintile ate fish/meat 2.1 (55%) days more and egg/milk two (91%) days more than the girls in the lowest asset quintile. The overall dietary knowledge was low. More than half could not name the main food sources of energy and protein, and 36% were not aware of the importance of taking extra nutrients during adolescence for growth spurt. The use of iron supplement was 21% in nutrition-intervention areas compared to 8% in non-intervention areas. Factors associated with the increased use of iron supplements were related to awareness of the girls about extra nutrients and their access to mass media and education. Community-based adolescent-friendly health and nutrition education and services and economic development may improve the overall health and nutritional knowledge and status of adolescents.Key words: Adolescents, Dietary knowledge, Food frequency, Girls, Nutrition, Bangladesh     

Assessment of Daily Food and Nutrient Intake in Japanese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Using Dietary Reference Intakes

Medical nutrition therapy for the management of diabetes plays an important role in preventing diabetes complications and managing metabolic control. However, little is known about actual eating habits of individuals with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), especially in Japan. Therefore, we sought to (1) assess the dietary intake of individuals with T2DM, and (2) characterize their intake relative to national recommendations. This cross-sectional study involved 149 patients (77 males and 72 females) aged 40–79 years with T2DM recruited at a Kyoto hospital. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Under-consumption, adequacy, and over-consumption, of nutrients were compared to the age- and sex-based standards of the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes. Among the results, most notable are (1) the inadequacy of diets in men with respect to intake of vitamins and minerals, likely owing to low intake of vegetables and fruits; (2) excess contributions of fat intake to total energy in both sexes; and (3) excess consumption of sweets and beverages relative to the national average. The prevalence of diabetes complications may be increasing because of a major gap between the typical dietary intake of individuals with T2DM and dietary recommendation.     

History of Nutrition: The Long Road Leading to the Dietary Reference Intakes for the United States and Canada

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are reference values to guide the planning and assessing of nutrient intakes in the United States and Canada. The DRI framework was conceptualized in 1994, and the first reports were issued from 1997–2004, based on work by expert panels and subcommittees under the guidance of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine. Numerous conventions, challenges, and controversies were encountered during the process of defining and setting the DRIs, including the definition of the framework, the use of chronic disease endpoints, lack of data on requirements for children and youth, and methods for addressing nonessential bioactive substances with potential health benefits. DRIs may be used to plan and assess the nutrient intakes of both individuals and population groups, but the new paradigm particularly improved methods used for groups. It is now possible to estimate both the prevalence of inadequate intake and the prevalence of potentially excessive intake within a group. The DRIs have served as a potent influence on national nutrition policies, including those related to dietary guidance, food labeling, nutrition monitoring, food assistance programs, and military nutrition standards. Because of this important impact on nutrition policy, the DRIs must be based on the best possible and most up-to-date science. Unfortunately, no updates to specific DRIs are currently planned. Despite the long and challenging road that led to the current DRIs, it must not finish in a dead end. Monetary resources and political will are crucial to maintaining and continuously updating the DRIs.     

河南农村居民食物摄入与血压的关系分析

[目的 ]探讨食物摄入与血压之间的关系 ,为农村地区高血压的防治提供科学依据。 [方法 ]本研究利用1997年中国预防医学科学院和美国BioSignia公司的合作项目“膳食、生活方式与慢性疾病研究”的资料 ,采用多因素分析方法对河南南阳农村地区居民食物摄入与血压之间的关系进行了分析。 [结果 ]人群血压水平与食物摄入有密切的关联。高钠食物 (腌制蔬菜 )和油脂类食物与血压水平明显正关联 ,水产品、新鲜蔬菜、水果与血压水平呈明显负关联 ,可以预防高血压的发生和发展。另外本研究通过分级分析初步得到了食物摄入与血压之间的定量关系 ,在今后的膳食指导中具有一定的实用价值。 [结论 ]食物摄入种类和摄入量与平均血压水平有密切的关系 ,合理膳食是防治高血压的重要措施之一。     

