海水中重金属对生物毒性：机理和微观研究

关于海水中重金属形态与其毒性的关系已有许多作者进行了探讨。近年来,不少学者也对海水中各种污染物互相作用进行了研究;有的学者研究了生物在接触毒性金属离子后的保护性反应(去毒作用);随着近年来,电子显微镜、扫描隧道显微镜等高分辨、强有力的仪器应用于藻类与重金属作用后发生的微观变化观察,得出了关于重金属毒性的一些有价值的理     

低盐度海水中重金属标准物质研制

本文介绍了低盐度海水中5种重金属元素混合溶液标准物质的研究和制备过程。以稀释的大洋海水为基体,用容量法以加标方式制备了低盐度海水中重金属标准物质。各元素统计结果表明样品的均匀性和稳定性良好。经9家具有中国计量认定(CMA)资质的实验室分别采用原子吸收分光光度法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法和阳极溶出伏安法对标准溶液进行分析定值,并用国家标准物质作量值溯源,以分析结果的总平均值作为标准值,标准值及不确定度的结果分别为铜15.2±0.7 μg/L、铅15.3±0.7 μg/L、锌98.9±4.7 μg/L、镉2.02±0.10 μg/L以及铬15.3±0.6 μg/L。该标准物质可用于近岸、河口区低盐度海水重金属分析过程的量值传递和质量控制。     

纳米四氧化三铁/离子载体修饰电极检测海水中痕量重金属铅

制备了一种纳米四氧化三铁/离子载体(nano-Fe<,3>O<,4>/ionophore)修饰的玻碳电极,利用阳极溶出伏安法实现了海水中的痕量铅离子的测定.利用纳米四氧化三铁的高比表面积和铅离子载体(ionophore)能够提供与铅离子配合的位点或仅供铅离子通过的空穴,有效地提高了检测重金属离子的灵敏度和选择性.实验结...     

海水金属元素检测方法的研究进展

海水中的金属元素是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,其形态变化会影响其在海洋中的化学行为和生物行为,因此对海水金属元素进行精确分析测定(包括对海水金属元素样品的采集、处理和测定)是十分必要的。在海水金属元素的分析测定中,原子光谱法、色谱分析法、毛细管电泳法、电化学法、质谱分析法和流动注射分析技术应用较为广泛;近年来多种仪器联用技术发展迅速,并在海水金属元素样品分析中具有广阔前景。     

石英管原子捕集火焰原子吸收法测定海水中痕量铅

本文报道了应用石英管原子捕集火焰原子吸收法测定海水中痕量铅的测定效果,共存离子的干扰与消除,给出了方法的精密度、回收率及同石墨炉原子吸收法的比测结果。     

铅在海水中的析出及其对急性毒性实验的影响

铅(Pb)在海水中易产生沉淀,这将影响毒性实验中效应值的计算。本研究通过海水中不同重金属对中国广泛分布的底栖无脊椎动物双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)以及毒理学研究常用的海水模式生物卤虫(Artemiasalina)的急性毒性实验,对比分析了海水中Pb的生物毒性特点以及暴露溶液中Pb的析出对毒性实验结果的影响。用人工海水与天然海水配制Pb溶液时,理论浓度为18.7～1 200mg/L的Pb溶液中均出现大量白色沉淀。通过扫描电子显微镜能谱(SEM-EDS)对析出物进行检测,根据元素组成推测析出物主要为氯化铅与碳酸铅。对溶液浓度进行检测发现,Pb的实测浓度仅为理论浓度的1/15～1/2,根据实测浓度计算的Pb对双齿围沙蚕和卤虫的96h/48h半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)值低于根据理论浓度计算值的1/10。对比Pb、Cu、Cd对双齿围沙蚕与卤虫的LC₅₀值发现, Pb对水生生物的毒性低于Cu和Cd,且对不同生物的毒性效应存在差异。对比研究报道中Pb对海洋生物的急性毒性效应发现,Pb对幼体生物的毒性效应较显著,而在海水有效溶解...     

