病毒样颗粒疫苗及载体的研究进展

病毒样颗粒(VLPs)是由病毒衣壳蛋白结构抗原自行装配而成的类似病毒粒子的完整结构,因此保持了病毒抗原蛋白的天然构象。VLPs在疫苗和呈递系统方面受到广泛关注。本文就VLPs疫苗及VLPs载体的研究进展作一综述。     

以乙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白颗粒为载体的流感通用疫苗的构建

目的构建以乙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白(Hepatitis B virus coreprotein,HBc)颗粒为载体的含流感病毒M2基质蛋白胞外功能区(M2 ectodomain,M2e)和核蛋白(Nucleoprotein,NP)保守表位的流感通用疫苗,评价其抗不同亚型流感病毒感染的保护作用。方法采用基因工程方法将流感病毒M2e的3拷贝重复片段与NP的CTL表位串联,插入HBc刺突顶端的免疫优势决定区,构建重组表达质粒pET-21a-HBc-3M2e-NP,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG16℃低温诱导表达。表达的融合蛋白HBc-3M2e-NP经纯化后,电镜观察病毒样颗粒形成情况。纯化的融合蛋白分别经鼻腔和腹腔免疫小鼠,对照组注射等体积的PBS,间接ELISA法检测小鼠血清IgG抗体水平;流式细胞术检测小鼠脾组织中CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞水平;以流感病毒攻毒,检测融合蛋白的保护效果。结果重组表达质粒pET-21a-HBc-3M2e-NP经PCR及双酶切鉴定证明构建正确。表达的融合蛋白相对分子质量约为29000,以包涵体和可溶性两种形式表达,且可与鼠抗M2e单抗发生特异性反应。纯化的融合蛋白纯度大于90%,且能够自动装配成病毒样颗粒。用该病毒样颗粒免疫小鼠,可诱导小鼠产生针对不同流感病毒毒株的特异性抗体;2种途径免疫的小鼠脾组织中CD4+T淋巴细胞含量和CD4+/CD8+T淋巴细胞比例均较对照组明显升高;攻毒试验结果显示,具有交叉保护作用。结论构建的流感通用疫苗能够诱导机体产生高水平的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答及有效的交叉保护作用,为流感通用疫苗的深入研究奠定了基础。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒样颗粒的构建及鉴定

目的构建同时含有禽流感H5N1疫苗株NIBRG-14的血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)、神经氨酸酶(Neurami-nidase,NA)及基质蛋白(Matrix protein,M1)3种基因的重组杆状病毒,并研究其表达产物的生物学特性。方法利用RT-PCR法从禽流感H5N1疫苗株NIBRG-14中扩增HA、NA及M1基因片段,并同时亚克隆至杆状病毒穿梭质粒pFastBacDual中,构建重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒,转染Sf9昆虫细胞,包装重组杆状病毒Bacmid-HA-NA-M1a。Westernblot法和血凝试验检测HA、NA及M1蛋白在Sf9细胞中的表达;表达的重组蛋白经超速离心浓缩及蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化后,透射电镜观察病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particles,VLPs)的形态结构,并通过单向免疫扩散(Single radialimmunodiffusion,SRID)试验检测HA的含量。结果已成功构建了重组杆状病毒,该病毒可同时表达HA、NA及M1蛋白,3种蛋白可自行组装成VLPs,并分泌至细胞培养上清中,血凝效价可达1∶64;重组杆状病毒表达的蛋白形成的VLPs与NIBRG-14标准抗血清形成沉淀环,浓缩及纯化后的重组蛋白HA含量分别为36和27μg/ml;透射电镜观察可见直径约100 nm的典型流感VLPs。结论构建的重组杆状病毒可表达VLPs,为禽流感新型疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

