Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the mixed crystals system (CH3NH3)5Bi2(1 − x)Sb2xCl11

Dielectric and pyroelectric properties of the mixed crystals system, (CH₃NH₃)₅Bi_{2(1 − x)}Sb_2xCl₁₁ (0 < x < 0.25) were systematically investigated. Temperature dependencies of ′_c in the vicinity of ferro-paraelectric phase transition were measured for the mixed crystals with x = 0.05, 0.07, 0.11, 0.13 and 0.25 in the frequency region 1 kHz–1 MHz. The substitution of bismuth atoms by antimony drastically reduces the magnitude of ′_c and shifts the ferro-paraelectric phase transition towards higher temperatures. The dielectric dispersion of the complex electric permittivity, _c^*, in x = 0.05 crystals was studied in the frequency range from 30 to 1000 MHz. Around 321 K phase transition, two dielectric relaxators are postulated; a low-frequency one in the megahertz region showing a critical slowing down and a high-frequency one in the gigahertz region.     

Classical and quantum molecular dynamics of cation in (CH3NH3)3 Sb2Br9 polycrystal as studied by 1H NMR.

¹H spin-lattice relaxation times and second moments were determined for polycrystalline (CH₃NH₃)₃Sb₂Br₉ sample in a wide range of temperature (5–200 K) at 24.6 and 55.2 MHz. ²H NMR spectra of (CD₃NH₃)₃Sb₂Br₉ were recorded between 5 K and room temperature. The relaxation time is interpreted as a result of motion of two different non-equivalent types of monomethylammonium cations occurring at the 2:1 proportion in a unit cell. Below 30 K, the relaxation processes via tunneling are suggested to dominate. Above 30 K, only classical behaviour of methylammonium cations is detected. Two monomethylammonium cations relax with the classical correlated C₃ reorientation and the rotational tunnelling mechanism, while the third cation exhibits only the classical correlated reorientation. The dynamic parameters of these motions have been determined.     

Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance studies of molecular motions of ClO3 and water diffusion in Ca(ClO3)2·2H2O

A ³⁵Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (³⁵Cl-NQR) investigation of polycrystalline Ca(ClO₃)₂·2H₂O is described. The ³⁵Cl-NQR frequencies (ν_Q) for two resonance lines (ν_Q1 and ν_Q2), the spin lattice relaxation time (T_1Q) for ν_Q2 only and the line width δν_Q2 were measured in the temperature range 292–345 K, except for the frequency measured up to 455 K. The observed decrease in the resonance frequencies with increasing temperature permitted the determination of the frequencies of librations of the ClO₃⁻ ion about two axes perpendicular to the three-fold axis of the ion mainly responsible for this effect. The temperature dependence of the relaxation time T_1Q proved the occurrence of water diffusion and hindered rotation of ClO₃⁻ ions. The activation energies of these two molecular motions were determined, and their effect on the electric field gradient at the site of a chlorine nucleus was discussed. Temperature measurements of the line width δν_Q2 confirmed the conclusions drawn from the analysis of T_1Q(T).     

Suppression of antiferromagnetic spin fluctuation in Zn-substituted YBa2Cu3O7

We have prepared Zn-substituted YBa₂Cu_3−xZn_xO₇ (YBCO, x=0.0–0.09) and performed ^63,65Cu nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) measurements for the plane site at 300 and 100 K as a function of Zn concentration. The substitutional effects are observed in resonant frequencies and linewidths of spectra, and relaxation times as well as in the superconducting transition temperature. The spin–lattice relaxation rate 1/T₁ is reduced for the higher Zn concentration and the reduction is more significant at 100 K. The ratio of ^63,65Cu spin–lattice relaxation rates suggests that a magnetic contribution due to the antiferromagnetic spin fluctuation becomes weak as the Zn concentration increases. These effects confirm that the antiferromagnetic spin fluctuation of Cu 3d spins is suppressed by the Zn substitution due to the absence of local moment at the zinc site.     

