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1.
Leaves from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants were assayed to determine if the relationship between temperature and relative fatty acid composition
observed in the seed oil also existed for the triglycerides in the leaf oil. Leaf samples were harvested from eight soybean
lines (A5, A6, C1640, Century, Maple Arrow, N78-2245, PI 123440 and PI 361088B) grown at 40/30,28/22 and 15/ 12°C day/night.
At 40/30 and 28/22°C, seven fatty acids were observed at a level greater than 1.0%. These included the five major fatty acids
found in the seed oil: palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acid; plus two
fatty acids that had retention times the same as palmitoleic (16:1) and γ-linolenic (18:3 g) acid. In addition, an eighth
fatty acid that had a retention time the same as behenic (22:0) acid was found in the leaves of all lines at 15/12°C. Palmitic,
palmitoleic and stearic acid content did not differ significantly over temperatures. The oleic and linoleic acid content were
each highest at 15/12°C, while the γ-linolenic and the linolenic acid content were each highest at 40/30°C. The fatty acid
composition of the triglyceride portion of the leaf oil did not display the same pattern over temperatures as that observed
for seed oil. 相似文献
2.
Temperature effects on fatty acid composition during development of low-linolenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The influence of temperature during seed development on the fatty acid composition of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was studied in one low-linolenic and one conventional canola cultivar. The cultivar Regent produces seed oil with ∼20%
linoleic acid (C18:2) and ∼8% linolenic acid (C18:3), whereas Stellar is relatively high in C18:2 (∼25%) and low in C18:3
(∼2.5%). Both cultivars were grown in the field, and the fatty acid compositions of the seed oils were monitored throughout
the period of seed development. In the field, the content of saturated (C16:0+C18:0) and monounsaturated (C18:1) fatty acids
in the seed oil increased when seed developed under high temperatures. C18:3 levels were higher in seed harvested at sites
with lower average daily temperatures. The low C18:3 trait of the cultivar Stellar was relatively stable over environments.
Both temperature and duration of exposure to the temperature during seed development affected the fatty acid composition of
the seed in a controlled environment study. Plants subjected to a high-temperature treatment (30/25°C day/night) for 40 d
produced seed with the lowest C18:3 content and the highest levels of C16:0+C18:0 and C18:1. This was observed in both cultivars. 相似文献
3.
P. F. Knowles 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1972,49(1):27-29
Current research on the fatty acid composition of the seed oil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has shown the following: (1) there is a possibility that the oleic acid content can be increased above 80%, though probably
not above 85%, by use of modifying genes and the major geneol; (2) wild species do not look very promising as a source of genes for modifying fatty acid composition; (3) commercially
grown high linoleic and high oleic types are temperature stable; (4) an experimental type with about equal amounts of oleic
and linoleic acids is responsive to temperature, with high temperature increasing oleic acid and low temperature increasing
linoleic acid; and (5) stearic acid in another experimental type with higher levels of stearic acid (5–10%) is reduced by
low temperatures.
One of seven papers presented at the Symposium, “The Plant Geneticist’s Contribution Toward Changing Lipid and Amino Acid
Composition of Oilseeds,” AOCS Meeting, Houston, May 1971. 相似文献
4.
W. E. Neff T. L. Mounts W. M. Rinsch H. Konishi 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1993,70(2):163-168
The photooxidation of soybean oil was determined and correlated with triacylglycerol composition and structure. Purified triacylglycerols
were photooxidized at room temperature under fluorescent light. Rates of peroxide formation and total headspace volatiles
were related positively (P<0.5 significance) to oxidizability (r=0.75, r=0.76); content of linolenic acid (r=0.80, r=0.85) and linoleic acid (r=0.61,
r=0.57); linoleic acid on carbon 2 (r=0.64, r=0.64); and average number of double bonds (r=0.76, r=0.76). Negative correlations
were observed with respect to oleic acid (r=−0.70, r=−0.70). Soybean oil stability was decreased by linolenic acid-containing
triacylglycerols and increased by oleic acid-containing triacylglycerols. Trilinoleoylglycerol and dilinoleoyl-oleoylglycerol
were the most important oxidation product precursors. However, for high-linolenic acid soybean oil, dilinoleoyl-linolenoylglycerol
and trilinoleoylglycerol were the most important oxidation product precursors. The most abundant volatile produced from thermal
decomposition at 140°C of photooxidized triacylglycerols was 2-heptenal, except for high-linolenic acid oils, where the most
abundant volatile was propanal. The photooxidative stability of soybean oil triacylglycerols with respect to composition and
structure is of interest for the development of soybean varieties with oils of improved odor and flavor stability.