海南省城乡居民膳食营养状况分析

对１９９２年海南省城乡人群的膳食结构和营养状况调查结果进行了分析。结果表明，热能摄入量偏低，食物搭配不合理，三大主要营养素摄入量，城市高于农村，各类营养素的摄入量随着经济收入的增加而上升。城市钙、锌、视黄醇，硫胺素、核黄素摄入不足，农村钙、硫胺素、核黄素摄入仅占供给量（ＲＤＡ）５０％。来源于动物性食物的热能，城市为２１．１％，农村为１１．６％。学龄前儿童热量、钙、锌摄入不足，维生素缺乏。     

Focus Group Studies on Food Safety Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices of School-going Adolescent Girls in South India

ObjectiveTo understand food safety knowledge, perceptions, and practices of adolescent girls.DesignFocus group discussions (FGDs) with 32 groups selected using stratified random sampling.SettingFour South Indian states.ParticipantsAdolescent girls (10-19 years).Phenomena of InterestFood safety knowledge, perceptions, and practices.AnalysesFGDs were audio recorded, transcribed, and manually coded by topic. At each stage of coding and analysis, reports were read independently by 3 researchers. Results were presented according to 4 food safety topics: concept of safe food; home-cooked food or outside food; packaged food products and food labels; and previous exposure to food safety education.ResultsSubjects confused the concept of nutrition with food safety. They were checking food labels, but they were not aware of quality symbols like ISI (Bureau of Indian Standards), FPO (Fruit Products Order), and AGMARK (Agriculture Marking and Grading Act); trusted more in brand names/expensive packaged food; were less careful about snack food safety. Receiving food safety information through school health education was preferred.Conclusions and ImplicationsAdolescent girls are not aware of food quality standards. Awareness needs to be raised on permitted food additives concerning which foods can use them. Children should be familiarized with quality symbols on food labels.     

上海市某区小学生膳食营养状况调查

[目的]了解上海市松江区小学生的膳食结构、营养状况,为指导合理膳食提供依据。[方法]于2009年随机整群抽取上海市松江区5所小学二至五年级1000名小学生进行连续3d膳食调查,根据《中国居民膳食指南》和＂中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量＂作出评价。[结果]小学生的谷类、奶类和豆类消费未达到推荐量,鱼、虾、肉、禽类高蛋白及油脂类食物消费过多;吃零食现象较为普遍,且所吃零食主要是能量高、营养价值低的食物。能量摄入不足,碳水化合物供能比偏低,蛋白质供能比过高,钙、锌和维生素A等多种营养素摄入不足。[结论]上海市松江区小学生人均能量摄入不足,膳食结构不甚合理,营养素摄入不均衡。应加强营养教育,指导学生合理膳食。     

227例孕妇膳食调查及维生素营养状况的分析

目的 了解孕妇膳食摄入情况及维生素的营养状况，并提出合理建议，以利于胎儿生长发育。方法 以湖南省长沙市224名孕妇为调查对象，测定了不同孕龄孕妇的血清维生素，并对孕妇的膳食摄入进行调查分析。结果 孕妇膳食三大产热营养素的热能供给比例适宜，但钙、硫胺素、核黄素的摄入量较低；孕妇血清维生素E水平随妊娠进展明显上升，叶酸水平则下降，在孕晚期尤为明显；血清维生素C低于正常值者占40％。结论 叶酸、维生素C、维生素B2为孕妇易缺乏的维生素。     

A Review of Dietary Selenium Intake and Selenium Status in Europe and the Middle East

This is a systematic review of existing data on dietary selenium (Se) intake and status for various population groups in Europe (including the United Kingdom (UK)) and the Middle East. It includes English language systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, cross-sectional and case-control studies obtained through PUBMED searches from January, 2002, to November, 2014, for European data and from 1990 to November 2014, for Middle Eastern data. Reports were selected if they included data on Se intake and status. The search identified 19 European/UK studies and 15 investigations in the Middle East that reported Se intake and Se concentration in water and/or food and 48 European/UK studies and 44 investigations in the Middle East reporting Se status. Suboptimal Se status was reported to be widespread throughout Europe, the UK and the Middle East, and these results agreed with previous reports highlighting the problem. Eastern European countries had lower Se intake than Western European countries. Middle Eastern studies provided varying results, possibly due to varying food habits and imports in different regions and within differing socioeconomic groups. In conclusion, Se intake and status is suboptimal in European and Middle Eastern countries, with less consistency in the Middle East.     

