表达鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒变异株VP2基因的重组嵌合型新城疫病毒的构建与鉴定

为了研发防控IBDV变异株和基因Ⅶ型NDV感染的高效廉价多联疫苗,将IBDV中国流行变异株的VP2基因共有序列插入到含有基因Ⅶ型NDV毒株F和HN基因的嵌合型NDV LaSota-ⅦF/HN全长基因组cDNA的质粒pNDFL-ⅦF/HN中,构建含有IBDV变异毒株VP2基因的重组NDV全长感染性克隆pNDFL-ⅦF/HN-VP2。将pNDFL-ⅦF/HN-VP2和辅助质粒共转染BHK-21细胞拯救重组NDV rChiLaSota-VP2。利用PCR和Western blot对重组NDV进行鉴定,并对重组病毒的生物学特性进行研究。结果显示,重组NDV rChiLaSota-VP2拯救成功并可以正确表达IBDV VP2蛋白。第25代重组NDV在鸡胚中的生物学特性研究表明,rChiLaSota-VP2保留了LaSota株在鸡胚中高滴度复制、低致病性和遗传稳定性等生物学特性。重组NDV rChiLaSota-VP2的鸡胚半数感染量(EID₅₀)峰值可达10^-8.16/100μL,鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)为134 h, 1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(I...     

传染性法氏囊病病毒主要结构蛋白VP2、VP1和VP2-VP1串联基因的原核表达及其初步应用

为获得传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)特异性抗体检测用抗原VP2、VP1及VP2-VP1蛋白,分别设计引物扩增IBDV野毒株NN1172的VP2和VP1基因,并扩增VP2和VP1基因中抗原性和亲水性较好的重要区域,通过PCR扩增基因串联方法对截短的VP2和截短的VP1基因进行串联,首次获得VP2-VP1串联基因,并对VP2、VP1和VP2-VP1串联基因进行了原核表达和鉴定。结果成功构建了原核表达载体pET-VP2、pET-VP1和pET-VP2-VP1;诱导表达条件显示,3个重组质粒分别转入BL21菌株后经0.05 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达,分别得到分子量为69、114和63 kDa的VP2、VP1和VP2-VP1重组蛋白,且均以包涵体形式表达,3个重组蛋白分别于诱导后5、3和6 h时表达量最多。Western blot结果显示,表达的VP2、VP1和VP2-VP1蛋白与鸡抗IBDV阳性血清均具有良好的反应原性。以纯化的VP2、VP1和VP2-VP1蛋白作为包被抗原对传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、呼肠孤病毒(ReoV)、禽白血病病毒(ALV)和新城疫病毒(NDV)4种阳性血清检测均为阴性,表明所获得的纯化蛋白具有高度的特异性;对免疫了IBD灭活疫苗,IBD基因工程疫苗和IBD弱毒疫苗的商业鸡群进行抗体检测,结果均能显示疫苗免疫后机体抗体水平的变化趋势。本研究表明利用该原核表达系统所表达的3个蛋白均具有良好的免疫反应活性,为IBDV特异性抗体的检测和新型亚单位疫苗的研发奠定基础。     

表达鸡IL2和IL15重组新城疫病毒的免疫增强作用研究

为提高新城疫病毒(NDV)弱毒疫苗的免疫保护效果,本研究选取鸡IL2(chIL2)和chIL 15两个细胞因子作为分子佐剂,通过反向遗传操作技术分别将这两个基因克隆于NDV Clone30株中,构建表达chIL2和chIL15的重组病毒rClone30-chIL2和rClone30-chIL15.ELISA法检测结果表明两种细胞因子在重组病毒中均能够稳定表达.将重组病毒免疫雏鸡,以NDV强毒BJ株进行攻毒试验,测定其抗体产生情况和保护效果.结果表明,两种重组病毒均可以诱导雏鸡产生较高水平抗体;而且两种重组病毒保护率可达100％,具有较好的保护效果.本研究为进一步提高NDV重组基因工程疫苗的效果提供了新思路.     

