Numerical Simulation on Explosion in Double-Layer Medium of Concrete and Soil

The numerical simulation on explosion in concrete and soil is performed by using the three-dimension finite element code LS-DYNA, into which a continuum damage model which can well describe the fracture of concrete is implemented. As a consequence, wave propagation and attenuation in concrete and on soil-concrete interface are obtained respectively. Moreover, the damage regions of concrete at different thicknesses of soil （TOS） and depths of charge （DOC） are procured. The existent soil reduces damage region of concrete. Numerical results provide reference for design of warhead and protective structure and blasting.     

基于跨尺度精细方法的面板坝面板损伤演化尺寸效应分析

中国面板坝建设规模正突破200~300 m级跨越,研究地震面板损伤破坏对特高坝抗震性能和安全控制具有重要意义。引入Quadtree跨尺度建模和非线性SBFEM-FEM耦合分析方法,联合土体广义塑性模型、弹塑性接触模型和混凝土塑性损伤模型,研究了高面板坝面板地震精细损伤演化过程。研究表明：面板损伤区主要发生在高程0.6H~0.9H区间附近;随顺坡向网格细化,损伤越趋局部化,越能合理地反映面板顶部的损伤破坏现象,建议顺坡向面板尺寸取0.5~1.0 m。面板大部分区域法向划分2层或1层网格可满足计算精度,但对顶部局部区域,可考虑分3层网格。基于Quadtree-SBFEM-FEM的跨尺度分析方法,实现了面板的精细化损伤演化规律研究,可为工程地震薄弱区域的精准定位和抗震安全控制方法的有效性分析提供重要参考和指导。     

Damage Evolution of Concrete under the Actions of Stray Current and Sulphate

Based on the mechanism of stray current generation in underground structures,the concrete durability test device for stray current and sulphate in typical soil environment was designed to study the damage of concrete under the action of stray current and sulphate.The deterioration law of concrete under the action of stray current and sulphate was studied by microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The microstructure of corroded concrete was observed to determine the phase composition of erosion products.The damage performances such as quality,strength,and dynamic elastic mode of corroded concrete were performed.The experimental results show that,under the action of stray current,the products of sulfate-eroded concrete are mainly gypsum,ettringite,and thaumasite;the stray current accelerates the hydration process of cement and the erosion of concrete by sulfate;when the concrete pores are filled with the erosion product,there is an increase of approximately 10% in the concrete compressive strength and dynamic elastic modulus;and the concrete compressive strength is more sensitive to the stray current electrification period than the current intensity.     

Water absorption and chloride ion penetrability of concrete damaged by freeze-thawing and loading

In order to investigate water and chloride ion transport in damaged concrete, three types of concrete were prepared, freeze-thawing (F-T) cycling and compressive loading were adopted to induce damage to concrete. Ultrasonic pulse velocity technique was used for evaluating the damage degree of concrete, and the defects of damaged concrete were also detected by X-CT. Water absorption and chloride ion penetrability were used for describing the transport properties of damaged concrete. Effects of damage degree on the water absorption rate and chloride ion penetrability were investigated in detail and the relationships were also established. The results show that the water absorption of concrete makes various responses to damage degree due to the difference of concrete type and damage method. For same concrete with similar damage degree, the water absorption rate of F-T damaged concrete is usually larger than that of concrete damaged by loading. The chloride ion penetrability of damaged concrete increases linearly with increasing damage degree, which is more sensitive to damage degree if the original penetrability of sound concrete is higher.     

A flexible various-scale approach for soil-structure interaction and its application in seismic damage analysis of the underground structure of nuclear power plants

In simulations of geotechnical engineering, interface elements are versatile tools and are widely used in the modeling of the relative displacements between soils and structures. To consider the case of a local failure adjacent to a soil-structure interaction region, a partial mesh refinement should be performed. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) interface element with an arbitrary number of nodes is developed as a new technique to reduce the complexity and difficulty of managing the various scales between soil and structure. An asymmetric number of nodes is permissible on the two sliding surfaces. In this manner, soil and structure can be discretized independently, and the various-scale model is established conveniently and rapidly. The accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated through numerical examples. The various-scale approach is employed in an elasto-plastic seismic damage analysis of a buried concrete drainage culvert of a nuclear power plant. The results indicate that by applying the proposed method, the number of elements decreased by 72.5%, and the computational efficiency improved by 59% with little influence on accuracy. The proposed method is powerful for local damage evolution analyses of both soil and structure and possesses great practical significance and the potential for further application, especially for nonlinear analysis of large-scale geotechnical engineering.     

