舟山褐牙鲆（Paralichthysolivaceus）仔鱼摄食和生长的研究

试验研究了褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus仔鱼的摄食和生长。结果表明,仔鱼初次开口摄食时间在6日龄（16~18℃）,初次摄食率为30%,8日龄饥饿仔鱼最大初次摄食率为65%,孵出后第9天达到不可逆点（PNR）,混合营养期为3 d左右。初次摄食强度和初次摄食率开始时较低,在卵黄囊耗尽时达最高,然后下降。随着饥饿时间的延长,仔鱼出现负增长,孵化第11天存活率仅为10%,12日龄全部死亡。     

舟山褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temmincket Schlegel)人工育苗技术初步研究

于2006年5月对舟山褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）进行了人工育苗，获得的60万粒受精卵孵化出仔鱼50万尾，孵化率为83．3％。在育苗海水盐度为28；pH为8．0～8．2；水温为18～22℃条件下经过36d共培育出平均体长3．1cm幼鱼16万尾，成活率为32％。     

漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食节律的研究

在实验室条件下研究了漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食节律。试验结果表明：漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食具有昼夜节律性,其摄食活动主要在白天进行,在10：00光照度为400lx时摄食最为活跃,抵达摄食高峰,仔鱼夜间不摄食,全天表现明显的摄食节律。     

牙鲆仔鱼轮虫日摄食量及摄食节律的研究

为了解牙鲆仔鱼对轮虫的摄食量和昼夜摄食规律,我们对孵化5-7天的仔鱼进行连续的摄食观察。结果表明,5．6、7日龄的仔鱼．平均全长分别为3．62、3．68、4．07mm;轮虫日摄食量分别为19个／尾、27个／尾、32个／尾;仔鱼摄食主要在白天进行．昼夜摄食比例平均为83．5％和16．5％,在10：00到12：00及16：00到18：00出现摄食高峰。     

延迟投饵对真鲷,牙鲆仔鱼早期阶段摄食,存活及生长的影响

试验结果表明：（１）２日龄真鲷,牙鲆仔鱼初次摄食,在６￣７日龄和５￣６日龄,不能建立外源性营养的仔鱼分别进入ＰＮＲ期,而卵黄囊均在此前１￣２天已耗尽。混合营养期分别为３￣４天和１￣２天。（２）真鲷和牙鲆仔鱼在不同饥饰饿阶段初次摄食率的变化式型是：开始较低,此后逐步上升,高峰期出现在卵黄囊接近耗尽时,此后开始下降。记录到的最高初次摄食率分别为８６．７％和３５％。（３）牙鲆仔鱼体长的增长率随延迟投饵天     

温度、盐度对褐牙鲆（♀）×犬齿牙鲆（♂）杂交子一代胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

探讨了温度、盐度对褐牙鲆（♀）×犬齿牙鲆（♂）杂交子一代（杂交F1）胚胎和初孵仔鱼发育的影响。结果表明，杂交F1受精卵孵化适宜温度范围和最适温度分别为15～21℃和18℃，在适宜温度范围内胚胎发育时间随温度的升高而缩短，二者符合乘幂函数关系式N=115．99T^-0.768.8（R^2=0．9769）。胚胎发育的生物学零度和有效积温分别是7．54℃和540．1℃·h，积算温度（A）与试验水温间呈乘幂函数相关，表达式：A=1328．1T^-0.3149。（R^2=0．9624）。胚胎发育的最低盐度界限为10，孵化的适宜盐度范围和最适盐度范围分别为10～45、25～35；初孵仔鱼生存发育的适宜盐度范围、最适盐唐范围分别为10～40和10～20。     

牙鲆仔鱼早期阶段的摄食能力

本文主要在实际观察值的基础上,利用发育反应方程Ｃ＝ＫＷ＾ｙ与功能反应Ｈｏｌｌｉｎｇ、Ｉｖｌｅｖ方程对２～１０日龄的牙鲆仔鱼的摄食能力进行了计算与预测。其结果表明：牙鲆仔鱼在２～６日龄、轮虫饵料密度不超过３０００ｉｎｄ．Ｌ＾－１的水体中,摄食强度不超过１．７μｇ．ｈ＾－１;随着日龄的增加,摄食强度迅速增强,在４、６、１０日龄、饵料密度为３０００ｉｎｄ．Ｌ＾－１的水体中,摄食强度分别是１．３５、１．６     

