气道内超声在呼吸系统疾病中的应用

支气管镜引导下的超声技术首次报道见于1992年。随着支气管镜下超声应用技术问题的解决，辐射探头支气管内超声（EBUS）率先得以推广。目前EBUS已逐步应用于呼吸系统疾病的诊断和治疗领域，扩展了支气管和纵隔病变的病理学诊断范围。     

经支气管镜气道内超声诊断的临床应用

经支气管镜气道内超声 ( EBUS)技术是利用微型探头 ,通过支气管镜进入气管、支气管管腔 ,进行超声探测的一种新技术。 1989年德国首次创建并应用 ,第一代小型化电视超声检查仪由 Olym pus公司 1996年研制生产。随着超声探头工艺逐渐改进与完善 ,微型超声探头外径已经由最初 3 .5 mm减小到 2 mm左右 ,不再需要特殊的纤维支气管镜。带囊型微型超声探头解决了气道内不能注水的问题。EBUS检查系统常选用 Olym pus公司的电视超声主机EU— M3 0 ,超声波的波长 7.5～ 12 MHz,可得到高分辨率的图像。也可选用 2 0 MHz的波长 ,分辨 1m m以下肿…     

盲检失败后气道内超声辅助透壁肺活检1例

患者，男，53岁，影像学提示“右上叶尖段周围性肺癌”。支气管镜所见气管、支气管正常，根据影像学资料定位于右上叶尖段行透壁肺活检，经两次透壁肺活检无阳性结果发现。     

气道内超声检测气道壁结构的参数设置探索

目的 探讨气道内超声(EBUS)在检测气道壁厚度及分层结构时,超声主机不同参数对图像清晰度的影响.方法 2011年9月1日至2012年4月1日期间,广东省人民医院纤维支气管镜室予EBUS检测气道壁结构的68例患者纳入研究,其中男41例,女27例,平均年龄(51.2±13.7)岁.在常规纤维支气管镜检查后,选择左、右主支气管作为目标支气管进行EBUS检测.在超声主机分别设置两组不同参数,一组参数设置为超声主机的默认值(各参数的中位值),一组设置为我科在检查实践中摸索出来的经验值.对比在设置2套不同参数时,分别可获得清晰图像的数值.结果 默认参数组获得清晰图像的总阳性率为14.6％,经验参数组获得清晰图像的总阳性率为96.5％.结论 本研究总结出一组EBUS检测气道壁结构的参数设置:调节增益至15～17,对比度4～6,显示范围为3～4 cm,配合其他操作要点即可获得清晰的气管壁分层图像.     

虚拟导航系统联合径向超声支气管镜在肺周围型病变中的诊断价值

目的 探讨径向超声支气管镜联合虚拟导航系统对肺周围型病变的诊断价值及安全性研究,为临床上选择PPLs的诊断方式提供依据。方法 收集本院经胸部CT检查提示肺周围型病变患者500例,根据操作方式不同分为常规支气管镜组、VBN-rEBUS组、CT-PTNB组。分析比较三种诊断方式对PPLs的诊断阳性率及安全性。结果 1.常规支气管镜组诊断率43.6%,其中恶性病变52例,良性病变共44例;VBN-rEBUS组诊断率60.8%,恶性病变55例,良性病变49例;CT-PTNB组诊断率76.1%,恶性病变60例,良性病变23例;VBN-rEBUS组、CT-PTNB组诊断率高于常规支气管镜组,CT-PTNB组诊断率高于VBN-rEBUS,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。2.对于病灶直径≤3cm、距离胸壁<2cm、位于肺野中带的病灶,CT-PTNB诊断率高于常规支气管镜及VBN-rEBUS(P均<0.05),对于病灶直径>3cm、距离胸壁≥2cm、位于双肺上叶、下叶、右肺中叶及肺野内带及外带的病灶,VBN-rEBUS诊断率与CT-PTNB无显著差异。3. CT-PTNB并发...     

