高粘度骨水泥治疗椎体压缩性骨折恢复压缩椎体高度临床疗效的影响因素研究

目的评价高粘度骨水泥治疗椎体压缩性骨折恢复椎体高度的矫正效果及影响因素。方法回顾性分析2013-05-2015-05月期间在我院采用高粘度骨水泥行椎体成形术治疗的107例(123个椎体)压缩骨折患者,记录患者术中骨水泥注入量及骨水泥弥散分布程度,术前与术后椎体前缘、中央高度及后凸Cobb角,计算椎体前缘恢复高度、后凸Cobb角纠正度数,根据骨水泥注入量将患者分为D1组(注入量4 ml)和D2组(注入量≤4 ml),根据骨水泥弥散分布程度将患者分为V1组(填充率15%)和V2组(填充率≤15%),比较两组术前与术后椎体前缘、中央高度及后凸Cobb角,对骨水泥注入量、骨水泥弥散程度与骨折椎体恢复高度进行相关分析。结果使用高粘度骨水泥系统注入椎体后近80%椎体高度较术前有不同程度的恢复,平均(4.6±3.8)mm。通过手术前后X线测量比较,椎体前缘压缩改善程度(13.1±10.8)%,椎体中央压缩改善程度(7.3±6.9)%,后凸cobb角平均纠正(-6.5±4.6)°。D1组76椎,D2组47椎,D1组:术前:椎体前缘平均高度(18.4±5.5)mm,椎体中央平均高度(20.8±5.3)mm,后凸Cobb角(21.6±6.7)°;术后:椎体前缘平均高度(24.3±4.7)mm,椎体中央平均高度(24.9±4.8)mm,后凸Cobb角(12.5±5.6)°。D2组:术前:椎体前缘平均高度(17.5±5.7)mm,椎体中央平均高度(19.1±5.6)mm,后凸Cobb角(22.3±6.5)°;术后:椎体前缘平均高度(21.6±6.1)mm,椎体中央平均高度(22.8±5.0)mm,后凸Cobb角(15.6±6.2)°。两组术前和术后椎体前缘平均高度和后凸Cobb角差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。V1组98椎,V2组25椎,V1组:术前:椎体前缘平均高度(17.9±5.7)mm,椎体中央平均高度(19.2±4.8)mm,后凸Cobb角(20.3±6.7)°;术后:椎体前缘平均高度(23.8±4.2)mm,椎体中央平均高度(23.9±3.8)mm,后凸Cobb角(13.8±4.8)°。V2组:术前:椎体前缘平均高度(18.6±6.2)mm,椎体中央平均高度(21.0±5.8)mm,后凸Cobb角(19.0±6.2)°;术后:椎体前缘平均高度(20.5±6.9)mm,椎体中央平均高度(21.4±6.3)mm,后凸Cobb角(16.9±7.5)°。V1组术前和术后椎体前缘平均高度、椎体中央平均高度和后凸Cobb角差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。V2组术前和术后椎体前缘平均高度、椎体中央平均高度和后凸Cobb角差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。骨折椎体恢复高度与骨水泥注入量呈正相关(r=0.618,P0.001),骨折椎体恢复高度与骨水泥弥散程度呈正相关(r=0.626,P0.001)。结论高粘度骨水泥可恢复椎体高度,改善后凸畸形,且骨水泥注入量增加和骨水泥弥散形态良好有助于椎体高度的进一步恢复。     