重组HBsAg在汉逊酵母中的分泌表达

目的构建重组乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)分泌型汉逊酵母工程菌株,并进行诱导表达。方法在HBsAg基因前加酿酒酵母α前导肽(MFα)基因序列作为信号肽,将整个序列优化为汉逊酵母优选密码子,采用搭桥PCR方法分别合成后,通过1对引物PCR法融合在一起。将融合基因插入汉逊酵母穿梭质粒pDGXHP2.0的甲醇氧化酶基因(MOX)启动子下游,构建成多拷贝分泌型重组表达载体。将其电转化多型汉逊酵母尿嘧啶缺陷型宿主菌ATCC34438(Ura3-),筛选分泌表达HBsAg的汉逊酵母工程菌株,并比较在YPD、BMMY、MM3种培养基中分泌表达HBsAg的水平,ELISA检测培养上清液中HBsAg的表达量,透射电镜观察类病毒颗粒(VLPs)。结果构建了HBsAg汉逊酵母多拷贝表达质粒pDGXHP2.0-2MFα-HBsAg和pDGXHP2.0-4MFα-HBsAg,筛选获得了分泌表达HBsAg的汉逊酵母HP/2MFα-HBsAg和HP/4MFα-HBsAg。经诱导,工程菌株在YPD培养基中分泌表达的HBsAg量高于在BMMY和MM中的表达量;ELISA定量检测表达量最高可达10μg/ml,培养上清液经透射电镜观察,形成了VLPs。结论HBsAg在汉逊酵母中能够分泌表达,并能形成VLPs,但表达量低于胞内表达量。     

重组人肠道病毒71型病毒样颗粒疫苗外源DNA残留量检测方法的建立

目的建立重组人肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles,VLPs)疫苗原液中昆虫细胞宿主DNA残留的地高辛探针杂交检测方法。方法抽提昆虫细胞sf9基因组DNA,经分子筛纯化后作为阳性对照品;分别以1 000~5 000 bp和100~1 000 bp的基因组DNA超声随机小片段为模板,制备地高辛探针,与阳性对照进行杂交试验。同时验证方法的检测范围、灵敏度和特异性,并采用该方法对3批重组EV71 VLPs疫苗原液中宿主DNA残留量进行测定。结果纯化后DNA样品浓度为47. 5 ng/μL,A260/A280值为1. 86,可作为阳性对照。以100~1 000 bp DNA超声随机小片段作为模板,探针标记效率更高,杂交显色更清晰。该法检测范围为10 pg^10 ng,灵敏度达1 pg,特异性强。3批重组EV71 VLPs疫苗原液中每人份剂量的宿主细胞DNA残留均<50 pg。结论本实验建立的方法特异性强,灵敏度高,可用于重组EV71 VLPs疫苗制备过程中的原液检定及质量控制。     

JY佐剂对人乳头瘤病毒18型L1蛋白病毒样颗粒黏膜免疫效果的影响

目的探讨JY佐剂对人乳头瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)18型L1蛋白病毒样颗粒(Virus-like parti-cle,VLP)黏膜免疫效果的影响,并观察鼻腔反复免疫后与HPV58、11和6型的免疫交叉反应。方法用含或不含JY佐剂的HPV18 L1 VLP分别经肌肉和鼻腔免疫BALB/c小鼠,并设PBS对照组,于第0、3、6周各免疫1次,免疫后第2、5、8周采血,ELISA法检测血清IgG抗体滴度;于第8周分离脾淋巴细胞并收集呼吸道灌洗液,采用IFNγELISPOT试剂盒检测细胞免疫效果,ELISA法检测黏膜免疫效果;鼻腔免疫各组取5只小鼠,继续免疫10次,每次间隔3周,收集第14、20、26、32和38周的血清,ELISA法检测HPV18 L1蛋白与HPV58、11和6型的免疫交叉反应。结果免疫3次后,不含或含有佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白经肌肉免疫后的血清IgG抗体滴度(均为104.6)高于经鼻腔免疫后的血清IgG抗体滴度(分别为101.9和102.8)。含有佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白经鼻腔免疫后呼吸道灌洗液中sIgA抗体浓度(30.06μg/ml)明显高于不含佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白鼻腔免疫组(23.47μg/ml)(P<0.01),但肌肉免疫组未检测到sIgA抗体。含有佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白经鼻腔免疫诱导的细胞斑点数明显高于不含佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白鼻腔免疫组(P<0.01),不含佐剂与含佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白肌肉免疫组诱导的细胞斑点数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HPV18 L1免疫小鼠后的血清与HPV58、11和6型之间均有交叉反应,在第32周血清特异性IgG抗体滴度最高。结论 HPV18 L1 VLP经肌肉免疫后,其血清抗体水平高于鼻腔免疫组,但该蛋白鼻腔免疫后细胞免疫反应和黏膜sIgA抗体水平均高于肌肉免疫组;JY佐剂能增强HPV18 L1蛋白经鼻腔免疫后的小鼠细胞反应及黏膜sIgA抗体应答,但肌肉免疫组佐剂作用不明显;HPV18 L1蛋白反复鼻腔免疫后,可拓宽抗原保护谱。     