鱼类仔鱼期的摄食和生长

鱼类仔鱼期的摄食和生长殷名称（上海水产大学,２０００９０）关键词鱼类,仔鱼期,摄食,生长ＦＥＥＤＩＮＧＡＮＤＧＲＯＷＴＨＯＦＴＨＥＬＡＲＶＡＳＴＡＧＥ．ＯＦＦＩＳＨ￥ＹｉｎＭｉｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＦｉｓｈｅｒｉｅｓＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,２...     

Development of microparticle diets for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae

ABSTRACT:   Two newly designed microparticle diets (MD), with two kinds of peptide (C700 and C800) as a protein source were developed. Microparticle diet Q (MD-Q) contained C700 (molecular weight ∼30 000 Da) and C800 (molecular weight 1000–2000 Da); in contrast, microparticle diet T (MD-T) contained C700 only. Two separate trials, representing larvae from different hatches, were conducted. Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae were fed newly designed MD or a combination of them with live food (LF) between 3 and 10 days after hatching (d.a.h.) in experiment I, or between 11 and 20 d.a.h. in experiment II, and compared them to LF and a commercial diet (CD) feeding groups. The growth and survival rates in both experiments were the highest in the LF treatment. But in the microparticle treatment larvae fed MD-Q had a higher survival rate and better growth than those fed MD-T, either alone or in combination with LF. First-feeding larvae fed on MD-Q had a 20.5% survival rate and 1.12 mm gain by 10 d.a.h. Unfed larvae died within 6 d.a.h. These results indicate that using a mixture of different molecular weight peptides is good protein sources and also this type of microparticle diet can be applied to flounder from larval to juvenile stages.     

Optimum Dietary Level of Chlorella Powder as a Feed Additive for Growth Performance of Juvenile Olive Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted toestimate the optimum dietary supplementation level of Chlorella powder as a feed additive to optimize growth of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Four experimental diets supplemented with Chlorella powder (CHP) at 0, 1, 2 and 4% (CHP₀, CHP₁, CHP₂, and CHP₄, respectively) of diet as a dry-matter (DM) basis were prepared. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 1.1±0.02 g were fed one of the four experimental diets for 12 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish fed the CHP₂ diet had a higher (P < 0.05) weight gain (819%) than did fish fed CHP₀ (707%) and CHP₁(712%); however, there was no significant difference between fish fed CHP₂ (8197%) and CHP₄ (7559%) as among fish fed CHP₀, CHP₁, and CHP₄ (P > 0.05). Fish fed CHP₂ had a higher (P < 0.05) feed efficiency (134%) than did fish fed CHP₀ (123%); however, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among fish fed CHP₀ (123%), CHP₁ (125%), and CHP₄ (125%) as among fish fed CHP1 (125%), CHP₂ (134%), and CHP₄ (125%). Fish fed CHP₂ and CHP₄ had a lower (P < 0.05) serum glucose level (average 32.9 mg/dL) than did fish fed CHP₀ and CHP1 (average 34.8 mg/dL). Fish fed CHP1 and CHP₂ had a lower (P < 0.05) serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) level than did fish fed CHP0 and CHP₄. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels significantly (P < 0.05) deceased as dietary CHP increased. Fish fed CHP₂ and CHP₄ had a less (P < 0.05) whole-body fat than did fish fed CHP₀. These results indicate that the optimum dietary supplementation level of Chlorella powder as a feed additive in juvenile olive flounder could be approximately 2% of diet.     