经支气管镜气道内超声诊断的临床应用

传统气管镜和图像检查方法在确定肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期和外周小结节病变定性诊断上明显不足.往往需要纵隔镜及胸腔镜等有创方法来进一步确诊和评估分期.经支气管镜气道内超声检奁(endobronchial ultrasonograghy,EBUS)和超声下经支气管穿刺活检(endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration,EBUS-TBNA)是一种新的检查手段,利用超声探头通过支气管镜进入气道进行超声探测和获取病理的一种方法.该方法能大大拓展气管镜的视野,使其完全超越了气道壁的限制.采用EBUS和EBUS-TBNA对于纵隔肿瘤诊断和肺癌分期及判断肺癌患者有无纵隔转移有望代替纵隔镜和开胸探查,为肺癌和其他肺部病变提供新的检查方法.     

经支气管镜气道内超声诊断的临床应用

传统气管镜和图像检查方法在确定肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期和外周小结节病变定性诊断上明显不足.往往需要纵隔镜及胸腔镜等有创方法来进一步确诊和评估分期.经支气管镜气道内超声检奁(endobronchial ultrasonograghy,EBUS)和超声下经支气管穿刺活检(endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration,EBUS-TBNA)是一种新的检查手段,利用超声探头通过支气管镜进入气道进行超声探测和获取病理的一种方法.该方法能大大拓展气管镜的视野,使其完全超越了气道壁的限制.采用EBUS和EBUS-TBNA对于纵隔肿瘤诊断和肺癌分期及判断肺癌患者有无纵隔转移有望代替纵隔镜和开胸探查,为肺癌和其他肺部病变提供新的检查方法.     

经支气管镜气道内超声诊断的临床应用

传统气管镜和图像检查方法在确定肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期和外周小结节病变定性诊断上明显不足.往往需要纵隔镜及胸腔镜等有创方法来进一步确诊和评估分期.经支气管镜气道内超声检奁(endobronchial ultrasonograghy,EBUS)和超声下经支气管穿刺活检(endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration,EBUS-TBNA)是一种新的检查手段,利用超声探头通过支气管镜进入气道进行超声探测和获取病理的一种方法.该方法能大大拓展气管镜的视野,使其完全超越了气道壁的限制.采用EBUS和EBUS-TBNA对于纵隔肿瘤诊断和肺癌分期及判断肺癌患者有无纵隔转移有望代替纵隔镜和开胸探查,为肺癌和其他肺部病变提供新的检查方法.     

经支气管镜气道内超声诊断的临床应用

传统气管镜和图像检查方法在确定肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期和外周小结节病变定性诊断上明显不足.往往需要纵隔镜及胸腔镜等有创方法来进一步确诊和评估分期.经支气管镜气道内超声检奁(endobronchial ultrasonograghy,EBUS)和超声下经支气管穿刺活检(endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration,EBUS-TBNA)是一种新的检查手段,利用超声探头通过支气管镜进入气道进行超声探测和获取病理的一种方法.该方法能大大拓展气管镜的视野,使其完全超越了气道壁的限制.采用EBUS和EBUS-TBNA对于纵隔肿瘤诊断和肺癌分期及判断肺癌患者有无纵隔转移有望代替纵隔镜和开胸探查,为肺癌和其他肺部病变提供新的检查方法.     

经支气管镜气道内超声诊断的临床应用

传统气管镜和图像检查方法在确定肺癌纵隔淋巴结分期和外周小结节病变定性诊断上明显不足.往往需要纵隔镜及胸腔镜等有创方法来进一步确诊和评估分期.经支气管镜气道内超声检奁(endobronchial ultrasonograghy,EBUS)和超声下经支气管穿刺活检(endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration,EBUS-TBNA)是一种新的检查手段,利用超声探头通过支气管镜进入气道进行超声探测和获取病理的一种方法.该方法能大大拓展气管镜的视野,使其完全超越了气道壁的限制.采用EBUS和EBUS-TBNA对于纵隔肿瘤诊断和肺癌分期及判断肺癌患者有无纵隔转移有望代替纵隔镜和开胸探查,为肺癌和其他肺部病变提供新的检查方法.     

Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound: Factors influencing visualization yield of peripheral pulmonary lesions

Background and objective: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) has improved the diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsy of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPL). While EBUS diagnostic yield has been the focus of the majority of publications, few have investigated factors associated with EBUS visualization yield. This study evaluated the factors predicting visibility of PPL using EBUS‐guided bronchoscopy. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 196 consecutive patients who underwent investigation with radial EBUS. Size and distance of the lesion from the hilum and pleura measured on computed tomography scans were correlated with malignancy status, gender and EBUS visualization yields. Final diagnosis was obtained from pathology. Results: A definitive diagnosis was established for 109 PPL (56%) using radial EBUS. Visualized lesion by EBUS probe had a higher diagnostic yield (65%) than EBUS‐invisible lesions (20%; P = 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, lesion size, final diagnosis and distance from hilum to lesion were all found to significantly affect EBUS visualization yield. Lesions of ≥20 mm had a significantly greater visualization yield (85%) than lesions of <20 mm (63%; P = 0.0022). Malignant lesions had a higher visualization rate (85%) than benign lesions (66%; P value = 0.0025). Distance of hilum ≤50 mm to PPL was found to have a significantly higher visualization yield (91%) than lesions located >50 mm from the hilum. (66%; P = 0.0001). Conclusions: Lesion size, malignancy status and distance from hilum to lesion are significant predictors of EBUS visualization yield. Clinicians should review these factors in patients to guide choice of optimal investigation and diagnosis of PPL.     

Radial endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Tissue diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) can be challenging. In the past, flexible bronchoscopy was commonly performed for this purpose but its diagnostic yield is suboptimal. This has led to the development of new bronchoscopic modalities such as radial endobronchial ultrasound (R‐EBUS), electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) and virtual bronchoscopy (VB). We performed this meta‐analysis using data from previously published R‐EBUS studies, to determine its diagnostic yield and other performance characteristics. Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched for R‐EBUS studies in September 2016. Diagnostic yield was calculated by dividing the number of successful diagnoses by the total number of lesions. Meta‐analysis was performed using MedCalc (Version 16.8). Inverse variance weighting was used to aggregate diagnostic yield proportions across studies. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Duval and Tweedie's test. 57 studies with a total of 7872 lesions were included in the meta‐analysis. These were published between October 2002 and August 2016. Overall weighted diagnostic yield for R‐EBUS was 70.6% (95% CI: 68–73.1%). The diagnostic yield was significantly higher for lesions >2 cm in size, malignant in nature and those associated with a bronchus sign on computerized tomography (CT) scan. Diagnostic yield was also higher when R‐EBUS probe was within the lesion as opposed to being adjacent to it. Overall complication rate was 2.8%. This is the largest meta‐analysis performed to date, assessing the performance of R‐EBUS for diagnosing PPLs. R‐EBUS has a high diagnostic yield (70.6%) with a very low complication rate.     

Diagnostic value and safety of endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath transbronchial biopsy for diagnosing peripheral pulmonary lesions in patients with interstitial lung disease

BackgroundRadial endobronchial ultrasonography transbronchial biopsy with and without a guide sheath is a useful method for diagnosing peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs). However, the diagnostic yield and complications of radial endobronchial ultrasonography transbronchial biopsy for PPLs remains elusive in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD).MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 431 patients (69 with and 362 without ILD) who underwent radial endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath transbronchial biopsy (EBUS-GS TBB) for PPLs from April 1, 2011, to March 31, 2020. We investigated the diagnostic yield and complications of the procedure for PPLs and compared them between patients with and without ILD. We also evaluated the factors contributing to successful diagnosis.ResultsThe diagnostic yield of radial endobronchial ultrasonography in patients with ILD was significantly lower than in those without ILD (62.3% vs. 75.4%, P=0.024). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of ILD as background lung [odds ratio (OR) =0.517], probe position within the lesion (OR =4.654), and the presence of solid lesion (OR =1.946) significantly affected the diagnostic yield of PPLs. There was a significant difference in the rate of pneumothorax between the patients with ILD and those without ILD (4.3% vs. 0.6%, P=0.031).ConclusionsThe presence of ILD as the background lung significantly affected the diagnostic yield of PPLs with radial EBUS-GS TBB. Regarding the complications, pneumothorax occurred more frequently in patients with ILD than in those without ILD.     

