Kinetics of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) synthesis reaction catalyzed by deep eutectic solvent

In this work, the kinetics of the polyvinyl butyral (PVB) synthesis reaction catalyzed by the deep eutectic solvents (DESs) at the low-temperature stage was studied to control the particle size of PVB resin and optimize its synthesis process. The effects of stirring speed, the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), catalyst dosage, and temperature on the synthesis reaction of PVB were investigated. The data obtained from kinetic experiments at 283.15–298.15 K were fitted with the shrinking core models, and the results showed that the model controlled by internal diffusion fitted well with the experimental data. The internal diffusion coefficient, D_A, of n-butanal in the product layer was further calculated by the obtained model parameters, and it was applied to predict the synthesis reaction of PVB at different concentrations of n-butanal. The results indicated that the shrinking core model controlled by internal diffusion is suitable to describe the kinetics of the PVB synthesis reaction. DES played a dual role in catalysis and dispersion in the synthesis of PVB, and it was a green catalyst with good potential for PVB industrial applications.     

Extraction of ferulic acid from oil palm pressed fiber by a choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent

Results on the extraction of ferulic acid from palm pressed fiber using deep eutectic solvent (DES) of choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-AA) and choline chloride-citric acid (ChCl-CA) are reported. Acetic acid was found to be a better hydrogen bond donor to choline chloride than citric acid for the extraction of ferulic acid. Influence of water content in both DES was investigated whereby ChCl-AA and ChCl-CA experienced a drop in viscosity from 9.678 to 1.429 and 22.658 ± 1.655 mm²/s, respectively as the water content in the DES increased from 0 to 50 wt%. The drop in viscosity contributed to higher extraction efficiency in which 41,155 ± 940 mg/kg ferulic acid was obtained after 6 h reflux when ChCl-AA with 30 wt% water was used for the extraction compared to 30,940 ± 621 mg/kg when neat ChCl-AA was used. Further increase in water content in the DES however, did not lead to higher extraction efficiency. Although viscosity of the DES could be improved with the addition of water, there is a threshold where the DES could tolerate the presence of water without changing its solvent behavior. Surface response model revealed that interaction between heating duration and water content in DES, as well as second order effect of both heating duration and water content in DES played important roles in the extraction of ferulic acid from oil palm pressed fiber. The optimum condition for extraction of ferulic acid from palm pressed fiber was heating for 6 h with DES containing 30 wt% water.     

绿色低共熔溶剂提取野菊花中黄酮类化合物

研究氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂(DES)提取野菊花中的总黄酮、总槲皮素和槲皮苷.首先,合成了4种性能优异的DES,并对其物理性质进行表征.其次,以提取效果最好的氯化胆碱/尿素DES为溶剂,通过改变单一变量优化提取效果,在含水量30％、提取时间45 min、固液比1:50(g:mL,下同)、提取温度60℃的条件下,总黄酮、总槲皮...     

三元低共熔离子液体中CO2的吸收

由N, N-二甲基乙酰胺、氯化胆碱、乙二醇或丙三醇以不同的摩尔比(1:1:3, 1:1:4)合成了一系列三元低共熔离子液体(n_DMA:n_CC:n_{ethylene glycol}=1:1:3, 1:1:4, n_DMA:n_CC:n_glycerol=1:1:3, 1:1:4)。在293.15～323.15 K温度下, 间隔10℃, 0～600.0 kPa压力范围内, 用等温饱和法测量了CO₂在三元体系中的溶解度。CO₂在体系中的溶解度随压力增大呈线性增大趋势, 随温度升高而减小。计算了亨利常数, 结果表明, CO₂在由N, N-二甲基乙酰胺, 氯化胆碱, 乙二醇以摩尔比1:1:3合成的三元体系, 温度为293.15 K下, 亨利常数最小, 最小值为2.174 MPa·kg·mol^-1。报道了关于CO₂吸收的热动力学性质, 包括焓变、熵变、Gibbs自由能变。其中, 焓变为负值, 说明此吸收为放热过程。     

桑葚果渣花色苷的低共熔溶剂提取与分离

以桑葚果渣为原料,在低共熔溶剂(DESs)中,经DESs提取与大孔树脂分离两步,回收了果渣中花色苷.测试了不同类型DESs与提取方法对花色苷提取率的影响,通过不同型号大孔树脂作为吸附载体对花色苷进行回收以脱除DESs.采用HPLC、HPLC-MS对花色苷进行定量与定性分析.结果表明,DESs中草酸-氯化胆碱〔n(草酸)...     