宁夏农村回、汉民膳食脂肪酸摄入状况的分析

<正>2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查结果显示,居民膳食脂肪摄入量呈逐年上升趋势。膳食脂肪摄入过多,特别是膳食脂肪酸的种类、比例和数量对脂代谢异常、肥胖、糖尿病、心血管病的发生有重要影响。本研究利用食物频率问卷(FFQ)调查方法,探讨了宁夏世居农村回、汉民膳食脂肪酸的摄入水平及其食物来源,为宁夏农村代谢性疾病的防治提供依据。     

Dietary Intake and Food Habits of Pregnant Women Residing in Urban and Rural Areas of Deyang City,Sichuan Province,China

Micronutrient deficiencies and imbalanced dietary intake tend to occur during the reproductive period among women in China. In accordance with traditional Chinese culture, pregnant women are commonly advised to follow a specific set of dietary precautions. The purpose of this study was to assess dietary intake data and identify risk factors for nutritional inadequacy in pregnant women from urban and rural areas of Deyang region, Sichuan province of China. Cross-sectional sampling was applied in two urban hospitals and five rural clinics (randomly selected) in Deyang region. Between July and October 2010, a total of 203 pregnant women in the third trimester, aged 19–42 years, were recruited on the basis of informed consent during antenatal clinic sessions. Semi-structured interviews on background information and 24-h dietary recalls were conducted. On the basis of self-reported height and pre-pregnancy weight, 68.7% of the women had a pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) within the normal range (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25), 26.3% were found to be underweight with a BMI <18.5 (20.8% in urban vs. 35.6% in rural areas), while only 5.1% were overweight with a BMI ≥30. In view of acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs) the women’s overall dietary energy originated excessively from fat (39%), was low in carbohydrates (49.6%), and reached the lower limits for protein (12.1%). Compared to rural areas, women living in urban areas had significantly higher reference nutrient intake (RNI) fulfillment levels for energy (106.1% vs. 93.4%), fat (146.6% vs. 119.7%), protein (86.9% vs. 71.6%), vitamin A (94.3% vs. 65.2%), Zn (70.9% vs. 61.8%), Fe (56.3% vs. 48%), Ca (55.1% vs. 41%) and riboflavin (74.7% vs. 60%). The likelihood of pregnant women following traditional food recommendations, such as avoiding rabbit meat, beef and lamb, was higher in rural (80%) than in urban (65.1%) areas. In conclusion, culturally sensitive nutrition education sessions are necessary for both urban and rural women. The prevalence of underweight before conception and an insufficient supply of important micronutrients were more pronounced in rural areas. Therefore, attention must be given to the nutritional status, especially of rural women before, or at the latest, during pregnancy.     

安徽贫困农村学前儿童健康与膳食营养状况动态分析

目的　了解安徽省贫困农村地区 (泾县、宁国、岳西、界首 )学龄前儿童健康与膳食营养状况动态。方法　研究周期 5年 ,3次监测评估 (基线调查、中期评估、终期评估 )。结果　共监测 5岁以下儿童 9340名 ,其中膳调儿童 552名。儿童生长发育迟缓和低体重发生率达 2 1 .2 %和 1 5 .6 % ,呈下降趋势 (分别下降了 9.4和 7.1个百分点 ) ;儿童贫血患病率居高不下 ,终期评估时高出 5个百分点 ,达 44 .5 % ;儿童主要膳食模式是“谷类加蔬菜水果” ,占膳调儿童的 36 % ,且有 1 5 .1 %的儿童膳食中只含谷类 ;蛋白质、热能摄入量虽逐年增加 ,但最终也只能满足各自RDA的 57.4%和 66 .3 % ;钙和维生素A的摄入呈严重不足 ,分别达RDA的 2 1 .4%和 43 .7%。结论　提示农村经济发展在一定程度上改善了贫困农村地区儿童的健康与膳食营养状况 ,但远未达到理想状态 ,应探索多因素综合干预措施     

Effects of Dietary Protein and Fiber at Breakfast on Appetite,ad Libitum Energy Intake at Lunch,and Neural Responses to Visual Food Stimuli in Overweight Adults