Establishing norms for age-related changes in proton T1 of human brain tissue in vivo

The goal of this study was to determine the expected normal range of variation in spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) of brain tissue in vivo, as a function of age. A previously validated precise and accurate inversion recovery method was used to map T₁ transversely, at the level of the basal ganglia, in a study population of 115 healthy subjects (ages 4 to 72; 57 male and 58 female). Least-squares regression analysis shows that T₁ varied as a function of age in pulvinar nucleus (R² = 56%), anterior thalamus (R² = 51%), caudate (R² = 50%), frontal white matter (R² = 47%), optic radiation (R² = 39%), putamen (R² = 36%), genu (R² = 22%), occipital white matter (R² = 20%) (all p < 0.0001), and cortical gray matter (R² = 53%) (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in T₁ between men and women. T₁ declines throughout adolescence and early adulthood, to achieve a minimum value in the fourth to sixth decade of life, then T₁ begins to increase. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence that brain tissue continues to change throughout the lifespan among healthy subjects with no neurologic deficits. Age-related changes follow a strikingly different schedule in different brain tissues; white matter tracts tend to reach a minimum T₁ value, and to increase again, sooner than do gray matter tracts. Such normative data may prove useful for the early detection of brain pathology in patients.     

Li2K(IO3)3与Li2NH4(IO3)3的晶体结构

本文用X射线粉末法测定了Li₂K(IO₃)₃与Li₂NH₄(IO₃)₃的晶体结构和原子参数。发现Li₃K(IO₃)₃,Li₂NH₄(IO₃)₃与Li₂Rb(IO₃)₃同晶型,属单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/α,每个单胞含有四个化合式量。室温的点阵常数分别为α=11.198?,b=11.046?,c=8.254?,β=111.53°,及α=11.327?,b=11.078?,c=8.341?,β=111.87°。讨论了二元化合物的形成与离子半径的关系。 关键词：     

Crystal structure and phase transitions of [(C2H5)4N]6Bi8Cl30

A new [(C₂H₅)₄N]₆Bi₈Cl₃₀ crystal of the family of alkylammonium halogenobismuthates was grown. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the crystals are monoclinic, space group C2/m with a = 20.117(5), b = 12.682(3), c = 20.396(5) Å, β = 93.03(3), Z =2. The lattice consists of (C₂H₅)₄N⁺ cations and a new type of Bi₈Cl⁶⁻₃₀ anion. Dielectric studies revealed two closely-lying structural phase transitions around 241 K (on cooling). They were interpreted as due to a freezing of the rotational motions of tetraethylammonium cations.     

Study of activation parameters and NMR spin-lattice relaxation time in some substituted amines

The present communication reports the experimental values of NMR spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) and dielectric relaxation time (τ) of piperidine, pyrrole, pyridine, diethylamine, triethylamine and pyrrolidine. The values of activation energy (ΔE_A) obtained using dielectric relaxation time, have been correlated with calculated values of ΔE_A obtained using Arrhenius equation of NMR relaxation time (T₁) for pyridine, diethylamine and pyrrole. Authors have also established a correlation between the experimental values of NMR spin-relaxation time (T₁) with its calculated values obtained using different equations of dielectric relaxation time (τ).     

Two separate Li ionic motions observed by Li and B NMR in xLi2S + (1 − x)B2S3 glassy fast ionic conductors

Studies of ion dynamics in the highly conductive glassy fast ionic conductor (FIC) xLi₂S + (1 − x)B₂S₃ (x = 0.65 and 0.70) were made with NMR nuclear spin lattice relaxation (NSLR) R₁(ω, T) of both mobile ⁷Li and immobile ¹¹B ions, and ⁷Li NMR line narrowing δν(T). The possible dependence of ion dynamics on the short range order structures (SRO) and the distribution of activation energies (DAE) in this highly conductive FIC was investigated. Two Gaussian DAE were employed to fit ⁷Li NSLR data, where each Gaussian DAE was correlated to a separate ¹¹B NSLR in a BS₃ and in a BS₄ group. The long range diffusion of Li ions among BS₃ groups and a seemingly localized ionic hopping motion around BS₄ group is suggested as a microscopic model for the ion dynamics in thioborate glasses, namely a ‘two channel relaxation’.     

Superconductivity and pseudogap states studied by microwave conductivity measurements of λ-(BEDT-TSF)2GaCl4

We have investigated the microwave response at 45 GHz in an organic superconductor λ-(BEDT-TSF)₂GaCl₄ with T_c = 4.8 K. We determine the μ₀H_c2–T phase diagram from microwave loss and find that the superconducting state is in the pure limit (l/ξ_GL  10). Although the real part of the complex conductivity (=σ₁ + iσ₂) does not show a coherence peak just below T_c, the London penetration depth completely saturates at low temperatures down to T/T_c = 0.2, which may provide an evidence for a conventional s-wave pairing. In the metallic state below about 50 K, (parallel to the c-axis) deviates downward from , while σ₂, which should be zero in a conventional metal, increases exponentially toward T_c. In spite of the fact that the Hagen–Rubens limit is well satisfied as far as the dc conductivity is concerned, a Drude model is unable to explain the large positive σ₂. In order to explain such anomalies in the metallic state, we propose a possible existence of so-called a pseudogap near a Fermi level. The anomalous increase of the positive σ₂ may be attributed to an appearance of pre-formed electron pairs in the pseudogap state. This appearance can be regarded as a precursor to the superconducting transition. Such a precursory phenomenon has been observed also in the isostructural FeCl₄ salt with the anomalous metallic states, which shows a negative σ₂ in contrast to the GaCl₄ salt. Just the opposite of ground states in between the GaCl₄ and FeCl₄ salts may result in the contrasting anomalous metallic states with different precursory phenomena with opposite signs of σ₂.     