高粘度骨水泥经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效分析

目的 :比较高粘度骨水泥经皮椎体成形术(PVP)与低粘度骨水泥经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)的临床疗效及影像学特征,评价高粘度骨水泥PVP治疗OVCFs的临床价值。方法:2015年6月~2016年12月我院收治单节段骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者115例,其中65例行高粘度骨水泥PVP(A组),50例行低粘度骨水泥PKP(B组),两组患者年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、骨密度(BMD)均无统计学差异。统计两组患者的手术时间、术中透视次数、骨水泥用量、骨水泥渗漏、骨水泥弥散分布情况、伤椎椎体前缘高度和椎体后凸角(Cobb角)、术前和术后VAS评分及ODI等资料,应用SPSS 20.0进行统计学分析。结果:两组患者术后VAS评分、ODI、伤椎椎体前缘高度及Cobb角均较术前显著性改善(P0.01);两组间骨水泥渗漏率无显著性差异;A组手术时间、术中透视次数均显著性少于B组(P0.05)。A组骨水泥单侧弥散分布、双侧不对称分布、双侧对称分布分别为6例(9.2%)、12例(18.5%)、47例(72.3%),未弥散至终板、单侧终板弥散、双侧终板弥散分别为3例(4.6%)、16例(24.6%)、46例(70.8%);B组骨水泥单侧弥散分布、双侧不对称分布、双侧对称分布分别为33例(66.0%)、7例(14.0%)、10例(20.0%),未弥散至终板、单侧终板弥散、双侧终板弥散分别为17例(34.0%)、22例(44.0%)、11例(22.0%),两组间比较有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:高粘度骨水泥PVP治疗OVCF可获得良好的短期临床疗效,骨水泥可对称地弥散至椎体前柱两侧以及椎体上下终板,使伤椎均衡强化,有利于减少手术椎体再骨折风险,骨水泥渗漏风险与低粘度骨水泥PKP相当。     

单球囊双侧序贯扩张经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的 探讨单球囊双侧序贯扩张经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)的临床疗效.方法 2017年1月—2018年6月,采用PKP治疗OVCF患者80例,其中40例行单球囊双侧序贯扩张(观察组),40例行单球囊单侧扩张(对照组).记录2组手术时间、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥弥散系数;术前、术后7 d、末次随访时采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分评估患者疼痛程度,拍摄X线片并测量Cobb角、椎体前缘高度,评价患者畸形矫正及椎体高度恢复效果;观察2组患者椎体再塌陷、骨水泥渗漏发生情况.结果 所有手术顺利完成.所有患者随访超过2年.观察组手术时间长于对照组,骨水泥注入量多于对照组,骨水泥弥散系数高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组患者住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后7 d和末次随访时2组患者VAS评分较术前下降,椎体前缘高度较术前增加,Cobb角较术前减小,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);末次随访时观察组Cobb角小于对照组,椎体前缘高度高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组患者椎体再塌陷、骨水泥渗漏发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 单球囊双侧序贯扩张PKP治疗OVCF能够提升骨水泥注入量和弥散效果,减轻术后矫正效果的丢失,且不增加骨水泥渗漏风险.     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎单椎体楔形骨折与凹陷型骨折的效果

目的:探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎单椎体楔形骨折和凹陷型骨折的效果。方法:2008年1月~2009年12月对33例骨质疏松性胸腰椎单椎体压缩性骨折患者采用PKP治疗,其中楔形骨折18例(A组),凹陷型骨折15例(B组),观察术前和术后VAS评分、椎体前缘和中央高度比及局部后凸Cobb角。结果:33例患者均顺利完成手术。A组1例骨水泥向下位椎间盘渗漏,B组1例骨水泥向上位椎间盘渗漏、1例骨水泥沿穿刺针道渗漏,均未出现临床症状。A组术前、术后VAS分别为8.1±1.0分、2.3±0.6分,B组分别为8.2±0.8分、1.9±0.6分,每组术前术后评分差异有显著性(P<0.001)。A组术后椎体前缘高度比和中央高度比均较术前明显增加(P<0.05),后凸Cobb角较术前明显变小(P<0.05);B组术后椎体中央高度比与术前比较明显增加(P<0.05),前缘高度比和后凸Cobb角与术前比较无明显变化(P>0.05)。术后A组椎体前缘高度恢复比为(19.3±11.4)%,与B组的(6.4±6.2)%比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);A组中央高度恢复比为(15.9±9.3)%,与B组的(15.1±6.7)%比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。A组术后后凸Cobb角纠正6.7°±2.2°,B组纠正1.4°±1.3°,差异有显著性(P<0.001)。随访8~31个月,平均18.3个月,无患椎再骨折和邻近椎体骨折发生。结论:PKP治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎楔形和凹陷型椎体骨折可以迅速缓解疼痛,有效恢复椎体高度和维持脊柱序列,短期疗效满意。     