Predicting malignancy in mediastinal lymph nodes by endobronchial ultrasound: A new ultrasound scoring system

Background and objective: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is now widely used in patients with resectable non‐small‐cell lung cancer to sample mediastinal lymph nodes (LN) for preoperative staging. The aim of this study was to investigate prospectively the utility of six ultrasound criteria to predict malignancy in mediastinal LN. Methods: EBUS was performed in patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy irrespective of the underlying disease. The following criteria were expected to predict malignancy: short axis >1 cm, heterogeneous pattern, round shape, distinct margin, absence of a central hilar structure and high blood flow in a LN. A sum score prediction model for malignancy was built. If more than two criteria were present, LN was classified as high risk for malignancy. Moreover, interrater variability of two blinded investigators was evaluated. Results: Two hundred eighty‐one LN in 145 patients were analysed. Forty‐four percent of LN were found malignant, 10% revealed sarcoidosis, and 10% revealed tuberculosis. Interobserver agreement was very good. Positive predictive value was best for heterogeneity (73%), with a negative predictive value of more than 80%. The sum score resulted in an odds ratio of 15.5 if more than two criteria were positive (P < 0.00001). Conclusions: The assessment of ultrasound criteria during routine EBUS examinations is feasible and reproducible with very good interrater agreement. If less than three of the described criteria are present, a LN has a very low chance of being malignant. The best single criterion to predict malignancy is heterogeneity. The introduction of the sum score of ultrasound criteria could potentially increase diagnostic accuracy.     

Factors influencing visibility and diagnostic yield of transbronchial biopsy using endobronchial ultrasound in peripheral pulmonary lesions

Background and objective:   Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) has increased the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopic biopsy of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPL). However, certain lesions cannot be localized by EBUS, and the factors associated with the visibility of PPL by EBUS have not been investigated. This study evaluated the factors predicting the visualization of EBUS in PPL and the diagnostic yield of EBUS-guided transbronchial biopsy (TBB).
Methods:   n 2007, 83 patients with PPL underwent EBUS-guided TBB, and their medical records were reviewed and analysed retrospectively.
Results:   Of the 83 patients examined, EBUS images could not be obtained in 23 patients (28%). Lesion size was a determining factor for the visibility of PPL, with the visualization yield of EBUS in lesions <20 mm being significantly lower than that in lesions ≥20 mm ( P  < 0.001). A definitive diagnosis of PPL localized by EBUS was established using EBUS-guided TBB in 73% of patients. There were no significant differences in diagnostic yield related to underlying disease, lobar distribution, CT scan appearance or presence of complications. Multivariate analysis revealed that the location of PPL on CT scans and position of the probe were independent predictors of the diagnostic yield by EBUS-guided TBB ( P  < 0.001 and P  = 0.001, respectively).
Conclusions:   Lesion size is a significant factor predicting visualization of EBUS for PPL. The location of PPL on CT scans and position of the probe are significantly related to a higher diagnostic yield with EBUS-guided TBB.     

径向探头超声支气管镜引导支气管透壁肺活检术在外周肺病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨径向探头超声支气管镜引导支气管透壁肺活检术(R-EBUS-TBLB)在外周肺病变(PPLs)诊断中的价值及应用,评估其诊断成功率、影响因素及安全性。 方法回顾性总结2017年8月至2019年1月在我科接受R-EBUS-TBLB检查的86例患者的临床资料,观察R-EBUS对病灶的定位能力,分析其诊断成功率及影响因素,观察有无并发症,进行安全性评估。 结果R-EBUS病灶探及率为89.53%(77/86),R-EBUS-TBLB在PPLs中的总诊断率为59.30%(51/86),对直径≥2 cm、位于中下叶、距离肺门近、超声内部回声不均匀、边缘不连续的病灶确诊率均高于直径<2 cm、位于上叶、距离肺门远、超声内部回声均匀、边缘连续的病灶(P<0.05);病灶包绕超声探头的诊断率为78.26%(36/46),病灶边缘临近超声探头的诊断率为41.94%(13/31),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。R-EBUS-TBLB对PPLs的诊断敏感性为59.30%,特异性为100%,阳性预测值以及阴性预测值分别为100%和42.22%。R-EBUS-TBLB的安全性较高,86例受检者中仅有7例需要镜下局部止血,其余均为少量出血,无需特殊处理,未见气胸等并发症的发生。 结论R-EBUS-TBLB安全有效,对PPLs有重要的诊断意义和较高的应用价值。病灶大小、部位以及超声探头和病灶的位置关系是影响R-EBUS-TBLB诊断效能的主要因素。