Presented at the 20th ISF World Congress 83rd Annual American Oil Chemists’ Society Meeting, May 10–14, 1992, Toronto, Canada. 相似文献
5.
Soybean seed protein and oil contents and fatty acid composition adjustments by drought and temperature 总被引:1,自引:4,他引:1
Environmental stress during soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed fill can alter the chemical composition of the seed and reduce yield, viability, and vigor. The effect of
drought and high air temperature (AT) on soybean seed protein and oil contents have not been reported. The objective of this
study was to characterize the protein and oil contents and fatty acid composition of soybean seeds after exposure to drought
and high AT during seed fill. Experiments were conducted during two years, in which three drought-stress levels were maintained
throughout seed fill. In Experiment I, “Gnome” soybeans were grown at daytime AT of 20 and 26°C, and in Experiment II “Hodgson
78” were grown at 27, 29, 33, and 35°C. Across experiments, severe drought increased protein content by 4.4 percentage points,
while oil content decreased by 2.9 percentage points. As drought stress increased, measured by accumulating stress degree
days, protein content increased linearly and oil content decreased linearly at each AT. Seeds from plants exposed to 35°C
during seed fill contained 4.0 percentage points more protein and 2.6 percentage points less oil than those exposed to 29°C
when averaged across drought stress levels. Drought had little effect on the fatty acid composition of the oil, but high AT
reduced the proportion of the polyunsaturated components. 相似文献
6.
Characteristics of tea seed oil in comparison with sunflower and olive oils and its effect as a natural antioxidant 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
A comparison of iodine values showed that the degree of saturation of tea seed oil (Lahjan variety) was intermediate between
the oils of sunflowerseed (Fars variety) and olive (Gilezeytoon variety), and the saponification values of these three oils
were similar. Tea seed oil consisted of 56% oleic acid (C18∶1), 22% linoleic acid (C18∶2), 0.3% linolenic acid (C18∶3), and
therefore, on the basis of oleic acid, occupied a place between sunflower and olive oil. In studies at 63°C, the shelf life
of tea seed oil was higher than that of sunflower oil and similar to olive oil. Tea seed oil was found to have a natural antioxidant
effect, and it enhanced the shelf life of sunflower oil at a 5% level. In this study, tea seed oil was found to be a stable
oil, to have suitable nutritional properties (high-oleic, medium-linoleic, and lowlinolenic acid contents), and to be useful
in human foods. 相似文献
7.
Effect of temperature on soybean seed constituents: Oil,protein, moisture,fatty acids,amino acids and sugars 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
R. B. Wolf J. F. Cavins R. Kleiman L. T. Black 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1982,59(5):230-232
Soybean plants were grown at day/night temperatures of 24/19 C until the beginning of seed development, and then transferred
to 5 different temperature regimes (18/13, 24/19, 27/22, 30/25 and 33/28 C) in the CSIRO phytotron. Mature seeds that developed
under these conditions were analyzed for variances in composition. Fatty acid composition was strongly affected by temperature:
linolenic and linoleic acids decreased markedly whereas oleic acid increased as the temperature increased; palmitic and stearic
acids remained unchanged. Oil content was positively correlated with temperature, and protein content increased at the highest
temperature. Of the sugars analyzed, sucrose concentration decreased by 56% with a 15 C increase in temperature, and stachyose
showed a slight reduction; other sugars remained unchanged. Amino acid composition was generally stable; however, methionine
increased with increased temperature during seed development. Moisture content was unaffected. 相似文献
8.
