Traumatic posterior fracture-dislocation of the hip with fracture of the femoral head or neck, or both

To determine the prognosis and best treatment for patients who have a posterior dislocation of the hip associated with a fracture of the femoral head or neck (Grade IV, according to the classification of Stewart and Milford), we surveyed the records of 201 patients who had been treated for 203 posterior dislocations from 1958 to 1985 and selected the cases of 19 patients (19 posterior fracture-dislocations of the hip) for further review. Each of the injuries had resulted from a motor-vehicle accident. Thirteen patients had had a posterior dislocation with an associated fracture of the femoral head located either caudad or cephalad to the fovea centralis (Pipkin Type-I or Type-II injury), one had had a posterior dislocation with associated fractures of the femoral head and neck (Pipkin Type III), two had had a posterior dislocation with associated fractures of the femoral head and the acetabular rim (Pipkin Type IV), and three had had a fracture-dislocation that we could not categorize according to the Pipkin classification. Twelve patients had been treated by closed reduction for a Type-I or Type-II injury; one, by open reduction after an unsuccessful closed reduction for a Type-I injury; one, by primary total hip replacement for a Type-III injury; and three, by open reduction with screw fixation of the acetabular fracture and removal of the fragment of the head for two Type-IV injuries and one unclassified injury. An additional two patients had had both a fracture of the femoral neck and a dislocation; one hip was treated primarily with a Moore prosthesis and the other was left unreduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Bilateral posterior hip dislocations with femoral head fractures

An unusual case of bilateral posterior fracture-dislocation of the hip (Pipkin Type IV) occurred in a 63-year-old man with Paget's disease of the pelvis. Other injuries included a displaced humeral shaft fracture and patellar ligament disruption. Bilateral cemented total hip arthroplasty was performed to avoid the need for prolonged immobilization. Postoperative low-dose irradiation was used because of the risk of heterotopic ossification.     

Posterior fracture dislocation of the hip with fractures of the femoral head

In general, all traumatic dislocations of the hip must be treated as surgical emergencies. Multiple attempts at closed reduction are contraindicated, particularly in Type V dislocations. Every effort must be made to recognize the dislocation, particularly in patients with other severe lower extremity trauma. Reduction within 24 hours gives better results than late reductions. Roentgenograms of the pelvis must include both hips after closed or open procedures as a check for a concentric reduction of the hip. Any abnormality, or failure to reduce the avulsed head fragment, demands an immediate hip arthrotomy. The good results, after primary open reduction, although under 50%, were better than closed or closed followed by open reduction. Our approach is to discard the avulsed head fragment. No conclusions can be made regarding screw fixation of the avulsed fragment because there was an insufficient follow-up period in this procedure. Long-term follow-up examination is necessary in Type V fracture dislocations because one can anticipate that arthritic changes will develop in more than 50% of patients. Anterior approaches to excise head fragments in Type V dislocations are contraindicated. Early intervention is indicated in all dislocations with sciatic or peroneal nerve paralysis. Because most dislocations in this series were due to automobile accidents, the routine use of seat belts could have prevented many of these injuries.     

髋臼后方包容角对髋臼后壁骨折稳定性评估的临床应用

目的探讨髋臼后方包容角值这一新指标对髋臼后壁骨折稳定性评估的临床应用。方法对34例单侧髋臼后壁骨折健侧的CT影像资料进行测量,估算出髋臼后壁完整和骨折20％、50％时髋臼后方包容角的大小,并利用该值对髋臼后壁骨折进行稳定性判定。通过组内相关系数（ICC）对髋臼后方包容角测量的稳定性进行评估,并将利用该方法进行髋臼后壁骨折稳定性判定的结果与传统Keith法进行比较。结果髋臼后壁完整和骨折20％、50％时髋臼后方包容角分别为（92．47±10．96）°、（74．30±9．5）°、（52．57±6．27）°不同测量者之间的ICC值为0．977～0．996,不同时间的ICC值为0．977～0．996,利用髋臼后方包容角法对髋臼后壁骨折稳定进行判定的结果与利用Keith法的结果之间的Kappa值为0．816。经髋臼后方稳定性试验判定,两者的准确率分别为84．2％和76．5％,差异无统计学意义（x^2=0．343,P=0．558〉0．05）。结论髋臼后方包容角测量时具有较高的稳定性,利用该方法对髋臼后壁骨折稳定性进行判定的结果与传统的Keith法一致性好,并且该方法简便、临床应用性强。     

Three-dimensional evaluation of acetabular coverage of the femoral head in normal hip joints and hip joints with acetabular dysplasia.