重组乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原的免疫原性及其对乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原的免疫增强作用

目的探讨重组乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(HBcAg)的免疫原性及其对重组乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)的免疫增强作用。方法用透射电镜观察HBcAg、HBsAg及HBcAg+HBsAg混合抗原病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particle,VLP)的形态。将小鼠随机分为6组:阴性对照组(NS)、HBcAg组(C)、HBsAg组(S)、HBsAg+铝佐剂组(S+Al)、HBsAg+HBcAg混合组(S+C)及HBsAg+HBcAg+铝佐剂组(S+C+Al),用相应抗原免疫各组小鼠,分别于第0天、第14天经小鼠双侧大腿肌肉进行初次和加强免疫1次,间接ELISA法检测各组小鼠血清中HBsAg和HBcAg的特异性抗体水平,分析HBsAg特异性抗体亚类,ELISPOT法检测各组小鼠脾细胞中HBsAg特异性IFNγ、HBcAg特异性IFNγ及HBsAg特异性IL-4水平。结果电镜观察可见HBsAg和HBcAg均呈大小均一的VLP结构,二者混合后有聚集现象。初次免疫后,S+C组的HBsAg特异性抗体水平与S组差异无统计学意义(P=0.074),加强免疫后,S+C组HBsAg特异性抗体水平明显高于S组(P=0.002),C组和S+C组均可产生高水平HBcAg特异性抗体。S组HBsAg抗体亚类以IgG1为主,S+C组以IgG2a为主。S+C组HBsAg特异性IFNγ斑点数明显高于S组、S+Al组和S+C+Al组(P<0.05),C组与S+C组HBcAg特异性IFNγ斑点数均较高,与S+C+Al组比较,S+Al组HBsAg特异性IL-4斑点数明显升高(P=0.026)。结论 HBcAg具有良好的免疫原性,可增强HBsAg的免疫反应,使反应向Th1方向极化,为治疗性乙肝疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

Modelling of the Am(III) – Cm(III) kinetic separation effect observed during metal ion extraction by bis-(1,2,4)-triazine ligands

The kinetic separation effect was observed leading to a separation factor for Am(III) over Cm(III) as high as 7.9 by using 2,9-bis-(1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-1,10-phenantroline (BTPhen) ligands in our recent study. In an attempt to explain the observed tendencies, several kinetic models were tested. A model based on mass transfer as the rate-controlling process was found to best describe the kinetic data and allowed to simulate the dependence of Am/Cm separation factor on time. The calculated values of the overall mass-transfer coefficients confirmed that the observed kinetic effect was caused by the different rates of Am(III) and Cm(III) extraction. This kinetic separation phenomenon and its explanation paves the way for potential new approaches to separation of metal ions with very similar properties, such as the adjacent minor actinides Am(III) and Cm(III).     

Fouling Control by Reduction of Submicron Particles in a BF‐MBR with an Integrated Flocculation Zone in the Membrane Reactor

Abstract

Submicron particles represent one of the major foulants in the biofilm membrane reactor BF‐MBR. Reduction of the amount of submicron particles (colloids) adjacent to the membrane is one measure in order to provide better fouling control in BF‐MBR systems. A submerged hollow fiber (Zenon Zeeweed) membrane reactor was redesigned by introducing a flocculation zone below the aeration device of the membrane module. This resulted in reduction of submicron particles around the membrane from 8.2% to 6.9%, expressed in differential number percentage. The size of the most abundant particle fraction consequently increased from 0.70 to 0.84 µm. Furthermore, the modified membrane reactor design provided longer operational cycles, >40% reduction of suspended solids around the membrane, and improved retentate/concentrate characteristics, i.e., dewaterability (CST), settleability (SVI/SSV) and filterability (TTF).     

传染性喉气管炎病毒gD基因重组禽痘病毒的制备、纯化及初步鉴定

目的制备传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)gD基因重组禽痘病毒,并进行纯化及初步鉴定。方法将含有ILTV河南长葛株gD基因的禽痘病毒转移载体转染禽痘病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞,采用蓝色蚀斑筛选纯化重组禽痘病毒,并经PCR及间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)进行鉴定。结果经过5轮蚀斑筛选纯化,获得1株重组禽痘病毒rFPV-ILTV-gD,其PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳,可见约1400bp的ILTVgD特异性条带。IFA检测显示重组禽痘病毒中的ILTVgD基因得到了表达。结论已成功制备并纯化了ILTVgD基因重组禽痘病毒,为预防ILT提供了新的途径。     