腐蚀环境中混凝土桩基耐久性研究进展

腐蚀环境中地下混凝土结构的耐久性问题一直是国内外研究的热点问题之一.针对海洋和近海氯盐侵蚀环境与内陆盐湖和盐碱地硫酸盐侵蚀环境中地下混凝土结构的耐久性问题,分别从混凝土侵蚀机理、侵蚀性离子扩散机制、钢筋锈蚀机理、混凝土强度和刚度损伤等几个方面总结和归纳了当前国内外的研究现状,探讨了氯盐侵蚀环境和硫酸盐侵蚀环境中地下混凝土结构的损伤特性和劣化机制.在此基础上,考虑PHC预制管桩和现浇钻孔灌注桩的制作养护工艺,分别论述了海工环境中水平受荷PHC管桩和盐渍土环境中竖向受荷钻孔灌注桩的侵蚀劣化机理,进而结合海工环境中水平受荷PHC管桩和盐渍土环境中竖向受荷钻孔灌注桩的承载机制,探讨了各自承载特性的退化规律,总结了海工环境中水平受荷PHC管桩和盐渍土环境中竖向受荷钻孔灌注桩寿命的预测方法.最后,基于当前腐蚀环境中钢筋混凝土桩基耐久性研究现状,笔者根据自己的见解提出了今后的研究思路和方向,以期为腐蚀环境中和复杂应力条件下钢筋混凝土桩基的耐久性研究以及今后相应规范的制定提供一定参考.     

Capacity and failure mechanism of laterally loaded jet-grouting reinforced piles: Field and numerical investigation

This study presents the results of field and numerical investigations of lateral stiffness, capacity, and failure mechanisms for plain piles and reinforced concrete piles in soft clay. A plastic-damage model is used to simulate concrete piles and jet-grouting in the numerical analyses. The field study and numerical investigations show that by applying jet-grouting surrounding the upper 7.5D (D = pile diameter) of a pile, lateral stiffness and bearing capacity of the pile are increased by about 110% and 100%, respectively. This is partially because the jet-grouting increases the apparent diameter of the pile, so as to enlarge the extent of failure wedge and hence passive resistance in front of the reinforced pile. Moreover, the jet-grouting provides a circumferential confinement to the concrete pile, which suppresses development of tensile stress in the pile. Correspondingly, tension-induced plastic damage in the concrete pile is reduced, causing less degradation of stiffness and strength of the pile than that of a plain pile. Effectiveness of the circumferential confinement provided by the jet-grouting, however, diminishes once the grouting cracks because of the significant vertical and circumferential tensile stress near its mid-depth. The lateral capacity of the jet-grouting reinforced pile is, therefore, governed by mobilized passive resistance of soil and plastic damage of jet-grouting.     

宁夏扶贫扬黄灌溉工程盐渍土盐胀特性及对工程破坏的影响研究

针对宁夏扶贫扬黄灌溉工程固海扩灌第四泵站及干渠硫酸盐盐渍土的盐胀规律及特性进行研究,主要是分析硫酸盐盐渍土对水利工程混凝土构筑物的破坏机理,通过现场取样并在室内进行单次降温膨胀试验,得出了硫酸盐盐渍土盐胀特性及其影响因素.盐渍土膨胀变形与土中硫酸钠含量的增加、初始干密度的增大、温度的降低密切相关,剧烈膨胀变形的温度区间集中在15～-5℃     

含砖粒再生粗骨料混凝土损伤性能试验研究

用废弃砖部分取代废弃混凝土(取代率r=0%、10%、20%、30%)作为再生粗骨料制成再生混凝土。采用超声波检测再生混凝土的损伤,以超声波波速的衰减来衡量损伤,对单轴受压持荷状态下再生混凝土试件进行超声试验。通过试验研究,得出不同废弃砖取代率下单轴压应力系数对再生混凝土损伤的影响规律。试验结果表明废弃砖粗骨料取代率对单轴受压条件下再生混凝土的损伤影响很大。针对再生混凝土损伤的主要影响因素—单轴压应力系数,建立了含砖粒再生粗骨料混凝土的损伤关系模型。     

土—结构相互作用体系的非线性随机地震反应

对土—结构相互作用体系的非线性进行随机分析,将地震地面运动模拟为零均值平稳高斯过程,建立了土—结构相互作用体系的运动方程.考虑多层剪切型钢筋混凝土框架结构非线性和地基土的非线性以及基础埋深对相互作用的体系反应的影响,把地基土的作用转化为作用在基础边界上的弹簧-阻尼器.算例表明:地基土的非线性特性所造成的层间错动比上部结构非线性特性所造成的层间错动大,也就是说,考虑地基土非线性特性比仅考虑上部结构非线性特性结构体系的破坏更严重.     