Increasing either protein or fiber at mealtimes has relatively modest effects on ingestive behavior. Whether protein and fiber have additive or interactive effects on ingestive behavior is not known. Fifteen overweight adults (5 female, 10 male; BMI: 27.1 ± 0.2 kg/m²; aged 26 ± 1 year) consumed four breakfast meals in a randomized crossover manner (normal protein (12 g) + normal fiber (2 g), normal protein (12 g) + high fiber (8 g), high protein (25 g) + normal fiber (2 g), high protein (25 g) + high fiber (8 g)). The amount of protein and fiber consumed at breakfast did not influence postprandial appetite or ad libitum energy intake at lunch. In the fasting-state, visual food stimuli elicited significant responses in the bilateral insula and amygdala and left orbitofrontal cortex. Contrary to our hypotheses, postprandial right insula responses were lower after consuming normal protein vs. high protein breakfasts. Postprandial responses in other a priori brain regions were not significantly influenced by protein or fiber intake at breakfast. In conclusion, these data do not support increasing dietary protein and fiber at breakfast as effective strategies for modulating neural reward processing and acute ingestive behavior in overweight adults.     

A Mobile Phone Based Method to Assess Energy and Food Intake in Young Children: A Validation Study against the Doubly Labelled Water Method and 24 h Dietary Recalls

Mobile phones are becoming important instruments for assessing diet and energy intake. We developed the Tool for Energy Balance in Children (TECH), which uses a mobile phone to assess energy and food intake in pre-school children. The aims of this study were: (a) to compare energy intake (EI) using TECH with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured via doubly labelled water (DLW); and (b) to compare intakes of fruits, vegetables, fruit juice, sweetened beverages, candy, ice cream, and bakery products using TECH with intakes acquired by 24 h dietary recalls. Participants were 39 healthy, Swedish children (5.5 ± 0.5 years) within the ongoing Mobile-based Intervention Intended to Stop Obesity in Preschoolers (MINISTOP) obesity prevention trial. Energy and food intakes were assessed during four days using TECH and 24 h telephone dietary recalls. Mean EI (TECH) was not statistically different from TEE (DLW) (5820 ± 820 kJ/24 h and 6040 ± 680kJ/24 h, respectively). No significant differences in the average food intakes using TECH and 24 h dietary recalls were found. All food intakes were correlated between TECH and the 24 h dietary recalls (ρ = 0.665–0.896, p < 0.001). In conclusion, TECH accurately estimated the average intakes of energy and selected foods and thus has the potential to be a useful tool for dietary studies in pre-school children, for example obesity prevention trials.     

A Preliminary Investigation of the Food Intake Patterns and Beliefs Among Independent Living Elderly Residents in a Continuing Care Retirement Center

Abstract

A study investigating the food intake patterns and beliefs among independent living residents in one continuing care retirement community in the Pacific Northwest, in which resident meals are provided. Three hundred and fifty-five participants were surveyed using a food frequency instrument and a series of questions about meal patterns and beliefs. Data gathered represented an 85% response rate and indicates that food intakes among the residents are good when compared to other studies of older Americans. The results suggest similar or better intakes among the very old (85+) in this community.     

A Historical Review of Changes in Nutrition Standards of USDA Child Meal Programs Relative to Research Findings on the Nutritional Adequacy of Program Meals and the Diet and Nutritional Health of Participants: Implications for Future Research and the Summer Food Service Program