甲酸/盐酸胍DES温和高效分离毛竹木质素

以毛竹为原料,采用甲酸/盐酸胍酸性低共熔溶剂（DES）温和高效分离木质素,并对其结构、热稳定性和抗氧化性进行了表征。结果表明,甲酸/盐酸胍（摩尔比为4:1）DES实现了温和短时条件下（100 ℃,2 h）高效分离木质素（得率为59.31%）,当进一步升温至120 ℃时,得率可达73.98%,其原因是该酸性体系中氢质子使木质素中大量的β-O-4、β-β、β-5连接键断裂,促使木质素大分子解聚成小分子而溶出。分离的木质素纯度高于96.6%,分子量低（Mw=1040~2040 g/mol）,多分散系数小于1.5,结构均一,热稳定性好。同时,该木质素抗氧化活性强（IC50=0.016~0.045 mg/ml）,优于商业抗氧化剂丁基羟基茴香醚（IC50=0.056 mg/ml）。     

基于尿素/氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂体系纳米流体制备及其热物性研究

随着电子工业的快速发展,传统换热工质由于其较低的热导率已无法满足越来越高的换热需求。另一方面,传统的换热工质受限其相对较窄的液程范围而无法使用于复杂的温况或特殊的工作条件。低共熔溶剂（DESs）具有与离子液体相似的低饱和蒸气压、高沸点及强稳定性等优势,在传热领域具有巨大的潜力。制备了以尿素/氯化胆碱低共熔溶剂体系为基液,石墨烯、Al₂O₃、TiO₂三种纳米粒子填充的纳米流体,研究了黏度、热导率等热物性与纳米粒子和基液组成之间的关系,并系统地研究了纳米粒子结构对其稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,纳米粒子的填充会在一定程度上增加基液的黏度,其中石墨烯填充的纳米流体的黏度增加最大。此外,石墨烯能显著提高DESs的导热性能,其中6%（质量）石墨烯纳米流体热导率相比基液可增加29.0%。     

Association extraction for vitamin E recovery from deodorizer distillate by in situ formation of deep eutectic solvent

An innovative intensified vitamin E (VE) recovery process from the methylated oil deodorizer distillates (MODDs) was proposed, where VE was in situ transferred into a deep eutectic solvent (DES) with an organic salt. To design the process, the chlorine based quaternary ammonium salts were primarily investigated, and [N_4,4,4,4]Cl was selected as an association solvent which can efficiently form DES with α‐tocopherol of the representative compound of VE. Based on the determined phase diagram of the DES freezing points, four phase regions were classified, and the effect of the [N_4,4,4,4]Cl/tocopherol ratio and temperature on the extraction performance and phase transformation was figured out. Moreover, an intensified association extraction process via in situ forming DES of α‐tocopherol with [N_4,4,4,4]Cl was designed and validated by experiments. VE products were finally obtained from both model MODD (purity of 99.63%) and practical MODDs (purity of >79.18%), which verifies the excellent extraction efficiency for the proposed recovery method. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2212–2220, 2017     

新型银基低共熔溶剂制备及其在1-己烯/正己烷分离中的应用

相同碳数的正构烯烃与正构烷烃因其结构相似,使其相对挥发度较小、分离难度较大。低共熔溶剂（DES）作为一种可设计的绿色分离介质被广泛应用于该类混合物的分离中,此外过渡金属与烯烃双键之间的化学络合作用是促进正构烯烃/烷烃分离的一个重要方法。鉴于此,开发了新型银基低共熔溶剂（Ag-DES）,并将其应用于1-己烯/正己烷的分离,系统探究了原料中烯烃浓度、银离子与烯烃摩尔比、分离温度等对1-己烯分离性能的影响,结果显示Ag-DES具有良好的1-己烯/正己烷分离选择性,选择性在3.5~18之间,并具有出色的循环稳定性。进一步通过FT-Raman表征和量化计算揭示了Ag-DES与烯烃之间的化学络合作用和较强氢键作用是实现其与烷烃分离的本质原因,表明应用Ag-DES的反应萃取分离强化方法可实现从F-T合成油中绿色高效分离C₆α-烯烃。     

Investigation of the effects of ternary deep eutectic solvent composition on pretreatment of sorghum stover

Biomass-derived deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been introduced as promising pretreatment and fractionation solvents because of their mild processing conditions, easy synthesis, and green solvent components from biomass. In recent DES studies, solvent-based third constituents like water, ethanol, and others improve the processibility of typical binary DESs. However, the impacts of these components are not well understood. Here, two solvent-based constituents, including water and ethylene glycol, were applied to 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA)-based DES system for improving the conversion efficiency of cellulose-rich fraction and the properties of lignin fraction. Chemical composition, enzymatic digestibility, degree of polymerization of cellulose and physicochemical properties of lignin were used to evaluate the impact of each third constituent on biomass processing. Ternary ChCl-DHBA DESs exhibited better performances in delignification, fermentable sugar production, and preservation of β-O-4 ether linkage in lignin compared with binary ChCl-DHBA DES.     