Compared with the assessment by data processing-coupled CT scanning, three dimensional evaluations of the acetabular coverage of the femoral head from a plain X-ray picture of the hip joint is found to be a simpler and easier procedure. In addition, the calculated values agree well with those obtained by CT in reconstruction. Consequently, this method is of great value in evaluating the severity of diseases of the hip joint. The acetabular coverage of the anterior portion of the hip joint is decreased in the elderly even if the hip joint is normal. Because this decrease may result in primary arthrosis deformans, it should be studied further. Rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) is a far better method than Salter's for the early stage of coxarthritis. The present study concludes that it is vitally important to maintain the normal ratio of the anterior and posterior coverage and the shape of the acetabular coverage in the treatment of coxarthritis.     

Total hip arthroplasty and acetabular bone grafting for unreduced fracture-dislocation of the hip

Functional restoration after chronic persistent fracture-dislocation of the hip was achieved by total hip arthroplasty (THA) in two patients with history of severe multiple injuries. Acetabular deficiency was corrected by use of the femoral head as an autologous bone graft. A 24-year-old man and a 42-year-old woman were treated for persistent fracture-dislocation of the hip two years and one year, respectively, after the accidents. In both, total hip arthroplasty in combination with acetabular bone grafts, with the femoral head, produced satisfactory clinical results at follow-up periods of 59 and 55 months.     

股骨干骨折合并同侧髋臼骨折与髋关节后脱位的治疗体会

股骨干骨折是较常见的骨折，而合并同侧髋臼骨折与髋关节后脱位的发病率较低，易出现漏诊或延迟诊断。2000年1月-2005年12月，我院共收治此类患者8例，报道如下。     

股骨头毁损三联征:股骨头骨折-脱位合并股骨颈骨折

股骨头合并同侧股骨颈骨折是一种严重而复杂的创伤,保髋手术大多会失败。其治疗的难点及预后的关键在股骨颈骨折上。鉴于股骨颈骨折的发生与股骨头骨折-脱位之间存在明显的、前后关联的贯序特点,笔者认为以股骨头毁损三联征（disastrous triad of femoral head,DTFH）来概括这种类型的损伤,更能反映其损伤机制和预后特点。结合临床观察和文献资料,DTFH可分为3个类型：Ⅰ型,普通型DTFH,股骨颈骨折的发生紧随于股骨头骨折-脱位之后,是同一暴力造成的损伤;Ⅱ型,医源型DTFH,是在股骨头骨折-脱位的诊疗过程中发生了医源性股骨颈骨折;Ⅲ型,应力型DTFH,发生于股骨头骨折-脱位的治疗之后,在股骨头骨折面的远侧缘发生应力性股骨颈骨折。本文对各型DTFH的临床特点进行了初步的讨论。     

Posterior femoral neck impingement secondary to excess acetabular anteversion in hip resurfacing arthroplasty

Component malposition in resurfacing arthroplasty can cause impingement, reduced range of motion, increased metal wear, and early failure. It is therefore important that any component malposition is recognized early and monitored carefully. We present a case of delayed diagnosis of excess acetabular component anteversion causing posterior femoral neck impingement and pain. We correlate the degree of damage found intraoperatively with the degree of component malposition on the radiographs. This is used as a platform to discuss the optimum positioning of hip resurfacing components and the radiographic methods used to determine component position postoperatively.     

Posterior fracture-dislocation of the hip: an epidemiologic review.

A retrospective study of 46 posterior fracture-dislocations of the hip showed that reduction of the dislocation within 24 hours was the most important initial treatment. Open reduction and fixation of the fracture could be delayed up to 4 weeks to allow associated injuries to be treated, and this technique was indicated to remove intra-articular bone fragments or for residual instability. Long-term disability resulted in every patient, regardless of the severity of the initial injury or the method of treatment. Half of the patients never returned to work. Of the 46 patients 43 were unrestrained occupants in vehicular accidents. Multiple injury occurred in 75% of the patients.     

A polytrauma patient with an unusual posterior fracture-dislocation of the femoral head: a case report

We report a case of a 27-year-old man who was involved in a high-speed car accident. He sustained multiple organ damage including multiple brain petechiae suggesting diffuse axonal damage, aortic dissection, retroperitoneal haematoma and a fracture-dislocation of the right hip with a femoral head fracture and an ipsilateral intertrochanteric fracture. Due to the general condition of the patient, physiological stabilisation was prioritized, and at 2 weeks the fracture-dislocation of the hip was treated with a proximal femoral nail for the intertrochanteric fracture and Herbert screws for the femoral head fracture. Postoperatively, two episodes of recurrent hip dislocation occurred, and this was stabilized eventually with a Steinman pin inserted across the hip joint and taken out 1 month later. Weight-bearing was allowed according to clinical and radiographical assessments. Heterotopic ossification developed around the hip joint, but without evidence of AVN or osteoarthritis. At 18-months follow-up, the fractures had healed and the patient had a Harris Hip score of 79.1. Anatomical reduction and stable fixation of fracture-dislocations of the hip are important for achieving an acceptable result.     

髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的治疗

目的：探讨髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的治疗方法。方法：自1996年-2002年共收治25例，18例资料完整，根据Pipkin分型，Ⅰ型4例，Ⅱ型5例，Ⅲ型2例，Ⅳ型7例。根据骨折分型和治疗时间以及患者年龄，决定治疗方案。结果：按照Epstein评分标准，Ⅰ型：优3例，良1例；Ⅱ型：优1例，良2例，可1例，差1例；Ⅲ型：2例全髋关节置换术后分别2年和5年，行走无痛，关节活动范围正常，假体无松动。Ⅳ型：良4例，可1例，差2例。结论：髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的治疗方法应根据骨折类型，骨折时间，患者年龄等确定。     

Total hip arthroplasty with bulk femoral head autograft for acetabular reconstruction in developmental dysplasia of the hip

BACKGROUND: The long-term results of total hip arthroplasty performed with cement and use of a bulk autograft for acetabular reconstruction in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip have varied considerably. We evaluated the results of total hip arthroplasties performed with acetabular bulk autograft to identify the factors that influence the results of this procedure. METHODS: Acetabular roof defects secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip were reconstructed with a bulk femoral head autograft at the time of total hip arthroplasties performed with use of the Charnley technique and prosthesis. Thirty-seven hips in thirty patients (mean age at the time of the operation, fifty-seven years) were followed for ten to twenty-six years (mean, nineteen years). The Crowe classification of hip subluxation or dislocation was Group II for sixteen hips, Group III for seventeen, and Group IV for four. RESULTS: Coverage of the socket by the graft ranged from 5% to 49% (mean, 33%). Twenty-nine sockets were located within the true acetabulum, and eight were placed more proximally. At the time of the latest follow-up, all of the patients had an excellent clinical result, all of the grafts had united, and no hip had radiographic evidence of failure of the fixation. CONCLUSIONS: We found that total hip arthroplasty performed with cement and use of a bulk autograft to reconstruct an acetabulum with severe bone deficiency secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip can provide long-term success in patients forty-eight years of age and older when coverage of the socket by the graft does not exceed 50%. When it is not possible to achieve >50% coverage of the socket by the ilium at the level of the true acetabulum, more proximal placement of the socket to obtain adequate coverage is recommended.     

Position of the acetabular component determines the fate of femoral head autografts in total hip replacement for acetabular dysplasia

We have reviewed 54 patients who had undergone 61 total hip replacements using bulk femoral autografts to augment a congenitally dysplastic acetabulum. There were 52 women and two men with a mean age of 42.4 years (29 to 76) at the time of the index operation. A variety of different prostheses was used: 28 (45.9%) were cemented and 33 (54.1%) uncemented. The graft technique remained unchanged throughout the series. Follow-up was at a mean of 8.3 years (3 to 20). The Hospital for Special Surgery hip score improved from a mean of 10.7 (4 to 18) pre-operatively to a mean of 35 (28 to 38) at follow-up. The position of the acetabular component was anatomical in 37 hips (60.7%), displaced less than 1 cm in 20 (32.7%) and displaced more than 1 cm in four (6.6%). Its cover was between 50% and 75% in 34 hips (55.7%) and less than 50% in 25 (41%). In two cases (3.3%), it was more than 75%. There was no graft resorption in 36 hips (59%), mild resorption in 21 (34%) and severe resorption in four (6%). Six hips (9.8%) were revised for aseptic loosening. The overall rate of loosening and revision was 14.8%. Overall survival at 8.3 years was 93.4%. The only significant factor which predicted failure was the implantation of the acetabular component more than 1 cm from the anatomical centre of rotation of the hip.     

髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的外科治疗

目的:探讨各种不同类型髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折的外科治疗效果。方法:自1995年5月～2004年1月,共收治29例该类病例,根据Pipkin分4型:Ⅰ型11例,Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型4例,Ⅳ型4例。结果:本组共23例获得随访,随访时间6个月～9年,随访内容包括:临床及影像学检查。根据美国矫形外科学院评定标准,结果:优10例,良8例,可3例,差2例。优良率为78.3％。结论:早期切开复位,可吸收钉固定股骨头骨折是治疗髋关节后脱位合并股骨头骨折理想方法。