ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者外周血心肌特异性微小RNA-208a水平的变化

目的 观察心肌特异性微小RNA-208a(microRNA-208a,miR-208a)在ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(STEAMI)患者血中的含量变化,探讨血miR-208a在STEAMI诊断中的作用.方法 采集30例STEAMI患者发病12h内的外周血,用实时荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)检测血中miR-208a相对含量,同时用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)含量.以30例健康者血标本作为对照.结果 STEAMI患者血cTnⅠ (μg/L)、CK-MB (μg/L)含量明显高于健康对照者(cTnⅠ:17.72±8.43比0.05±0.01,CK-MB:250.83±177.26比71.20±20.50,均P＜0.01).在PCR 60个循环内,健康对照者血均未能检出miR-208a,STEAMI患者血中可检出miR-208a(0 ～6 h为44.95±4.77,6～ 12 h为43.98±4.68);以健康对照者血miR-208a阈值循环(Ct)值60为基础进行统计,AMI患者血miR-208a相对含量至少高于健康对照者215倍以上,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 血miR-208a可作为STEAMI患者早期诊断的新型敏感生物学标志.     

血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ对不稳定心绞痛患者的临床预测价值

目的对比观察不稳定型心绞痛与稳定型心绞痛患者血清中肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)升高与心脏事件的关系。方法对20例不稳定型心绞痛患者(UAP)2、0例稳定型心绞痛患者分别进行血清cTnⅠ及肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)测定,并观察相关心脏事件发生率。结果①20例稳定型心绞痛患者cTnⅠ定量为(8.52±2.98)μg/L,CK-MB值为(13.43±4.24)U/L;UAP组cTnⅠ定量为(14.76±5.13)μg/L,CK-MB值为(15.68±5.67)U/L,cTnⅠ比较P<0.01,而CK-MB比较P>0.05。②40例患者中,发生急性心肌梗死2例,顽固性心绞痛2例,死亡1例(共12.5%),经测定,所有意外发生组cTnⅠ≥11μg/L。③以此为分界值,将患者分为cTnⅠ升高组[(16.42±4.45)μg/L],同时测定CK-MB值为(15.88±4.76)U/L;余下患者cTnⅠ为(9.66±2.48)μg/L,其CK-MB值为(15.93±4.55)U/L;cTnⅠ比较P<0.01,而CK-MB比较P>0.05。结论cTnⅠ与CK-MB相比,对判断UAP患者预后具有更高的预测价值。     

83例窒息新生儿血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ及肌酸激酶同工酶检测分析

目的 探讨窒息新生儿血清肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)的变化及临床意义.方法 对83例窒息新生儿(其中轻度窒息48例、重度窒息35例)与30例健康新生儿(对照组),采用微粒子化学发光法和干化学分析法,进行血清cTnⅠ和CK-MB水平检测.结果 对照组cTnⅠ和CK-MB平均水平分别为(0.03±0.02)ng/mL、(37.0±12.3)U/L;轻度窒息组cTnⅠ和CK-MB平均水平分别为(0.12±0.05)ng/mL、(71.0±19.3)U/L;重度窒息组cTnⅠ和CK-MB平均水平分别为(0.19±0.14)ng/mL、(92.0±25.4)U/L.结论 新生儿窒息后血清cTnⅠ和CK-MB水平可明显升高,通过检测血清cTnⅠ和CK-MB水平不仅可用来判断窒息对患儿心肌损害的程度,亦可间接反映患儿窒息程度,有助于早期诊断及治疗.     

尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶在脓毒症并发早期肾功能损害中的诊断价值

目的 探讨尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)在脓毒症患者并发早期肾功能损害中的诊断价值.方法 上海中医药大学附属岳阳医院收治的脓毒症患者124例,住院后即刻测定尿NAG、血清肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮、血β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、尿β2-MG;住院第3天复查上述指标,根据第3天SCr和(或)尿素氮分为肾功能损害组(n=44)和肾功能正常组(n=80).结果 入院时两组患者尿NAG比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),SCr、尿素氮和血、尿β2-MG比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);入院第3天两组患者尿NAG、SCr、尿素氮和血、尿β2-MG比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或＜0.01),肾功能损害组和肾功能正常组尿NAG、SCr、尿素氮和血、尿β2-MG,分别为(20.41±11.57) U/L vs (12.90±6.33) U/L、(142.14±26.32) μmol/L vs (103.00±11.53) μmol/L、(6.37±3.41) mmol/L vs (5.21±1.68) mmol/L、(6.11±2.59) μg/L vs (5.02±1.87) μg/L、(263.74±142.87)μg/L vs (182.42±91.27) μg/L;尿NAG水平与SCr水平呈正相关(r=0.201,P＜0.05).结论 尿NAG水平对诊断脓毒症患者并发早期肾功能损害具有重要的诊断价值.     