Spin fluctuations in weakly itinerant ferromagnets Y(Co1−xAlx)2

The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate, 1/T₁, has been measured in weak itinerant ferromagnets Y(Co_1−xAl_x)₂. The temperature and magnetic field dependence of 1/T₁T has been found to be well described by the self-consistent renormalization (SCR) theory of spin fluctuations. The parameters characterizing spin fluctuations in this system were estimated from NMR and magnetic measurements. The temperature dependence of susceptibility calculated from these parameters well reproduces the experimental results.     

Magnetic properties and domain structure of polycrystalline DyFe3

Magnetization σ vs. temperature T was measured from 80 to 700 K in polycrystalline DyFe₃ in a magnetic field H = 10 kOe. From σ = f(T), the Curie temperature was determined. Also, σ was measured vs. H from 0 to 70 kOe at 4.2 K. Magnetization at saturation σ₀ at 4.2 K and the magnetic moment of DyFe₃ were also determined. First observations of domain structure in DyFe₃ are reported. The mean domain with is determined in its dependence on the grain size . The magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant of polycrystalline DyFe₃ is determined as K₁ = -1.2×10⁷ erg/cm³.     

Incommensurate antiferromagnetic structures in NdIn3

Among the AuCu₃-type RIn₃ series where R is a rare earth, the NdIn₃ compound presents a complex magnetic phase diagram. In this compound, which orders antiferromagnetically at T_N = 5.9 K, three magnetic phases are separated by two sharp first-order transitions. The phase diagrams, determined for the main crystallographic directions, by magnetization measurements in fields up to 7 T show a strong dependence of the transition temperatures. In order to determine the actual magnetic structures in NdIn₃, a neutron diffraction experiment has been performed on a single crystal under magnetic field. It shows that the magnetic structures are collinear (single q) with the magnetic moments aligned along the fourfold axis. They clearly evidence the existence of two incommensurate phases with q = (1/2, 1/2, τ): for T_N T 5.5 K, τ₁ ≈ 0.037 2π/a and the structure is sine-wave modulated, for 5.5 K > T > 4.7 K, τ₂ = 0.017 2π/a and the structure squares up. Below 4.7 K the q = (1/2, 1/2, 0) commensurate structure is stabilized.     

Low-temperature AC conductivity of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ

We report measurements of anamolously large dissipative conductivities, σ₁, in Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ at low temperatures. We have measured the complex conductivity of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ thin films at 100–600 GHz as a function of doping from the underdoped to the overdoped state. At low temperatures there exists a residual σ₁ which scales with the T=0 superfluid density as the doping is varied. This residual σ₁ is larger than the possible contribution to σ₁ from a thermal population of quasiparticles (QP) at the d-wave gap nodes.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry of the normal heart: Relationship between collagen content and relaxation times of the four chambers

The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time measurements for characterization of abnormal cardiac tissue depends upon knowledge of variations of relaxation times of normal myocardium and determinants of these variations. We calculated in vitro NMR T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of canine myocardium from the four cardiac chambers, and determined hydroxyproline concentration (as a measure of collagen) and percent water content of the samples. We found both water content and T₁ relaxation time of the right ventricle to be significantly greater than the left atrium (p < 0.05). T₂ relaxation time of the left ventricle was found to be shorter than each of the other three chambers (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations between the spin-lattice relaxation time and both percent water content (r = 0.58) and hydroxyproline concentration (r = 0.45). A significant correlation was also found between T₂ relaxation time and hydroxyproline concentration (r = 0.49). When T₁ and T₂ were adjusted for water and hydroxyproline content, there was no longer any evidence for significant interchamber differences for either T₁ or T₂. These data suggest that differences in NMR relaxation times exist among the four chambers of the normal canine heart. Furthermore, a major determinant of myocardial spin-lattice relaxation time is tissue water content while both collagen content and percent water content significantly contribute to variability in cardiac chamber T₂ relaxation times.     