The oxidative stability of soybean oil triacylglycerols (TAG) obtained from genetically modified soybeans was determined before
and after chemical randomization. Soybean oil oxidative studies were carried out under static oxygen headspace at 60°C in
the dark and oxidative deterioration was monitored by peroxide value, monometric and oligomeric oxidation products, and volatile
compounds. Randomization of the soybean oil TAG improved the oxidative stability compared to the natural soybean oil TAG.
Oxidative stability was improved by three factors. Factor one was the genetic modification of the fatty acid composition in
which polyunsaturated acids (such as linolenic and linoleic acids) were decreased and in which monounsaturated fatty acids
(such as oleic) and saturated acids (palmitic and stearic) were increased. Factor two was the TAG compositional modification
with a decrease in linolenic and linoleic-containing TAG and an increase in TAG with stearic and palmitic acids in combination
with oleic acid. Factor three was the TAG structure modification accomplished by an increase in saturated fatty acids and
a decrease in linoleic and linolenic acids at the glycerol moiety carbon 2.
Presented at the AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, Chicago, IL, May 10–13, 1998. 相似文献
9.
W. E. Neff M. A. El-Agaimy T. L. Mounts 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1994,71(10):1111-1116
Improvement of oxidative stability of soybean oil by blending with a more stable oil was investigated. Autoxidation of blends
and interesterified blends (9∶1, 8∶2, 7∶3 and 1∶1, w/w) of soybean oil and palm olein was studied with respect to fatty acid
composition, fatty acid location and triacylglycerol composition. Rates of formation of triacylglycerol hydroproxides, peroxide
value and volatiles were evaluated. The fatty acid composition of soybean oil was changed by blending. Linolenic and linoleic
acids decreased and oleic acid increased. The triacylglycerol composition of blends and interesterified blends was different
from that of soybean oil. Relative to soybean oil, LnLL, LLL, LLO, LLP, LOO and LLS triacylglycerols were lowered and POO,
POP and PLP were higher in blends and interesterified blends (where Ln, L, O, P and S represent linolenic, linoleic, oleic,
palmitic and stearic acids, respectively). Interesterification of the blends leads to a decrease in POO and POP and an increase
in LOP. Linoleic acid concentration at triacylglycerol carbon-2 was decreased by blending and interesterification. Rates of
change for peroxide value and oxidation product formation confirmed the improvement of soybean oil stability by blending and
interesterification. But, blends were more stable than interesterified blends. Also, the formation of hexanal, the major volatile
of linoleate hydroperoxides of soybean oil, was decreased by blending and interesterification. 相似文献
10.
Temperature during seed development is known to influence the level of the various fatty acids in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil. In order to determine the range of values that can be obtained for each fatty acid, five lines (A5, C1640,
N78-2245, PI 123440 and PI 361088B) known to possess low linolenic acid (18:3) levels, one line (A6) known to possess a high
stearic acid (18:0) level, and two cultivars (Century and Maple Arrow) were grown at 40/30, 28/22, and 15/12°C day/night.
At 40/30°C, high oleic acid (18:1), low linoleic acid (18:2), and low linolenic acid levels were obtained that were beyond
the range of levels reported for the soybean germplasm. The linolenic acid levels for A5, C1640 and N78-2245 grown at 40/30°C
were below 2.0%, and are the lowest values reported for soybean oil. A6 displayed a high level of stearic acid at 28/22 and
40/30°C but displayed a relatively low level at 15/12°C. This indicates that temperature may affect the expression of thefas
a allele, which is responsible for high stearic acid levels in A6. The linolenic acid levels of PI 361088B and C1640, both
possessing thefan allele, were the lowest for all lines grown at 15/12°C. Therefore, thefan allele is an appropriate source for the development of low linolenic acid lines adapted to cool areas. 相似文献
11.