海水pH对疏浚物中重金属释放的影响

对厦门员当湖污染疏浚物中的Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ和Ｐｂ在不同ｐＨ的天然海水中溶出的模拟研究结果表明：在ｐＨ为５．０，６．５，８．３条件下，疏浚物中的Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ的释放率分别为８０％－９４％，４％－９％和１．０％－２．２％；在相同条件下，Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ的释放量（释放量）均随ｐＨ值增大而减少，释放量的顺序为Ｃｄ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｐｂ。讨论了ｐＨ对释放作用的影响及释放过程所遵循的动力学规律。     

海水中致病菌检测研究进展

海水中致病菌种类繁多、致病性强,对水产养殖和人体健康存在着潜在危害。传统的检测方法培养过程复杂繁琐、耗时长、效率低,难以满足实际工作的需求。因此,建立海水中致病菌的快速、灵敏、准确的检测技术势在必行。本文综述了流式细胞技术、分子生物学方法、免疫学方法和生物传感器技术等在海水致病菌检测中的应用,总结了上述方法在海水致病菌检测中的研究现状。     

厦门港表层沉积物对海水中铅的吸附动力学

模拟研究厦门港表层沉积物对海水中Ｐｂ的吸附动力学及水环境条件的影响,当海水温度由２０－３０℃、ＰＨ５－８和盐度３０－４变化时,吸附速率分别提高约５０％、、个数量和５倍。吸附速率与盐度之间呈负指数相关关系。吸附过程可用交换吸附动力学模式描述。测定吸附速率常数、表观活化能和平衡吸附量等参数研究表明,沉积物对Ｐｂ的吸附性质以华东作用为主。     

胶州湾东北部海水中铅的形态及其分布

研究海洋中铅的含量及其形式和形态，对了解铅在海洋中的循环和它的地球化学以及生物过程都有一定的意义。关于这方面的工作曾有一些评论和研究报导。铅在大洋海水中的含量一般认为是0．02-0．10μg／L，但近岸区由于受陆地排放铅的影响会使其含量增高，据近年报道的最高值为12．5μg／L-13．9μg／L。     

Analysis of lead in polluted coastal seawater

The concentrations of total lead were determined in both ordinary coastal seawater and in coastal waters highly polluted with sewage. The average concentration of total lead ranged from about 25 ng/kg in surface samples of the former type to an average of 150 ng/kg in the latter type. 0.4⁻μm filtrate lead was found to be equivalent to lead extracted from untreated seawater by dithizone in chloroform. In highly polluted waters, particle lead ranged from 56 to 39% of the total lead, with the proportion increasing as the amount of sewage in the seawater increased. Virtually all of the lead in sewage is contained in the particle phase before it enters the ocean but about 11% is made freely available by cation exchange when the sewage is mixed with seawater. In ordinary coastal waters that are not highly polluted with sewage lead, particle lead ranged from 90 to > 20%, and most of this lead was associated with plankton. About one-third of total lead, or one-half of particle lead, in untreated seawater adheres to the walls of the water container within the first day. Upon prolonged standing (> 3 months) most of the remaining particle lead can be collected on the surface of algal colonies growing on the walls of the water container. The concentrations of freely available lead in seawater do not seem to be significantly affected by wall adsorption. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio of total lead in coastal surface seawater collected near Los Angeles was 1.194, and a day earlier was 1.188 near La Jolla. It is believed that this shows lack of mixing of contributions from two different sources of lead pollution: a pulse of rain-storm runoff of gasoline lead(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb 1.197) from paved surfaces added to Los Angeles waters; and sewage lead (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb 1.188) from San Diego added to La Jolla waters.     

Polarographic determination of orthophosphate in seawater

-In the system HCl-Sb (Ⅲ)-ammonium molybdatc-acetone-butanone, PO43-, Sb (Ⅲ) and Mo (VI) form ternary heteropoly acid. This ternary heteropoly acid anion is adsorbed on the dropping mercury electrode and reduced quickly into heteropoly blue. The process of electrochemical reaction will produce a sensitive polarographic wave with peak potential -0.42V (vs S.C.E.). The detection limit is 6×10-8 mol/1. Variable coefficients are 10% and 3% for 0.1 μmol/l and 1 μmol/1 respectively.This method is sensitive, accurate and extremely rapid for analysis of seawater.     