表达双基因的重组新城疫病毒载体的构建

为了构建表达双外源基因的重组新城疫病毒载体,试验采用分子生物学方法对重组新城疫病毒进行了研究。通过反向遗传学操作构建并拯救表达双基因的重组新城疫病毒[r Clone30-EGFP(NP/P)-RFP (P/M)];用重组新城疫病毒感染鸡胚成纤维细胞并绘制生长曲线;通过免疫荧光试验检测重组新城疫病毒感染HepG2细胞后荧光蛋白的表达情况。结果表明:试验成功构建并拯救了表达双基因的重组新城疫病毒;重组新城疫病毒的生长动力学与亲本病毒相似,差异不显著(P0. 05);重组新城疫病毒能够在HepG2细胞中稳定表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)和红色荧光蛋白(RFP)。说明重组新城疫病毒感染HepG2细胞后可稳定表达双外源基因。     

共表达新城疫病毒F基因、传染性法氏囊病病毒VP0基因的重组鸡痘病毒的抗原性和免疫原性

以鸡痘病毒(FPV)282E4株TK基因为侧翼,将2个相同的复合启动子ATI@p7.5×20以反向方式连接,分别调控新城疫病毒(NDV)F基因和传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)VP0基因,得到重组转移质粒pVP0-2ATI@p7.5×20F.然后将该重组转移质粒用脂质体转染预先感染FPV 282E4株的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),在经BrdU(5-溴-脱氧尿嘧啶)加压处理后的CEF上传代,用间接免疫荧光试验、Western blot检测,有2株鸡痘病毒能同时表达NDV F蛋白和IBDV VP0蛋白.用这2株重组鸡痘病毒刺种商品Leghorn雏鸡,于刺种前及刺种后1、2、3周对抗NDV特异性抗体水平和淋巴细胞转化能力检测,结果发现,重组鸡痘病毒能激发机体产生良好的免疫反应.结果表明,重组鸡痘病毒可以作为疫苗备选株进行研究与开发.     

表达禽腺病毒4型中国流行株Fiber2蛋白重组新城疫病毒的构建与鉴定

利用NDV LaSota弱毒疫苗株反向遗传操作系统,将禽腺病毒4型(FAdV-4)中国流行株的全长Fiber2基因插入到NDV基因组的P和M基因之间,构建并拯救出重组病毒rLaSota-Fiber2。利用RT-PCR和序列测定,以及Western blot对重组病毒进行了鉴定。结果显示,Fiber2基因插入位置和方向正确,Fiber2蛋白得到正确表达,表达形式为可溶的游离形式而非嵌入到NDV颗粒中。第10代重组病毒的鸡胚致病性试验和在鸡胚中的生长特性研究结果显示,重组病毒的半数鸡胚感染量(EID_(50))最高可达10~(8.5)/100μL,鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)为120 h, 1日龄雏鸡脑内接种指数(ICPI)和6周龄鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)均为0,重组病毒保持了LaSota弱毒疫苗亲本毒株的低致病特性和对鸡胚良好的高滴度生长适应性。重组病毒与亲本LaSota株生长滴度在相近时间达到峰值,生长动力学特性与亲本株无明显差异。本试验构建的表达FAdV-4中国流行株Fiber2基因的重组病毒rLaSota-Fiber2有望为同时防控NDV和FAdV-4的感染提供安全、廉价和高效的辅助工具。     

表达鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S基因的重组新城疫病毒构建

为构建以新城疫病毒(NDV)为活毒载体表达鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)S基因的重组病毒,本研究利用RT-PCR技术,以IBV的Massachusetts41株RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR扩增得到IBV S基因(3534bp),将其插入到NDV感染性克隆pBRN-FL中,构建了含有IBV S基因的重组NDV cDNA克隆pBRN-FL-IBVS。利用磷酸钙转染法,在辅助质粒pBS-NP、pBS-P和pBS-L的共同作用下,将pBRN-FL-IBVS转染表达T7聚合酶重组痘病毒感染的BSR细胞,救获重组NDV(rL-IBVS)。采用RT-PCR检测接种重组病毒的鸡胚尿囊液,结果表明rL-IBVS中含有相应外源基因。IFA试验表明,rL-IBVS可与鸡抗IBV的高免血清发生特异性反应,证明S蛋白在感染的BSR细胞中得到表达。其鸡胚平均致死时间、脑内致病指数和静脉内致病指数等指标显示rL-IBVS保持了亲本疫苗株高滴度的鸡胚生长特性和低致病力特性。本研究采用反向遗传操作技术构建了表达IBV S蛋白的重组NDV,为进一步研制IBV和NDV的重组基因工程活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