W. E. Neff E. Selke T. L. Mounts W. Rinsch E. N. Frankel M. A. M. Zeitoun 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(2):111-118
The oxidative stability of soybean oil triacylglycerols was studied with respect to composition and structure. Crude soybean
oils of various fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, hexane-extracted from ground beans, were chromatographed to remove
non-triacylglycerol components. Purified triacylglycerols were oxidized at 60°C, in air, in the dark. The oxidative stability
or resistance of the substrate to reaction with oxygen was measured by determination of peroxide value and headspace analysis
of volatiles of the oxidized triacylglycerols (at less than 1% oxidation). The correlation coefficients (r) for rates of peroxide
formation (r=0.85) and total headspace volatiles (r=0.87) were related positively to oxidizability. Rate of peroxide formation
showed a positive correlation with average number of double bonds (r=0.81), linoleic acid (r=0.63), linolenic acid (r=0.85).
Rate of peroxide formation also showed a positive correlation with linoleic acid (r=0.72) at the 2-position of the glycerol
moiety. A negative correlation was observed between rate of peroxide formation and oleic acid (r=−0.82). Resistance of soybean
triacylglycerols to reaction with oxygen was decreased by linolenic (r=0.87) and increased by oleic acid (r=−0.76)-containing
triacylglycerols. Volatile formation was increased by increased concentration of linolenic acid at exterior glycerol carbons
1,3 and by linoleic acid at the interior carbon 2. Headspace analysis of voltiles and high-performance liquid chromatography
of hydroperoxides indicated that as oxidation proceeded there was a slight decrease in the linolenic acid-derived hydroperoxides
and an increase in the linoleic acid-derived hydroperoxides. The oxidative stability of soybean oil triacylclycerols with
respect to composition and structure is of interest to the development of soybean varieties with oils of improved odor and
flavor stability.
Presented at the 81st Annual American Oil Chemists' Society Meeting, Baltimore, MD, April 18–21, 1990. 相似文献
12.
KeShun Liu Frank Orthoefer Edward A. Brown 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1995,72(2):189-192
Ten soybean genotypes grown in 1992 with seed size ranging from 7.6 to 30.3 g/100 seeds and maturity group V or VI were selected
and tested for oil and protein content and for fatty acid composition. In these germplasm, protein varied from 39.5 to 50.2%,
oil, 16.3 to 21.6%, and protein plus oil, 59.7 to 67.5%. Percentages of individual fatty acids relative to total fatty acids
varied as follows: palmitic, 11.0 to 12.8; stearic, 3.2 to 4.7; oleic, 17.6 to 24.2; linoleic, 51.1 to 56.3 and linolenic,
6.9 to 10.0. Seed size showed no significant correlations with individual saturated fatty acids, protein or oil content. However,
significant correlations were found between seed size and individual unsaturated fatty acids: positive with oleic, and negative
with linoleic and linolenic. Oil and protein content were negatively correlated with each other. Among the major fatty acids,
only the unsaturated were significantly correlated with each other: negative between oleic and linoleic or linolenic, and
positive between linoleic and linolenic. A subsequent study with soybeans grown in 1993 generally confirmed these findings.
Variation in relative percentages of unsaturated fatty acids andr values for most pairs of relationships were even higher than those obtained from the 1992 crop.
Presented at the 85th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo, Atlanta, Georgia, May 8–12, 1994. 相似文献
13.