Oscillopolarographic determination of microsillicon in seawater

A new oscillopolarographic method for the determination of Si (Ⅳ) is described in this paper. In the system HC1- Sb(Ⅲ) -Mo(Ⅵ) -NaCl-ethyl alcohol, Si (Ⅳ) with Sb (Ⅲ) and Mo (Ⅵ) form ternary heteropoly acid. The anion of ternary heteropoly is adsorbed on the dropping mercury electrobe and under proper electric potentials reduced quickly into heteropoly blue. The process of electrochemical reaction will produce a sensitive polarographic wave with peak potential at- 0. 30(Vs. SCE). The lower limit of determination is 8×10-8 mol/dm3. This method is sensitive, accurate and extremely rapid for the determination of micro-silicon in seawater.     

A tentative determination of methylmercury in seawater

A bioassay experiment using caged mussels has suggested a total concentration of methylmercury in the seawater of a polluted estuary of 0.06 ng dm^?3. The technique may provide a useful tool for the assessment of relative concentrations of methylmercury in seawater at different locations.     

Sorption of lead onto two gram-negative marine bacteria in seawater

Laboratory adsorption experiments performed at environmentally significant lead (Pb) and cell concentrations indicate that the marine bacteria examined have significant binding capacities for Pb. However, the behavior governing Pb sorption onto gram-negative bacteria in seawater may be quite complex. The sorption kinetics appear to involve two distinct phases, i.e., a rapid removal of Pb from solution within the first few minutes, followed by a slow but nearly constant removal over many hours. Also, the average binding coefficient, calculated for Pb sorption onto bacteria and a measure of binding intensity, increases with decreasing sorption density (amounts of bacteria-associated Pb per unit bacterial surface) at low cell concentrations (10⁵ cells ml⁻¹), but decreases with decreasing sorption density at higher cell concentrations (10⁷ cells ml⁻¹). The latter effect is apparently due to the production of significant amounts of extra-cellular organics at high cell concentrations that compete directly with bacterial surfaces for available lead. Lead toxicity and active uptake by marine bacteria did not appear significant at the Pb concentrations used.     

Accuracy and precision of lead isotopic composition measurements in seawater

Accurate and precise measurements of stable lead isotopic compositions in seawater are critically dependent upon the ultra-clean techniques developed for accurate measurements of low (0.1 ng kg⁻¹) lead concentrations in seawater by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. These include both limiting and measuring lead contamination during all phases of sampling, storage and analysis. Essential to this are samplers and shipboard facilities for collecting uncontaminated samples, and laboratory facilities for cleaning containers, purifying reagents and processing samples and standards. Techniques are also required to compensate for the absence of an internal standard, refractory hydrocarbon contaminants and the limited sensitivity of the detectors. Adaptation of those techniques has lowered the lead analytical detection limit for seawater analyses to 0.02 ng kg⁻¹. While the precision of these analyses (0.1–0.4%) is less than that of high precision isotope ratio measurements (0.001%), it is sufficient to identify sources of lead inputs to the ocean and to trace biogeochemical cycles of lead within the ocean. The accuracy of these initial data is currently being established with interlaboratory calibrations and evaluated in terms of its oceanographic consistency.     

Potentiometric determination of calcium and magnesium in seawater

Methods are described for the complexometric determination of calcium and magnesium in seawater, using an amalgamated silver electrode for end-point detection. In the presence of a small amount of mercury(II)-chelonate, the amalgamated silver electrode serves as a pM indicator during the complexometric titration, the Hg complex being stronger than Ca, Mg and Sr complexes. Calcium is determined by titration with EGTA, calcium+magnesium+strontium by titration with EDTA and magnesium is obtained by difference. Average values of 0.02120 (standard deviation 0.00004) for Ca:Cl‰ and 0.06671 (standard deviation 0.00014) for Mg:Cl‰ were obtained for samples from tropical North Atlantic Ocean.     

Studies on the determination of inorganic iodine in seawater

Existing methods for the determination of the various forms of iodine present in seawater are laborious or unwieldy in use. This paper describes modified forms of the iodate and total iodine methods described by Barkley and Thompson (1960), a spectrophotometric procedure for iodate determination derived from Johannesson's (1958) work, and an automatic method for total iodine determination. Procedures for iodate and total-iodine determination which are suitable for use aboard ship, are recommended. Both procedures for iodate determination returned a standard deviation close to 0.5 μg/l when several replicate samples of a seawater containing approximately 30 μg/l of iodate-iodine were analysed. The automatic method for total iodine determination yielded a standard deviation of 0.8 μg/l by the repeated analysis of a seawater containing a total of approximately 50 μg/l of iodine. Suitable methods for the filtration and storage of seawater are also described.