病毒性心肌炎患儿血清高迁移率蛋白-1和血管内皮细胞钙黏蛋白的变化

目的 探讨病毒性心肌炎患儿血清高迁移率蛋白-1(HMGB1)和血管内皮细胞钙黏蛋白(VE-cadherin)的变化及临床意义.方法 采用ELISA法测定52例病毒性心肌炎患儿血清HMGB1和VE-cadherin含量,同时检测磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB),并与36例健康儿童作对照.结果 病毒性心肌炎患儿血清HMGB1、VE-cadherin和CK-MB急性期含量[HMGB1(5.14±0.23)mg/L;VE-cadherin (5.36±0.92)mg/L;CK-MB(31.42±3.22)U/L]明显高于恢复期[HMGB1(0.92±0.14)mg/L;VE-cadherin(2.93±0.64)mg/L;CK-MB(13.75±3.18)U/L](t值分别为11.37、10.26、12.17,P均＜0.01)及对照组[HMGB1(0.86±0.12)mg/L;VE-cadherin(2.86±0.65)mg/L;CK-MB(12.83±3.04)U/L](t值分别为12.06、11.19、12.64,P均＜0.01);恢复期HMGB1、VE-cadherin和CK-MB水平与对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为1.26、1.19、1.43,P均＞0.05).病毒性心肌炎患儿HMGB1与VE-cadherin、CK-MB呈正相关(r值分别为0.73、0.79,P均＜0.05),VE-cadherin与CK-MB亦呈正相关(r=0.82,P＜0.05).结论 HMGB1和VE-cadherin可能参与病毒性心肌炎的发生发展,并可作为病情判断及预后的观察指标.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the changes of high mobility group box-1 ( HMGB1 ) and VE-cadherin in serum of children with viral myocarditis and their clinical significance. Methods The serum levels of HMGB1 and VE-cadherin were detected by ELISA in 52 children with viral myocarditis, and 36 normal healthy children were enrolled as control. CK-MB was also measured in all subjects enrolled into the study. Results The serum levels of HMGB1, VE-cadherin and CK-MB in children with acute stage viral myocarditis (HMGB1 :[5.14 ±0. 23] mg/L;VE-cadherin: [5.36 ±0. 92] mg/L;CK-MB: [31.42 ± 3.22] U/L)were significantly higher than those with recovery stage viral myocarditis ( HMGB1: [ 0. 92 ± 0. 14 ] mg/L, VE-cadherin: [2. 93 ±0. 64] mg/L; CK-MB: [ 13.75 ± 3.18 ] U/L) ( t = 11.37,10. 26 and 12. 17 respectively ,Ps ＜ 0. 01 )and control (HMGB1 :[ 0. 86 ± 0. 12 ] mg/L; VE-cadherin: [ 2. 86 ± 0. 65 ] mg/L; CK-MB: [ 12. 83 ±3.04] U/L) (t = 12.06,11.19 and 12. 64 respectively,Ps ＜0.01 ). However,we found no significant difference in the serum levels of HMGB1, VE-cadherin and CK-MB between recovery stage viral myocarditis group and the control ( t = 1.26,1.19,1.43, Ps ＞ 0. 05 ). There were positive correlations between HMGB1 and VE-cadherin,CK-MB (r = 0. 73,0. 79, Ps ＜ 0. 05 ) ;and positive correlation between VE-cadherin and CK-MB (r= 0. 82, P ＜0.05). Conclusion HMGB1 and VE-cadherin may play roles in the viral myocarditis pathogenesis, which can be new prognosis factors for viral myocarditis.     