Solvent Extraction Investigations on Pu(IV) and Th(IV) Complexes with Hydrophilic SO3-Ph-BTP and SO3-Ph-BTBP Ligands

ABSTRACT

Complexation of Pu(IV) and Th(IV) cations by the title ligands – hydrophilic sulfophenyl triazinyl derivatives of bis-triazinyl-pyridine and -bipyridine – was studied in solvent extraction systems containing a TODGA extractant and one of these hydrophilic ligands. Stoichiometries and stability constants of the complexes formed in an acidic (HNO₃) aqueous phase have been determined. The Pu(IV) complexes are significantly stronger than their Th(IV) analogues. Only two complexes of each metal with SO₃-Ph-BTP (1:1 and 1:2) have been detected, and only one (1:1) with SO₃-Ph-BTBP; both numbers being less than expected based on the coordination numbers of the metal ions and on the denticities of the ligands. Possible reasons of this discrepancy are discussed.     

Morphologies of electrochemically formed copper powder particles and their dependence on the quantity of evolved hydrogen

Copper powder particles formed by electrolysis under different quantities of evolved hydrogen were analyzed using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. It was found that the structure of the powder particles strongly depended on the quantity of evolved hydrogen — that is, two types of powder particles were formed, depending on the quantity of evolved hydrogen. One type of particle was formed during the electrodeposition of copper when the quantity of evolved hydrogen was insufficient to change the hydrodynamic conditions in the near-electrode layer. This particle type comprised dendrites constructed of corncob-like structures as the basic element. The other type of particle was cauliflower-like and was formed when the quantity of evolved hydrogen was sufficient to change the hydrodynamic conditions in the near-electrode layer. However, both types of particle consisted of agglomerates of copper grains. The only difference lay in the size of the copper grains of which the agglomerates were constituted. The size of the grains was a function of the electrodeposition overpotential and, consequently, the quantity of evolved hydrogen, with a tendency to attain a steady value when the electrodeposition overpotential was increased.     

Synthesis and characterization of resins with ligands containing guanidinine derivatives. Cu(II) sorption and coordination properties

A new modification direction of acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate and divinylbenzene terpolymers (A, B) are presented. The aminolysis of nitrile groups of the terpolymers using ethylenediamine or hydroxylamine hydrochloride was a first stage of the modification. The resulting amine groups reacted with dicyandiamide (DCDA), cyanamide (CA) and sodium dicyanimide (SDC) in order to obtain the biguanidyl, guanidyl or nitrilguanidyl derivatives in the polymer side chain, respectively. The properties of all obtained resin such as water regain, nitrogen content, amine and carboxyl group concentration and sorption properties towards Cu(II) from nitric acid solutions were determined. The studies of IR spectra of all the resins were performed. Structures of ligand complexes with Cu(II) were studied using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.     

数种无机高分子絮凝剂应用于水厂絮凝工艺的比较

以上海某水厂的两路水源为研究对象,对比了聚合氯化铝(PAC)与复合聚硫氯化铝(FPAC-3)在不同温度下的絮凝效果.研究表明:高温条件下(>20℃)PAC絮凝效果比FPAC-3更优;秋冬季(<20℃)陈行原水可继续使用PAC,但将头部原水改为投加FPAC-3可达到强化絮凝的效果.对比分析了冬季条件下几种絮凝剂处理头部原...     

Novel hetero-polymetallic derivatives of palladium bearing pyridylthioether fragments incorporating a Fe2(CO)6 cluster core as ligand

The complexation of poly(pyridylthioether) incorporating a Fe₂(CO)₆ cluster core with palladium derivatives in different oxidation states afforded novel hetero-polymetallic complexes.     

Flux-Dependent Fouling Phenomena in Membrane Bioreactors under Different Food to Microorganisms (F/M) Ratios

This paper investigated the effect of food to microorganisms (F/M) ratios in the MBRs on membrane fouling propensities at fluxes of 10, 20, and 30 L/m² hr (LMH). The high F/M-MBR had different biomass properties, more soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and faster fouling rate compared to the low F/M-MBR. However, the fouling mechanisms at the three fluxes were dissimilar. At a low flux, the microbial flocs dominant cake layers facilitated catching the soluble EPS to increase resistance. At a high flux, the great accumulation of soluble EPS (especially soluble polysaccharides) to form gel-like cake layers predominantly induced membrane fouling. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Separation Science and Technology to view the free supplemental file.