脑出血后白质损伤分子机制和治疗研究进展

脑出血(intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH)是临床上常见的卒中类型,具有高致残率、高死亡率特点。由于高血压合并细小动脉硬化、血液病或脑血管淀粉样变等病因,血液自破裂的血管溢出,血肿压迫且大量毒性代谢产物可直接损伤脑实质,造成中枢神经系统功能缺陷。中枢神经系统包括灰质与白质,灰质由神经元胞体和树突组成,白质由髓鞘包覆的神经轴突和少突胶质细胞组成。目前,ICH的研究多集中于灰质损伤的机制,而针对白质损伤(white matter injury, WMI)的研究仍处于起步阶段,这或是临床使用神经元退行性变保护剂治疗失败的原因之一。近年来,研究人员已确定占位效应、神经炎症、氧化应激等病理生理机制是ICH后WMI的原因,但其分子机制尚未阐明,故针对ICH后WMI的治疗手段亦不成熟。在本文中,我们将简述白质的结构与功能,总结WMI的病理改变,并重点讨论ICH后WMI的分子机制和治疗研究进展。     

胰腺癌发病的分子机制和诊断

胰腺癌是高度恶性肿瘤,起病隐匿,早期诊断困难,临床疗效差,是预后最差的恶性肿瘤之一。目前临床上尚缺乏有效的非 创伤早期筛查手段,多数患者确诊时已失去手术切除的机会。因此探讨胰腺癌发病的分子机制,特别是寻找在胰腺癌组织中高度 特异性表达的基因,对于胰腺癌的早期诊断和治疗具有重要的意义。本文就胰腺癌发病的分子机制和早期诊断进行综述。     

急性髓系白血病的分子机制和靶向治疗

急性髓系白血病(AML)是一类具有异质性的造血系统恶性肿瘤,其分子机制涉及基因组和表观遗传学多个层面的改变。急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)是AML中的特殊类型,全反式维甲酸(ATRA)和亚砷酸(ATO)的联合应用使APL成为白血病靶向治疗史上最成功的范例。四十年来AML的标准化疗方案几近未变,近年来靶向新药的涌现和免疫疗法的应用则给AML的治疗带来了新的希望。该文简述白血病的起源和发病机制,重点阐述APL的分子机制和靶向治疗,并对近年来AML的靶向治疗的进展进行综述。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病机制及治疗进展

近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高,脂肪性肝病的发病率明显上升,且患病年龄趋于低龄化,已经成为严重危害我国人民健康的常见疾病,我国非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病率明显高于酒精性脂肪性肝病。本文主要对NAFLD的发病机制及相关治疗进展做简要的综述。NAFLD的发病机制与胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激、代谢综合征、脂肪细胞因子的作用、内质网应激、及铁超载等多种因素有关。NAFLD的治疗可以从防治原发病或相关危险因素、基础治疗(行为或生活方式干预;调整饮食;运动疗法)、药物治疗以及手术治疗等方面进行。了解国际上NAFLD的发病机制以及相关治疗进展,对遏制非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发生、发展趋势有着十分重要的意义。     

生物钟的分子机制研究进展

RecentDevelopmentsinMolecularMechanismsofBiologicalClockHouBingkai(DepartmentofBiology,ShandongUniversity,Jinan250100)YuHuimin(DepartmentofBiochemistry,ShandongEducationCollege,Jinan250013)生物的昼夜节奏表现,从单细胞生物到多细胞生物,从原校生物到真核生物都曾被描述过。由于这种现象在生物界广泛存在,关于它的特征、意义和机理的研究日益受到人们重视。其中最重要和最吸引人的方面是它的测时系统—一生物钟（biologicalclock）,也称生物振荡器（oscillators）。近年来,人们从分子水平对生物钟的研究比较活…     

病理性瘢痕的发病机制及临床治疗方法的进展

增生性瘢痕和瘢痕疙瘩是临床上常见的病理性瘢痕。本文阐述了局部和全身因素对其形成的影响机制,并对其临床治疗方法的现状和将来的可能性治疗作一概述。     

神经细胞死亡的细胞和分子机制

神经细胞死亡的细胞和分子机制朱国璋,张永莲,龚岳亭（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词神经细胞死亡,细胞和分子机制无论是在脊椎动物或无脊椎动物的神经系统发育和神经网络构建过程中,在外周神经和中枢神经细胞增殖、分化、成熟的同时,伴随...     