缺血修饰白蛋白和D-二聚体及肌钙蛋白Ⅰ在急性冠状动脉综合征早期诊断中的应用

目的 探讨缺血修饰白蛋白(IMA)、D-二聚体及肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTn Ⅰ)对急性冠状动脉综合征( ACS)的早期诊断价值.方法 收集2009年12月至2010年3月河北医科大学第三医院急诊科胸痛患者113例,30名健康体检者为健康对照组.根据胸痛发作至采血时间窗分为3h以内组52例和3～6h组61例;根据临床最后确诊分为非缺血性胸痛组(NICP)31例和ACS组82例,其中ACS组又分为不稳定性心绞痛(UA)组51例,非ST段抬高心肌梗死(NSTEMI)组18例和ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)组13例;用白蛋白-钴结合(ACB)方法测定血清IMA,用全自动血凝分析仪和免疫化学发光分析仪测定D-二聚体和cTn Ⅰ.采用方差分析和SNK检验分析比较各组患者IMA、D-二聚体、cTn Ⅰ水平变化,并采用x2检验分析评价其单独和联合应用对ACS早期诊断的敏感度、特异度和准确性.结果 ACS患者中的UA组、NSTEMI组、STEMI组血清IMA水平分别为(0.722±0.181)、(0.601±0.122)、(0.631±0.153)吸光度单位(ABSU)、血浆D-二聚体水平分别为(0.485±0.124)、(0.571±0.181)、(0.748±0.094) mg/L,血清cTn Ⅰ水平分别为(0.076±0.027)、(0.059±0.038)、(0.065±0.015) μg/L,均高于NICP组[血清IMA(0.338±0.065) ABSU、血浆D-二聚体(0.368±0.078) mg/L、血清cTnⅠ (0.022 ±0.007) μg/L]和健康对照组[血清IMA (0.292±0.058) ABSU、血浆D-二聚体(0.267±0.052) mg/L、血清cTnⅠ (0.029±0.016) μg/L],差异有统计学意义(F值分别为3.613、3.289和3.521,P均＜0.05).胸痛3h以内组和3～6h组ACS患者血清IMA水平分别为(0.665±0.104)、(0.520±0.073)ABSU,高于健康对照组的(0.292±0.058) ABSU,差异有统计学意义(F=3.58,P＜0.05).胸痛3～6h组ACS患者血浆D-二聚体及血清cTn Ⅰ水平分别为(0.634±0.213) mg/L和(0.079±0.032)μg/L,均高于健康对照组的(0.267±0.052) mg/L及(0.029±0.016)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(q值分别为4.24和3.46,p值均＜0.05).单独应用IMA诊断ACS的敏感度为85.36％、特异度为70.97％、准确性为81.42％,IMA、D-二聚体及cTn Ⅰ联合应用诊断ACS的敏感度为97.56％,特异度为58.06％、准确性为86.73％.结论 血清IMA是ACS发病早期心肌缺血的敏感指标,优于cTn Ⅰ和血浆D-二聚体对ACS发病早期的心肌缺血诊断作用.联合检测IMA、D-二聚体及cTn Ⅰ可以提高诊断的敏感度和特异度,对指导临床早期诊断ACS有一定价值.     

检测心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白对判断慢性充血性心力衰竭严重程度的价值--附76例报告

目的:评价定量检测血清心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白(heart type-fatty acid binding protein,H-FABP)对判断慢性充血性心力衰竭严重程度的临床价值.方法:采用酶联免疫吸附试验一步夹心法检测18名健康体检者、76例慢性心力衰竭患者(纽约心脏病学会心功能分级Ⅱ级24例、Ⅲ级29例、Ⅳ级23例)的血清H-FABP,同时测定心肌肌钙蛋白I(cardiac troponin I,cTnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶-MB(crea-tine kinase isoenzyme MB,CK-MB),并作比较.结果:随着心力衰竭程度的加重,慢性心力衰竭患者H-FABP、cTnI、CK-MB的血清浓度逐渐升高,心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者的H-FABP值分别为(3.2±1.6)μg/L,(6.7±1.7)μg/L,(9.5±2.0)μg/L;cTnI值分别为(0.23±0.07)μg/L,(0.45±0.11)μg/L,(0.76±0.19)μg/L;CK-MB值分别为(13.6±3.1)U/L,(14.5±4.4)U/L,(16.3±3.9)U/L,均为P＜0.05;治疗后,随病情好转,H-FABP、cTnI的血清浓度明显下降[治疗后心功能Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级患者的H-FABP值分别为(2.8±1.5)μg/L,(3.1±1.3)μg/L,(5.6±1.3)μg/L;cTnI值分别为(0.16±0.08)μg/L,(0.36±0.07)μg/L,(0.57±0.10)μg/L],P＜0.05;CK-MB值在治疗前、后差异无统计学意义.结论:血清H-FABP可作为判断慢性充血性心力衰竭严重程度的可靠指标.     

女性系统性红斑狼疮患者血清瘦素水平的检测及意义

目的 探讨瘦素在女性SLE患者中的表达情况及其影响因素.方法 用放射免疫分析(RIA)法分别检测104例女性SLE患者及30例正常对照血清瘦素的水平,并按治疗时强的松剂量分未使用强的松组,小剂量组(5～20 mg/d),中高剂量组(25～80 mg/d)三组,按SLEDAI分非活动组(0～9分)和活动组(≥10分),按病程分≤1年和＞1年两组,分别比较瘦素水平.结果 104例女性SLE患者血清瘦素浓度为16.81±15.34 μg/L,高于正常对照8.07±6.19 μg/L(P＜0.001).未使用强的松组,小剂量组,中高剂量使用强的松组瘦素水平为分别为14.75±10.98 μg/L,14.49±12.39 μg/L,21.04±21.03 μg/L,均明显高于正常对照组8.07±6.19μg/L(P＜0.05,P＜0.05,P＜0.001),中高剂量使用强的松组瘦素水平明显高于未使用强的松组(P＜0.05).活动组瘦素水平为19.19±22.49 μg/L,明显高于非活动组水平15.81±13.34 μg/L(P＜0.05).病程≤1年组瘦素含量为19.77±18.55 μg/L,高于病程＞1年组13.53±10.05 μg/L(P＜0.05).结论 女性SLE患者血清瘦素水平升高,瘦素水平可作为SLE活动性的指标之一,糖皮质激素尤其是中高剂量糖皮质激素是影响血清瘦素水平的重要因素.瘦素可能参与了SLE的发生发展.     