Study of the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition of NaH3(SeO3)2 single crystals by H and Na NMR

The ¹H and ²³Na spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times of NaH₃(SeO₃)₂ single crystals grown using the slow-evaporation method were measured as functions of temperature and frequency in the ferroelectric and paraelectric phases. The changes in the symmetry of the (SeO₃)²⁻ dimers as a result of the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition are associated with large changes in the spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times, and in the number of resonance lines. The large changes in the relaxation times at 195 K indicate that the H and Na ions are significantly affected by this transition. The change in the number of resonance lines for the ¹H and ²³Na nuclei means that the orientations of the (SeO₃)²⁻ dimers and the environments of the Na ions change at T_C. Therefore, the orientations of the (SeO₃)²⁻ dimers and the environments of the Na ions play important roles in the phase transitions. In conclusion, the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition of NaH₃(SeO₃)₂ is accompanied by changes in hydrogen-bond structure and distortions of the (SeO₃)²⁻ and Na⁺ ion lattices, which form a slightly distorted octahedron.     

Measurement of Hartmann-Hahn cross-polarization dynamics with quenching of proton T1ρ relaxation dependence

A simple modification of the standard cross-polarization method designed for quenching the proton T_1ρ dependence when studying polarization transfer is presented. It is demonstrated that by using this simple procedure, new and subtle details of cross-polarization dynamics, previously hidden by the T_1ρ(¹H) effect, can be observed in dipolar-coupled spin systems.     

K5Bi0.9Er0.1(MoO4)4的晶体生长和光学性质

在化学计量的熔料里,用提拉法生长了K₅Bi_0.9Er_0.1(MoO₄)₄单晶。该晶体属于三方晶系,空间群为R3m,z=1.5,晶胞参数为a=6.029?,c=20.823?(六方表示)。晶体具有层状结构,沿着(0001)面容易解理。晶体在室温下的吸收光谱包括有若干条吸收带,它们是稀土离子所特有的。其中三个主要的吸收峰分别相当于从Er³⁺离子的基态 ⁴I_15/2向 ⁴G_11/2, ²H_11/2和 ⁴I_13/2能级的跃迁。本文还给出晶体中相当于 ⁴I_13/2→ ⁴I_15/2跃迁的荧光发射光谱。 关键词：     

MRI of hepatic lymphoma

Thirteen patients with biopsy proven hepatic lymphoma (2 Hodgkin, 11 Non-Hodgkin) and a control group of 15 patients with hepatic metastases were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by MRI. Focal hepatic lymphoma was most reliably detected (eight of eight patients) and appeared hypointense relative to liver on T₁ weighted (CNR − 7.4 ± 2.3) and hyperintense on T₂ weighted (CNR + 8.4 ± 2.9) images. The mean T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of focal hepatic lymphoma (T₁ = 832 ± 234 msec, T₂ = 84 ± 16 ms) differed significantly from adjacent non-tumorous liver (T₁ = 420 ± 121 ms, T₂ = 51 ± 9 ms; p < 0.05), however CNR values and relaxation times were similar to those of hepatic metastases. Diffuse hepatic lymphoma (microscopic periportal infiltration) was undetectable by MRI in three patients by either morphologic features or quantitative criteria. A mixed pattern of hepatic lymphoma (focal lesions and diffuse infiltration) showed focal areas of slightly decreased signal intensity on T₁ weighted images (CNR = −1.7 ± 0.4) while T₂ weighted images revealed multiple regions of focal hyperintensity (CNR = +13.3 ± 8.4) superimposed on a diffusely hyperintense liver. Our experience demonstrates that either T₁ or T₂ weighted techniques are useful in detecting focal and that T₂ weighted techniques are useful in detecting mixed hepatic lymphoma. Conventional image derived relaxation time measurements and quantitative parameters were of no additional diagnostic value.     

Cu NMR study of the superconducting thiospinel Cu1.5Rh1.5S4

The ⁶³Cu NMR Knight shift K and spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T₁ have been measured to study the thiospinel superconductor Cu_1.5Rh_1.5S₄ from a microscopic viewpoint. K is negative and has a weak dependence on temperature, and the hyperfine coupling constant H_hf^d is estimated to be −52.4 kOe/μ_B. 1/T₁ is proportional to the temperature in the normal state. In the superconducting state, 1/T₁ takes a coherence peak just below T_c, and decreases exponentially well below T_c, from whose temperature dependence the superconducting energy gap has been proved to be close to 2Δ = 3.52k_BT_c given by the BCS theory.