记忆形成的分子机制

记忆形成的分子机制关键词记忆,分子机制在生化学家企图将“记忆”纳入自己研究轨道的历史上曾经有过一段曲折的故事。６０年代,分子生物学家希望从心理学家手中接过这个课题时提出过一个设想：记忆是可储存在ＲＮＡ或多肽这些信息大分子内并能通过注射方式从一个动物转...     

肥胖发病机制及其治疗靶点

人体摄入的食物提供的能量用来维持各种生理和体力活动的正常进行.在生理状态下,能量代谢保持动态平衡,即摄入能量=消耗能量+贮存能量.当由于某种原因打破这一平衡使能量的摄入大于消耗时,机体储能的主要器官--脂肪组织内脂肪(主要为甘油三酯)堆积,体重超过标准体重20％以上者,称为肥胖.随着社会经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高,全球范围内超重/肥胖率急剧增加.肥胖与高甘油三酯血症、高血压、糖尿病在发病机理上密切相关,这些慢性疾病相互影响并常在同一个体聚集存在,肥胖引起的这种交互紊乱更是诱发和加重心脑血管疾病的重要危险因素.因此,研究和分析与肥胖相关的因素及相互关系,有助于肥胖的预防和治疗.     

Mitochondrial Diseases: Therapeutic Approaches

Therapy of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies (defined restrictively as defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain) is woefully inadequate, despite great progress in our understanding of the molecular bases of these disorders. In this review, we consider sequentially several different therapeutic approaches. Palliative therapy is dictated by good medical practice and includes anticonvulsant medication, control of endocrine dysfunction, and surgical procedures. Removal of noxious metabolites is centered on combating lactic acidosis, but extends to other metabolites. Attempts to bypass blocks in the respiratory chain by administration of electron acceptors have not been successful, but this may be amenable to genetic engineering. Administration of metabolites and cofactors is the mainstay of real-life therapy and is especially important in disorders due to primary deficiencies of specific compounds, such as carnitine or coenzyme Q10. There is increasing interest in the administration of reactive oxygen species scavengers both in primary mitochondrial diseases and in neurodegenerative diseases directly or indirectly related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Aerobic exercise and physical therapy prevent or correct deconditioning and improve exercise tolerance in patients with mitochondrial myopathies due to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Gene therapy is a challenge because of polyplasmy and heteroplasmy, but interesting experimental approaches are being pursued and include, for example, decreasing the ratio of mutant to wild-type mitochondrial genomes (gene shifting), converting mutated mtDNA genes into normal nuclear DNA genes (allotopic expression), importing cognate genes from other species, or correcting mtDNA mutations with specific restriction endonucleases. Germline therapy raises ethical problems but is being considered for prevention of maternal transmission of mtDNA mutations. Preventive therapy through genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis is becoming increasingly important for nuclear DNA-related disorders. Progress in each of these approaches provides some glimmer of hope for the future, although much work remains to be done.     

Molecular Aspects of Moraxella catarrhalis Pathogenesis

Summary: In recent years, Moraxella catarrhalis has established its position as an important human mucosal pathogen, no longer being regarded as just a commensal bacterium. Further, current research in the field has led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in M. catarrhalis pathogenesis, including mechanisms associated with cellular adherence, target cell invasion, modulation of the host''s immune response, and metabolism. Additionally, in order to be successful in the host, M. catarrhalis has to be able to interact and compete with the commensal flora and overcome stressful environmental conditions, such as nutrient limitation. In this review, we provide a timely overview of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with M. catarrhalis virulence and pathogenesis.