Background: The USDA child meal programs (CMPs) (National School Lunch Program (NSLP), School Breakfast Program (SBP), and Summer Food Service Program (SFSP) were established in 1946 (NSLP) and 1975 (SBP and SFSP) to improve the diet and nutritional health of US children. There is concern that participation in these programs may in fact be a contributor to the current childhood obesity epidemic. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if the CMPs are meeting their intended goal by reviewing the historical changes to nutrition standards of the CMPs in correspondence with the literature that examines the nutritional adequacy of meals served as part of these programs, as well as the dietary intakes and nutritional status of participants. Methods: Public Law and the Federal Register were reviewed and websites and online databases were systematically searched. Results: NSLP and SBP first underwent updates to the nutrition standards in 1994 and subsequently 2010, whereas SFSP last underwent modifications in 2000. The majority of data, all collected prior to 2010, demonstrate that meals served as part of the NSLP and SBP are not meeting nutrition standards. In addition, the dietary intakes of NSLP and SBP participants are high in calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium, and low in fiber. Studies examining the weight status and other nutrition-related health outcomes of NSLP and SBP participants have produced mixed results. In contrast, no studies published in the peer-reviewed literature have been conducted examining the nutritional adequacy of SFSP meals or the dietary intakes or nutritional health of SFSP participants. There are public reports available on the nutritionally adequacy of SFSP meals, however, they are severely outdated (1988 and 2003). Due to this dearth of information, a case study on a sample SFSP menu from summer 2015 was conducted; results showed that the meals are high in carbohydrate and protein content and insufficient in vegetable servings. Conclusions: There is critical need for policy change that would enable updates to the SFSP nutrition standards to match those of the NSLP and SBP. In addition, strategies are needed to facilitate development of CMP menus that meet current nutrition standards. Finally, rigorously designed studies are needed to understand the direct impact of CMP participation on child diet and health, particularly the SFSP for which there is limited published data.     

Caffeine Intake from Food and Beverage Sources and Trends among Children and Adolescents in the United States: Review of National Quantitative Studies from 1999 to 2011

There is increasing concern about potential adverse effects of caffeine in children. Our understanding of caffeine intake relies on studies dating to the late 1990s. This article synthesizes information from national studies since then to describe caffeine consumption, its association with sociodemographic factors, key dietary sources including caffeine-containing energy drinks (CCEDs), and trends in caffeine intake and sources among US children. Findings from the Kanter Worldpanel (KWP) Beverage Consumption Panel and the NHANES showed that caffeine consumption prevalence was generally consistent across studies and over time; more than one-half of 2- to 5-y-olds and ∼75% of older children (>5 y) consumed caffeine. The usual intakes of caffeine were 25 and 50 mg/d for children and adolescents aged 2–11 and 12–17 y, respectively (NHANES 2007–2010). Caffeine consumption correlated with age and was higher in non-Hispanic white children. The key sources of caffeine were soda and tea as well as flavored dairy (for children aged <12 y) and coffee (for those aged ≥12 y). The frequency of CCED use varied (2–30%) depending on study setting, methods, and demographic characteristics. A statistically significant but small decline in caffeine intake was noted in children overall during the 10- to 12-y period examined; intakes remained stable among older children (≥12 y). A significant increasing trend in CCED and coffee consumption and a decline in soda intake were noted (1999–2010). In 2009–2010, 10% of 12- to 19-y-olds and 10–25% of caffeine consumers (aged 12–19 y) had intakes exceeding Canadian maximal guidelines. Continued monitoring can help better understand changes in caffeine consumption patterns of youth.     

杭州市超市食品营养标签标识及消费者认知度调查

目的了解杭州市场上常见包装食品营养标签标识现状和消费者对营养标签的认知度。方法通过现场调查方法,对杭州市某大型超市7大类262种包装食品的营养标签标识状况进行记录;同时随机抽取280名消费者进行营养标签认知度的问卷调查;结果输入计算机,用EXCEL软件进行分析。结果食品营养标签的标识率为57.6%,不同类食品间标识率存在较大差别;标识一种营养素的食品居多,占26.0%;标识营养素的名称和单位不统一;15.0%的消费者将食品营养信息作为选择食品的首要考虑因素,88.9%的消费者认为国家需要对食品包装上的营养信息进行统一规定。结论目前国内食品的营养标签标识尚不规范,国家应加快营养标签的立法工作;消费者对食品营养标签的认知度不高,政府和媒体需加强对消费者的宣传教育。     

农村贫困地区女性生殖道感染现状及对策研究

为了解农村贫困地区女性生殖道感染现状,对世界银行贷款“加强中国农村贫困地区基本卫生服务项目”（简称卫生Ⅷ项目）贵州省大方县、山西省榆社县、河南省嵩县、青海省互助县的１２个乡镇３６个村的７２２名已婚育龄妇女进行问卷调查,并在１２个村开展了参与式农村评估（ＰＲＡ）调研。调研发现：在被调查妇女中最近半年内有各种生殖道感染症状者占３６．３％,就诊率仅为２６．３％,就诊地点乡卫生院为５７．４％,村卫生室为２