骨水泥填充剂量对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折行PKP手术疗效的影响研究

目的探讨骨水泥填充剂量对PKP手术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCF)疗效的影响。方法选取我院2012-06-2017-06,行PKP手术的150例OVCF患者作为研究对象,根据术中骨水泥填充剂量的不同将所有入选病例分为低剂量组(2-3 ml,A组)、常规剂量组(3-5 ml,B组)、高剂量组(5-6.5 ml,C组)各50例,分别比较3组患者术前、术后各时间的椎体前缘高度、后凸Cobb角、ODI评分,统计各组患者术后并发症发生情况。结果 3组患者术后3 d、2年的椎体前缘高度均较术前明显增加,Cobb角均较术前明显降低,术后1个月、2年的ODI评分亦明显低于术前(P均0.05);术后3组组间各观察时间的椎体前缘高度、Cobb角及ODI评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);其中A组骨水泥渗漏发生率为4.00%,显著低于B组的18.00%及C组的24.00%,组间差异有统计学意义(x~2=5.005、8.306,P=0.025、0.004);B、C组之间差异无统计学意义(x~2=0.542,P=0.461)。随访2年,3组腰背疼痛改善率达84%以上,A组无再骨折发生,B组出现1例,C组出现4例,但组间再骨折发生情况相比较,差异无统计学意义(x~2=5.379,P=0.068)。结论不同剂量骨水泥经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折均临床有效,术后患者腰背痛及术后再骨折发生率低,其中低剂量骨水泥在降低患者术后骨水泥渗漏发生方面更为突出,其对于促进患者术后康复具有重要意义。     

骨填充网袋椎体成形术与经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体爆裂骨折的比较

目的探讨骨填充网袋椎体成形术与经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体爆裂骨折(osteoporotic vertebral burst fracture,OVBF)的疗效差异。方法回顾性分析我科2015年1月~2017年12月58例OVBF,骨填充网袋椎体成形术组22例,PKP组36例。比较2组手术时间、骨水泥灌注量、骨水泥渗漏率、疼痛视觉模拟评分(Visual Analogue Score,VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry Disability Index,ODI)、伤椎前缘高度、伤椎后凸Cobb角。结果骨填充网袋椎体成形术组手术时间和骨水泥注入量与PKP组比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。骨填充网袋椎体成形术组骨水泥渗漏2例(9.1%),明显少于PKP组骨水泥渗漏14例(38.9%)(χ^2=4.670,P=0.031),均无神经脊髓症。58例术后随访12~36个月,平均24.4月。2组间VAS评分、ODI比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),组间和时间无交互作用(P>0.05)。2组患者术后1 d、末次随访VAS评分、ODI均明显小于术前(P均=0.000),且末次随访时较术后1 d进一步降低(P均=0.000)。2组间伤椎前缘高度、伤椎后凸Cobb角差异无显著性(P>0.05),组间和时间无交互作用(P>0.05)。2组患者术后1 d、末次随访时伤椎前缘高度显著高于术前(P均=0.000),末次随访时较术后1 d无明显丢失(P=0.144)。2组患者术后1 d及末次随访时伤椎后凸Cobb角明显小于术前(P均=0.000),末次随访时较术后1 d无明显变化(P=0.288)。骨填充网袋椎体成形术组1例手术椎体再骨折,2例非手术椎体骨折,PKP组4例非手术椎骨折,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论骨填充网袋椎体成形术和PKP治疗OVBF均可缓解患者的临床症状,部分恢复伤椎高度,矫正伤体后凸畸形,但骨填充网袋椎体成形术能有效降低骨水泥渗漏。     

骨水泥分布形态对经皮椎体成形术疗效的影响

目的 探讨骨水泥分布形态对经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)疗效的影响。方法 将156例采用PVP治疗的OVCF患者依据骨水泥分布形态不同分为A组(骨水泥分布呈H型，91例)、B组(骨水泥分布呈T型，49例)和C组(骨水泥分布呈O型，16例)。比较3组手术时间、术中出血量、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥渗漏率、邻近椎体骨折发生率、疼痛VAS评分、伤椎后凸Cobb角。结果 患者均获得随访，时间17～36(25.1±7.6)个月。手术时间、术中出血量及骨水泥渗漏率3组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。骨水泥注入量A组>B组>C组(P<0.01)。邻近椎体骨折发生率A组0.05)。3组伤椎后凸Cobb角术后1年、2 d与术前比较均明显减小(P<0.05),术后1年与术后2 d比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 3种骨水泥...     