To assess the potential of traditional selection breeding to develop varieties with increased phytosterol content, we determined
concentrations of those sterols in canola, sunflower, and soybean seed oils produced from breeding lines of diverse genetic
backgrounds. Seed oils were extracted and saponified, and the nonsaponifiable fractions were subjected to silylation. The
major phytosterols brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, were quantified by capillary gas chromatography
with flame-ionization detection. Canola contained approximately twice the amount of total phytosterols (4590–8070 μg g−1) as sunflower (2100–4540 μg g−1) or soybean (2340–4660 μg g−1) oils. Phytosterol composition varied among crops as expected, as well as within a crop. Both genetic background and planting
location significantly affected total phytosterol concentrations. Soybean plants were maintained from flower initiation to
seed maturity under three temperature regimes in growth chambers to determine the effect of temperature during this period
on seed oil phytosterol levels. A 2.5-fold variability in total phytosterol content was measured in these oils (3210–7920
μg g−1). Total phytosterol levels increased with higher temperatures. Composition also changed, with greater percent campesterol
and lower percent stigmasterol and β-sitosterol at higher temperatures. In these soybean oils, total phytosterol accumulation
was correlated inversely with total tocopherol levels. Owing to the relatively limited variability in phytosterol levels in
seed oils produced under field conditions, it is unlikely that a traditional breeding approach would lead to a dramatic increase
in phytosterol content or modified phytosterol composition. 相似文献
14.
Nongnuch Sutivisedsak Bryan R. Moser Brajendra K. Sharma Roque L. Evangelista Huai N. Cheng William C. Lesch Robert R. Tangsrud Atanu Biswas 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(2):193-200
Four common beans (black, kidney, great northern, and pinto) were extracted with hexane and found to contain about 2% triacylglycerols.
The fatty acids in these bean oils were mainly linolenic (41.7–46 wt%), linoleic (24.1–33.4 wt%), palmitic (10.7–12.7 wt%)
and oleic (5.2–9.5 wt%). Because of the high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the bean oils had iodine values between
174 and 177 g/100 g (compared to 130 g/100 g for soybean oil). Yet, the bean oils exhibited high oxidative stability due to
the presence of high amounts of tocopherols (2,670–2,970 ppm). The bean oils had lower pour points (−18 to −11 °C) compared
to −9 °C for soybean oil. Among the four bean oils, kidney bean oil had the highest acid value (15.4 mg KOH/g) and kinematic
viscosities over a wide range of temperatures. 相似文献
15.
Edwin M. Meade 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1962,39(5):235-237
Tall oil fatty acids have been fractionated into 80–90% oleic acid, and 60–80% linoleic acid fractions, by precipitation of
the oleic acid as acid soap from polar solvents. Sodium and potassium acid soaps are equally effective, but ammonium acid
soaps require lower operating temperatures. The choice of solvent is not critical as regards degree of separation, but technically
attractive filtration rates have been obtained only with methanol and acetone. Acidulation gives colorless oleic acid of very
low rosin acid and unsaponifiable content, but with 5–10% of conjugated linoleic acid. 相似文献
16.
Folahan O. Ayorinde Boddy D. Butler Marcella T. Clayton 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1990,67(11):844-845
A percolation extraction ofVernonia galamensis seed, affording 38.6% of crude vernonia oil is described. The dark colored crude oil was degummed with water, treated with
activated charcoal and bleached with a neutral agent, to give a light colored oil (Lovibond: 0.9 red, 3.5 yellow). Gas chromatographic/mass
spectrometric analysis of the refined oil indicates a relative fatty acid composition of 79–81% vernolic (cis-12,13-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic) acid, 11–12% linoleic acid, 4–6% oleic acid, 2–3% stearic acid, 2–4% palmitic acid, and a trace amount of
arachidic acid. 相似文献
17.
Trehalose-Induced Changes in Seed Oil Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Maize Grown Under Drought Stress 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Qasim Ali Muhammad Ashraf Farooq Anwar Fahad Al-Qurainy 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(8):1485-1493
The present investigation was conducted to determine if foliar-applied trehalose (an osmoprotectant) could ameliorate the adverse effects of water shortage on maize seed oil composition and oil antioxidant potential. Drought stress significantly reduced the seed oil but increased oleic acid and linolenic acid contents of the oil with a concomitant decrease in linoleic acid content, which resulted in an increased oil oleic/linoleic ratio in both maize cultivars. Water stress also increased the seed oil α- γ- δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids of both maize cultivars, however, oil phenolic content and oil antioxidant activity decreased. Exogenously applied trehalose positively influenced seed composition of both maize cultivars under non-stress and water stress conditions. Exogenous application of trehalose further increased the oil oleic and linolenic acid contents with a subsequent decrease in linoleic acid. Furthermore, exogenous application of trehalose increased the oil antioxidant activity in terms of oil DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity with an increase in oil tocopherols, total flavonoids and total phenolics contents. 相似文献
18.