绝经前后的乳腺癌患者血清生殖激素的分布情况分析

目的 探讨血清内生殖激素水平与绝经前和绝经后乳腺癌患者的关系.方法 选取2007年9月至2012年2月来我院参加健康体检的健康女性和进行乳腺癌手术治疗的患者,将其分为绝经前健康Ⅰ组和乳腺癌Ⅰ组；绝经后健康Ⅱ组和乳腺癌Ⅱ组,每组各175例,调查上述4组血清样本的生殖激素浓度.结果 雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)、孕酮(P)、促黄体生成素(LH)、促卵泡刺激素(FSH)、催乳素(PRL)在4组间比较差异均有统计学意义(F值分别是76.459、57.224、82.932、161.047、74.801、15.246,P均＜ 0.05).绝经前:健康Ⅰ组、乳腺癌Ⅰ组E2[(61.5±32.2) ng/L与(74.1±41.6) ng/L]、T[(48.1 ±22.2)μg/L与(80.1±41.8)μg/L]、P[(2.9±1.6) μg/L与(3.5±1.3)μg/L]、LH[(1.3±0.9) U/L与(3.5±1.4) U/L]、FSH[(14.8±8.9) U/L与(25.1±23.3) U/L]、PRL[(15.8±6.7)μg/L与(39.4±27.4) μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).绝经后:健康Ⅱ组、乳腺癌Ⅱ组E2[(18.8±8.3) ng/L与(55.9±34.1)ng/L]、T[(34.1±16.2)μg/L与(84.7±66.4) μg/L]、P[(1.3±0.9)μg/L与(3.5±1.4)μg/L]、LH[(38.1±33.7) U/L与(45.6±31.2) U/L],差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).绝经前、后乳腺癌患者之间E2[(74.1±41.6) ng/L与(55.9±34.1)ng/L]、LH[(3.5±1.4)U/L与(45.6±31.2) U/L]、FSH[(25.1±23.3) U/L与(70.5±58.2) U/L]、PRL[(39.4±27.4) μg/L与(15.9±15.5) μg/L]组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 生殖激素的改变可能对乳腺癌的发生发展有一定的意义,还能够为临床治疗不同时期的乳腺癌患者提供了具有价值的参考依据.     

奈替米星对老年患者血尿系列微量蛋白的影响

目的 :探讨奈替米星治疗后对老年患者早期肾功能的影响。方法 :测定 36例经奈替米星治疗老年患者用药前和用药后第 7天血转铁蛋白 (TRF)、β2 微球蛋白 (β2 MG)和肌酐 (Cr) ,尿微量白蛋白 (mAlb)和尿α1 微球蛋白 (α1 MG)。用药第 7天检测奈替米星血药谷、峰浓度。结果 :用药前血TRF、β2 MG、Cr,尿mAlb、尿mAlb/Cr、尿α1 MG及α1 MG/Cr分别为 (2 .5 4± 0 .2 1)g/L、(3.2 4± 1.75 )mg/L、(6 1.92± 15 .77) μmol/L、(4 1.5 8± 5 2 .4 3)mg/L、(12 .2 0± 14 .79)g/mol、(35 .2 1± 2 7.11)mg/L和 (12 .5 2± 10 .0 7)g/mol;用药后分别为 (2 .5 6± 0 .35 )g/L、(3.4 8± 1.70 )mg/L、(6 2 .5 0±17.39) μmol/L、(4 2 .86± 6 2 .10 )mg/L、(13.2 1± 14 .7)g/mol、(4 0 .71±2 8.31)mg/L和 (15 .98± 12 .4 3)g/mol。治疗后血TRF、β2 MG、Cr和尿mAlb较治疗前的差别无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;治疗后尿α1 MG、尿mAlb/Cr和尿α1 MG/Cr较治疗前升高 ,有统计学差异 (P <0 .0 5 ,<0 .0 5 ,<0 .0 1)。奈替米星血药峰、谷浓度分别为 (6 .6 9± 2 .2 7)、(0 .4 8± 0 .4 3) μg/ml。结论 :血尿系列微量蛋白可作为老年患者奈替米星治疗期早期肾毒性的标志物。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。