液压输送式椎体成形术对椎体形态及骨水泥弥散影响的研究

目的:评价不同骨水泥输送装置经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)对椎体形态及骨水泥填充弥散的影响。方法:对2016年1月至2017年12月收治的52例单节段骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures,OVCFs)进行回顾性分析。根据手术中骨水泥注入方法的不同将52例患者分为液压组(28例)和推杆组(24例)。比较两组患者手术前后VAS评分,观察手术前后病椎椎体前缘高度、椎体压缩比、后凸角,分析术后侧位椎体前1/3、中线、后1/3骨水泥填充比和正位X线片中骨水泥弥散情况,评价不同骨水泥输送装置PVP术后对椎体形态及骨水泥弥散可能产生的影响。结果:所有患者术后VAS评分较术前明显改善,液压组优于推杆组(P0.05)。椎体前缘高度、椎体压缩比及后凸角较术前均有明显恢复(P0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。侧位X线片骨水泥填充比,两组在椎体前1/3及中线处差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但在椎体后1/3处差异明显(P0.05);正位X线片上液压组骨水泥弥散更加显著(P0.05)。结论:液压式PVP术具有更佳的临床疗效,能保证骨水泥在骨折椎体内充分填充,能更好地恢复椎体形态,是一种有效的新技术,值得在临床推广应用。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折中骨水泥弥散程度的影响因素分析

目的 探讨经皮椎体成形术（PVP）治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（OVCF）中骨水泥弥散程度的影响因素。方法 选择2016年1月至2019年12月于武汉市第五医院行PVP治疗单节段OVCF的198例病人,根据骨水泥弥散程度分为弥散良好组和弥散不佳组,比较两组间的年龄、性别、是否合并糖尿病、损伤暴力程度、身体质量指数（BMI）、骨折天数、骨折位置、骨水泥注入方式、疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、椎体前缘高度比、椎体术后塌陷度、术后中柱高度恢复率、伤椎Cobb角、是否发生渗漏、脊柱是否再发骨折等。结果 按其弥散程度分组,弥散良好组128例和弥散不佳组70例。随访（22.0±2.5）个月（20~24个月）。弥散良好组与弥散不佳组的骨水泥注入方式、椎体前缘高度比、椎体术后塌陷度、再发骨折情况比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 双侧注射骨水泥的弥散程度更好;骨水泥弥散程度良好的病人术后椎体前缘高度恢复更好,术后椎体塌陷程度更小,椎体再发骨折概率较小。     

中粘度与高粘度骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效对比

目的探讨中粘度与高粘度骨水泥注入在经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)的临床疗效对比。方法对2012-10-2015-03采用PVP治疗且随访时间≥1年的118例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者资料进行回顾性分析,按使用骨水泥粘度不同分为2组:中粘度组71例,男21例,女50例,平均年龄为(68.6±8.6)岁,应用中粘度骨水泥进行治疗。高粘度骨水泥组47例,男15例,女32例;平均年龄为(69.1±8.9)岁,应用高粘度骨水泥进行治疗。对两组患者的手术时间、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥渗漏率、骨折椎体高度恢复程度、后凸Cobb角矫正度数、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)进行对比分析。结果高粘度组患者手术时间[(40.6±9.2)min]较中粘度组[(49.2±10.3)min]短,高粘度组患者骨水泥渗漏率[27.7%(13/47)]较中粘度组[36.6%(26/71)]低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。骨水泥注入量、术后椎体前缘压缩改善程度及后凸Cobb角矫正度数比较,两组差异均无统计学意义(P≥0.05)。两组患者术后VAS、ODI评分均明显低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组患者术后3个月VAS评分低于术后24 h,术后12个月ODI评分低于术后3个月,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者之间术后VAS、ODI评分比较差异无统计学意义(P≥0.05)。结论中粘度与高粘度骨水泥应用于经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折均能获得满意的临床效果,高粘度骨水泥操作简单,注射易操控,骨水泥渗漏率低,相对中粘度骨水泥手术安全性高,值得临床推广应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.