猪O型口蹄疫病毒样颗粒的构建及鉴定

为开发猪O型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)病毒样颗粒(VLPs)基因工程亚单位疫苗,试验参考GenBank中登录的FMDV毒株基因序列(登录号:JN998085),设计针对VP1、VP2、VP3和VP4 4个基因片段的特异性引物,以O型FMDV O/MYA98/XJ/2010毒株的cDNA序列为模板,对目的基因进行PCR扩增;将获得的VP3、VP1和VP4、VP2基因片段分别插入2个杆状病毒供体质粒(pFastBacDual)的p10和pH双元启动子中,构建pFBD-VP3-VP1和pFBD-VP4-VP2 2个重组转座质粒;将验证正确的2个重组转座质粒分别转化含有穿梭载体(Bacmid)的大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞,获得2个重组杆粒rBacmid-VP3-VP1和rBacmid-VP4-VP2,经验证正确后,对其进行扩增和提取,将其分别转染Sf9贴壁昆虫细胞,构建2个重组杆状病毒rvAc-VP3-VP1和rvAc-VP4-VP2;2个重组杆状病毒共同感染悬浮培养的Sf9昆虫细胞,利用杆状病毒表达系统在昆虫细胞内对4个基因进行表达,目的蛋白通过间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)、SDS-PAGE、Western blotting及透射电镜(EM)进行检测。结果显示,本研究成功构建2株分别表达FMDV VP1、VP2、VP3和VP4 4个结构蛋白的重组杆状病毒;特异性抗体检测发现,4个蛋白VP1～VP4均成功表达,且具有良好的特异性反应;4个蛋白在Sf9昆虫细胞内能够完成自我组装,形成与天然病毒结构相似的VLPs,直径大小在25～30 nm。本研究利用共感染表达方式在Sf9昆虫细胞内成功制备出FMDV病毒颗粒,为开发高效安全的FMDV基因工程亚单位疫苗开辟了一条新思路。     

鹅细小病毒VP3基因与鹅γ干扰素基因在重组禽痘病毒中的共表达

为了构建共表达鹅细小病毒(GPV)VP3基因与鹅IFNγ基因的重组禽痘病毒,本研究将GPV-VP3基因和鹅IFNγ基因克隆到禽痘病毒转移载体中,构建串联基因的禽痘病毒转移载体pSY-GoIFNγ-VP3,采用脂质体法将其转染禽痘病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),经蓝斑法筛选重组病毒,并进行8轮蚀斑纯化,以及PCR鉴定和间接免疫荧光(IFA)分析。结果表明,所获得的重组病毒rFPV-GoIFNγ-VP3能稳定表达外源基因。本研究为进一步开展GPV重组禽痘病毒疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒超强株VP2基因重组新城疫病毒胚胎免疫安全性及效力试验

为研制能够同时预防传染性法氏囊病(IBD)和新城疫(ND)的疫苗,本研究选用表达IBD病毒(IBDV)超强毒株(vvIBDV)VP2基因的重组ND病毒(NDV)LaSota疫苗株(rL-VP2),测定其半数鸡胚感染量、平均鸡胚致死时间、脑内接种指数和静脉内致病指数等指标,按不同剂量接种18胚龄SPF鸡胚,分别于出雏后第9d、第14d和第21d采血,用微量凝集法和ELISA方法测定血清中抗NDV抗体和抗IBDV抗体水平,并于出雏后28d用NDV强毒(F48E9株)和vvIBDVGx株攻毒,评估重组疫苗的胚胎免疫效果。结果显示:按104EID50/枚剂量进行免疫不会影响SPF鸡胚出雏率和出雏后21d存活率,并且该免疫组雏鸡能够对NDV强毒和vvIBDV攻毒提供安全的免疫保护。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.