Development of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent using as complexing agent and extraction solvent: application for extraction of heavy metals

ABSTRACT

A green and efficient dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method based on a new deep eutectic solvent has been developed for the preconcentration and extraction of cobalt and nickel ions. The deep eutectic solvent is formed by mixing choline chloride (hydrogen bond acceptor) and 4-aminophenol (hydrogen bond donor). Then, it is used as a chelating agent as well as extraction solvent. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linear ranges for Ni(II) and Co(II) were 0.80–50 and 0.50–50 µgL^?1, respectively, by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The obtained detection limits were 0.30 and 0.22 µg L^?1 for Ni(II) and Co(II), respectively.     

疏水性低共熔溶剂氢键交互作用调控及萃取铜性能

制备了以薄荷醇为氢键受体,不同碳链长度的羧酸为氢键供体的薄荷醇-羧酸类疏水性低共熔溶剂。探索了低共熔溶剂体系的密度、黏度理化特性随温度变化的规律,利用超额摩尔性质与格伦伯格-尼桑相互作用力公式计算了过量摩尔体积、黏度偏差与相互作用力参数,分析了低共熔溶剂组分间的相互作用。通过傅里叶红外光谱表征,确定了低共熔溶剂组分间的氢键作用。以该类低共熔溶剂作萃取剂,考察了pH、组分间氢键交互作用力（氢键供体碳链长度、低共熔溶剂受供体摩尔比）对提取铜性能的影响。结果表明,薄荷醇-羧酸类疏水性低共熔溶剂中氢键交互作用更强的体系,由于羧基中氢的解离更容易实现,对铜的萃取效率更高。此外,通过对薄荷醇-羧酸类疏水性低共熔溶剂体系结构性质与组分间氢键作用的关系对铜的萃取机理进行了探讨,为揭示疏水性低共熔溶剂的构效关系与高性能低共熔溶剂的设计优化提供理论基础。     

低共熔溶剂与偶联剂协同改性白炭黑对胎面胶性能的影响

研究了硅烷偶联剂(TESPT)与低共熔溶剂(DES)协同改性白炭黑对作为胎面胶的天然橡胶复合材料性能的影响.用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了 TESPT和DES与白炭黑之间的相互作用,用橡胶加工分析仪和扫描电镜分析了白炭黑之间的相互作用,并测试了复合材料的硫化特性、力学性能和耐磨性,通过动态力学分析仪考察了其滚动阻力和抗湿滑...     

High strength and bioactivity polyvinyl alcohol/collagen composite hydrogel with tannic acid as cross-linker

Hydrogels have great potential applications in biomedical materials, but their applications in complex physiological environments are severely limited by their weak strength and biotoxicity. Generally, synthetic polymer hydrogels and natural polymer hydrogels have complementary advantages in terms of mechanical strength and biological activity. Herein, tannic acid (TA), a natural material, was introduced into the polyvinyl alcohol/collagen (PVA-COL) double network to prepare a hydrogel (PVA-COL-TA) with good bioactivity and mechanical properties. The tensile strength of the composite hydrogel can reach up to 20 times that of the pure PVA hydrogel. And the hydrogel after swelling under physiological conditions also exhibits stable mechanical properties. The introduction of TA can reduce the degradation rate of COL, enabling it to continue to exert biological activity. in vitro cytocompatibility experiments showed that PVA-COL-TA hydrogel has good sustained biological activity and the potential for biomedical materials.     

锑离子添加剂对低共熔溶剂(DES)电解液液流电池的性能改善研究

非水系氧化还原液流电池（NARFB）的广泛应用受制于其较低的性能。在电解液中加入一些金属离子添加剂是一种可能的解决方案。实验研究了Sb³⁺离子对低共熔溶剂（DES）电解液液流电池电化学性能的影响。结果表明,添加Sb³⁺离子可以强化V（Ⅲ）/V（Ⅱ）氧化还原离子对的电化学反应动力学（最高可达22.6％）过程,钒离子在DES中的扩散系数提高了63.3％,并且电荷转移电阻降低了11.9％。场发射扫描电子显微镜表明,Sb³⁺离子电沉积在石墨毡的表面,对电化学反应起催化作用,从而改善了电化学性能。考虑增强的动力学和降低的活性比表面积之间的平衡,确定了Sb³⁺的最佳浓度为15 mmol·L^-1。此外,当使用含有Sb³⁺的负极电解液液流电池时,液流电池的功率密度提高了31.2%,从含原始电解质的3.08 mW·cm^-2到含15 mmol·L^-1 Sb³⁺离子的4.04 mW·cm^-2。这些结果为改善NARFB的电池性能提供了一个便捷而有前景的方法。