Mohsen Mohsen-Nia Hamid Modarress Hamid Reza Nabavi 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2008,85(10):973-978
Vegetable oils can be deacidified by liquid–liquid extraction based on differences in polarity between triglycerides and fatty
acids and differences in solubility. Information on the equilibrium between the phases of such systems is important for designing
separation processes. The present paper reports experimental data for the extraction of fatty acid from soybean oil by (ethanol + water)
as a mixed-solvent for system of soybean oil + oleic acid + ethanol + water at 30 °C at different water contents. The liquid–liquid
equilibrium data of the systems were used to obtain interaction parameters in the universal quasi-chemical theory (UNIQUAC)
activity coefficient model. These parameters can be used to predict equilibrium data of ternary and quaternary systems. The
deviations between experimental and calculated compositions in both phases for each system using this model were calculated.
The distribution coefficients and the selectivity factors of solvents for extraction of fatty acid from oil at 30 °C were
calculated. Increasing of the water content as the co-solvent decreased the distribution coefficients and increased the selectivity
factors of mixed-solvents, therefore considering the economical and practical aspects the optimum water content may be used
for extracting oleic acid from soybean oil. We concluded that (ethanol + water) as a mixed-solvent can be used for extracting
fatty acids from edible oils in a normal temperature. 相似文献
19.
Umit Gecgel Serap Durakli Velioglu Hasan Murat Velioglu 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(8):1179-1187
The physicochemical properties of seed and seed oil obtained from the native black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) were investigated in 2008 and 2009. The results showed that the seed consisted of 27.5–33% crude oil, 20.2–22.5% crude
protein, 3.5–6% ash, 42.4–46.6% carbohydrate and 112.2–152.0 mg total phenolics/100 g. Twenty different fatty acids were determined,
with the percentages varying from 0.02% myristic acid (C14:0) to 78.7% linoleic acid (C18:2). According to the GC analysis
of fatty acid methyl esters, linoleic acid (C18:2), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and stearic acid
(C18:0) were the major fatty acids, which together comprised approximately 97% of the total identified fatty acids. High C18:2
content (average 73.7%) proved that the black mulberry seed oil is a good source of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid.
Linolenic acid (C18:3) was also found in a relatively lower amount (0.3–0.5%). The α-tocopherol content was found to be between
0.17 and 0.20 mg in 100 g seed oil. The main sterols in the mulberry seed oil were β-sitosterol, Δ5-avenasterol, Δ5, 23-stigmastadienol,
clerosterol, sitosterol and Δ5, 24-stigmastadienol. The present study stated that the native black mulberry seed oil can be
used as a nutritional dietary substance and has great usage potential. 相似文献
20.
Jia Xie Tianshun Liu Yingxin Yu Guoxin Song Yaoming Hu 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2013,90(5):641-646
Camellia seed oil with high nutritional value is widely used in southern China and southeastern Asia for cooking. Due to the high price of camellia seed oil, fraudulent traders blended the oil with inexpensive oils to increase profits. In this paper, a new method was introduced to detect the adulteration of camellia seed oil with soybean oil by GC–MS with consideration of a parameter which was defined by the total content of oleic and linoleic acid, the oleic to linoleic acid ratio and the content of linolenic acid. Oils samples were prepared by blending pure camellia seed oil with pure soybean oil at levels from 1 to 50 %. Fatty acids esterified by TMSH and TBME in seconds were separated and identified by GC–MS. The detection limit of adulteration was as low as 5 %, and even much lower than 5 % for most kinds of camellia seed oil, which was lower than those measured by other methods. All the results indicated that this simple, accurate and rapid method can also be recommended for the authentication of olive oil with some modification. 相似文献