荷载对混凝土在腐蚀-冻融作用下强度的影响

为研究混凝土的多因素耐久性,采用高浓度腐蚀介质,测定普通混凝土(OPC)、高强混凝土(HSC)、高性能混凝土(HPC)、钢纤维增强高强高性能混凝土(SFRHPC)和高强高模聚乙烯纤维增强高强高性能混凝土(HEMPFRHPC)在(化学腐蚀+冻融循环)双重破坏因素(DDF)和(弯曲荷载+化学腐蚀+冻融循环)多重破坏因素(MDF)作用下的强度变化.结果表明:在1500次DDF和1600次MDF作用下,混凝土的抗压强度均存在不同程度的下降,弯曲荷载比对混凝土在MDF作用下抗压强度的降低作用存在一个阈值:HSC和HPC为40%,PFRHPC为20%,SFRHPC65%.掺加矿物掺合料有利于稳定高强度等级混凝土在MDF作用下的抗压强度,进一步掺加钢纤维还能够确保混凝土抗折强度的持续增长.     

混凝土损伤本构模型研究评述

现有混凝土本构关系主要是基于成熟的经典弹塑性模型所建立的,弹塑性模型在数学上较严格,但是与混凝土材料破坏机理不协调,各国学者针对混凝土这类特殊多相复合材料提出了很多基于不可逆热力学理论的损伤本构模型。系统综述了混凝土损伤本构研究的成果,在分析了各个有代表意义的混凝土损伤本构模型基础之上,对比研究了各个模型的特点及各自适用范围,通过总结前人成果,为损伤本构模型研究提供了思路。     

碾压混凝土在温度应力联合作用下的损伤准则

目的为了确定碾压混凝土在温度应力联合作用下的损伤准则.方法基于最小耗能原理,针对碾压混凝土是一种耗散型材料,认为在其损伤过程中,伴随着能量的耗散,且损伤将总是在相应给定条件(损伤准则)的约束下,以其最容易发生损伤的方式发生和进行,同时假设碾压混凝土仅存在热耗散和损伤耗散,而忽略由内变量和湿度等其他因素所造成的耗散,建立了能反映碾压混凝土横观各向同性性质,在温度应力联合作用下的损伤准则.结果碾压混凝土热耗散和损伤耗散累积到一定程度时,损伤破坏就会发生,且随着热流密度矢量和温度梯度增大,碾压混凝土发生损伤破坏的应力水平将降低,如碾压混凝土是一个等温变化过程,则损伤完全取决于应力水平.这与相关试验结论是吻合的.结论在损伤准则中考虑温度的影响是必要的;碾压混凝土具有横向各向同性性质,若采用常态混凝土损伤准则,与碾压混凝土的材料特性不符,弹性模量与泊松比对损伤准则均有影响.     

钢筋混凝土柱式桥墩落石冲击分析方法

为研究落石冲击对钢筋混凝土(RC)桥墩安全性能的影响,建立一种考虑截面抗剪能力率相关性的RC柱式墩崩塌落石撞击损伤状态评价方法.首先,通过与钢筋混凝土梁落锤实验结果对比验证数值模拟方法可靠性,考虑桩基与土层相互作用建立了彻底关大桥下部结构落石撞击有限元模型.其次,以KC模型修正的Priestley公式描述混凝土动载抗剪强度,以剪力破坏参数定义截面损伤等级,分析墩柱截面不同撞击场景下的损伤状态.最后,进行混凝土抗压强度、墩柱截面面积、箍筋间距、墩柱长细比参数敏感性分析.结果表明:全局平均等效静力方法应用于落石撞击荷载静力简化存在缺陷,在高冲击强度场景下衰减段长持时使得等效静力偏低;引入墩柱截面抗剪能力率相关性能够更准确地描述落石冲击损伤状态;增大墩柱截面面积和提高箍筋配筋率能够有效地降低RC柱式桥墩落石撞击损伤.     

填料级配对筋土界面特性的影响

不同填料级配对筋土界面特性的影响直接关系到工程的稳定性.通过室内大型直剪试验,研究了颗粒级配、密实度、筋材种类等对于界面强度的影响,深入了解筋土界面抗剪强度以及界面剪胀特性.试验结果表明,粗颗粒和细颗粒土分别与筋材的界面强度要明显大于级配较好的标准砂与筋材的界面强度.密实砂土界面强度具有类似混凝土材料强度高韧性低脆性破坏的特性.对于土工格栅,粗颗粒砂粒由于粒径较大达到峰值强度需要较大的剪切位移.     

冻融循环作用下混凝土材料寿命评估方法

为判断服役混凝土材料能否在设计基准期内实现预定的使用功能,提出基于材料学的计算准则来评估冻融循环作用下混凝土材料的寿命.推导两参数Weibull分布的概率分布函数和相对动弹性模量损失率的关系,建立基于概率论和损伤理论的混凝土冻融损伤模型,并论证其适用性.在此模型基础上进一步提出混凝土等效冻融损伤模型,将各混凝土冻融循环试验的结果统一.结果表明,采用基于概率论和损伤理论建立的混凝土冻融损伤模型预测混凝土材料寿命是合适的.     

钢筋混凝土板冲切破坏机理的试验研究及冲切承载力计算

本文研究了钢筋混凝土板的冲切破坏机理。试验中采用了较先进的混凝土内部测试元件,对冲切破坏斜面上混凝土变形进行了量测。总结出破坏斜面上混凝土应变分布及裂缝的形成和发展规律;对比了普通混凝土与浮石轻骨料混凝土板冲切破坏的异同;建立了半经验-半理论冲切承载力计算公式。     

滨海土壤环境下混凝土方桩的耐久性研究

对埋置在渗透性依次减弱的4种滨海土壤环境中、且常年浸没于地下水位以下的同一批混凝土预制方桩构件进行检测,发现桩的钢筋锈蚀轻微,混凝土无碳化迹象,氯离子浓度分布曲线对应于4种不同的土壤环境呈现有规律的变化,而混凝土强度比原来的设计值有所提高这一检测结果作了分析和解释,并得到结论:土壤的渗透性与混凝土遭受的侵蚀程度有直接关系,弱渗透性的土层与强渗透性的土层相比,可以显著减少氯离子向构件内的运移,同时也可以减轻硫酸盐对混凝土的侵蚀。由此可见,长期处于弱渗透性土壤环境中且位于地下水位以下的钢筋混凝土,其受到的侵蚀会相对有所缓解。     

基于GM(1,1)的应力损伤轻骨料混凝土抗冻性评估

对灾变后轻骨料混凝土抗冻融性能评估的关键在于对其在特定灾变程度下抗冻融性能的精确定量描述及预测。通过反复加载对轻骨料混凝土预加初始应力损伤来模拟灾变,以相对动弹性模量为评价指标,研究初始损伤度分别为0、0.05、0.12、0.19、0.27的轻骨料混凝土抗冻融性能;将灰色系统理论引入混凝土抗冻耐久性研究中,利用相对动弹性模量实测数据建立基于GM(1,1)的应力损伤轻骨料混凝土抗冻融性能预测模型,与修正的Loland混凝土损伤模型对比并进行精度分析;借助建立的GM(1,1)预测模型定量研究初始应力损伤对轻骨料混凝土抗冻耐久性的影响并预测其抗冻耐久寿命。结果表明：初始应力损伤会加速轻骨料混凝土抗冻融性能劣化,且初始损伤度越大劣化速率越快;各初始损伤度下GM(1,1)模型的平均相对误差均小于4.5%,GM(1,1)模型的预测精度整体上优于修正Loland模型;轻骨料混凝土自身具有良好的抗冻融性能,在内蒙古中西部地区抗冻耐久寿命可达45年,当初始损伤度为0.05、0.12、0.19、0.27时,抗冻耐久寿命分别缩短至30年、25年、17.5年、10年。基于GM(1,1)的应力损伤轻骨料混凝土抗冻融性能预测模型可实现对灾变后轻骨料混凝土全寿命周期内抗冻融性能较为精确的定量评估,为指导北方寒旱区轻骨料混凝土工程实践提供理论依据。     

基于模糊理论的高桥墩腐蚀损伤综合评价

针对腐蚀环境作用下钢筋混凝土高桥墩工作性能的损伤状况,建立了一个系统的、能够反映钢筋混凝土高桥墩腐蚀损伤状况的评价体系,并在层次分析法(AHP)分析各个指标因素权重的基础上,建立钢筋混凝土高桥墩腐蚀损伤状况的模糊综合评价模型。借助于腐蚀环境下一在役高桥墩的现场试验数据,基于该模糊综合评价模型,对该在役高桥墩的工作性能进行模糊综合评价,计算得到该在役高桥墩腐蚀损伤状况的总体评价质量为轻微损伤。