Effects of high dose of vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Broodstock were fed experimental pellets containing two levels of vitamin A [11 × 10³ IU/100 g (control diet; CD), 337 × 10³ IU/100 g (experimental diet; ED)] for approximately 2 months before spawning and during the spawning period. Two groups of five females (average weight 1.4 kg) and 10 males (average weight 0.7 kg) were randomly allocated to two 30 m³ indoor tanks. Total egg production of the CD group was slightly higher than the ED group. Percentage of buoyant eggs and hatching rate of the ED group were significantly higher than the CD. In other egg quality parameters, such as percentage abnormal larvae and starvation tolerance of larvae, no notable difference was found between these two groups. At the end of the experiment, the skin color of broodstock in the ED group was darker than that of the CD group. Vitamin A content in eggs of the ED group was significantly higher than that of the CD group. However, the difference in vitamin A content in eggs between the ED and CD groups was much smaller than that in the liver of the females between the two groups. These results indicate that feeding broodstock a higher level of vitamin A increases the vitamin A content in eggs but does not affect egg quality in Japanese flounder because excess dietary vitamin A was stored mainly in the broodstocks' liver.     

高温—最佳温度循环对褐牙鲆生长、能量分配和身体成分的影响

环境温度短周期波动对鱼类的生长和能量代谢有重要影响,实验在室内可控条件下,对褐牙鲆幼鱼在经历高温—最佳温度循环的生长与能量分配进行了研究。在为期40 d的实验中,驯养于20 ℃的褐牙鲆幼鱼在每个为期10 d的循环中分别经历0 d(H₀)、2 d(H₂)、4 d(H₄)、6 d(H₆)和8 d(H₈)的26.5 ℃高温胁迫后,剩余的天数恢复到最佳温度(20 ℃)下养殖。实验结束时,经历不同天数高温胁迫的各处理组的褐牙鲆幼鱼以干重、湿重、蛋白质和能量表示的鱼体重均显著小于对照组(H₀)。实验期间摄食量少和分配于生长的能量减少是导致经历高温胁迫的处理生长减慢的主要原因。经历高温胁迫的处理组的摄食量都显著低于对照组,但摄食率、消化率以及饲料转化效率都与对照组无明显差异。经受高温处理的H₂、H₄和H₆组分配于生长的能量与对照组没有显著差异,但H₄组的能量损失于粪便最多,H₆组的能量损失于排泄的比例最高。H₈组褐牙鲆幼鱼个体分配于生长的能量比例显著低于其他处理,代谢消耗的能量比例显著高于其他处理。经历不同温度循环处理的褐牙鲆幼鱼单位体重日摄食能与对照组相比没有显著差异,但分配于生长的能量却显著低于对照组。结果表明,褐牙鲆幼鱼对高温—最佳温度循环的适应能力较差,生长受到温度周期波动的抑制。     

双列杂交分析比较两个养殖群体杂交牙鲆抗病力

采用双列杂交设计对牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus两个养殖群体：日本群体（J）和中国抗病选育群体（C）进行群体间杂交和群体内自繁,获得C（♀）×C（♂）、J（♀）×J（♂）、J（♀）×C（♂）和C（♀）×J（♂）4个交配组合的子一代。针对受精率、孵化率、白化率和存活率4个性状进行了组合间的比较,计算了各项性状的杂种优势率,对组间各性状进行了方差分析,并进行了相关分析。结果表明,杂交组在受精率、孵化率及存活率上存在着不同程度的杂种优势,其中C（♀）×J（♂）后代在孵化率和存活率两个性状上的杂种优势率分别为33.99%和31.37%。对4个性状的表型相关分析表明,受精率和孵化率的相关系数为0.657,受精率和存活率相关系数为0.432,分别达到了极显著水平（P〈0.01）。分析结果认为,两个不同群体间的种内杂交是牙鲆优良品种培育的有效途径。     

Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatus,Immunity to Saprolegnia sp.

ABSTRACT

The Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, is one of the most common finfish cultured in Japan and Korea. Despite the relatively high production of fingerlings, some problems remain, mainly related to the larval feeding and cost of maintaining microalgae and rotifers. In order to determine the effects of different diets on the Japanese flounder larval growth and survival, a series of experiments was carried out related to the size and nutritional value of different live feeds. The larvae culture conditions were at 10 or 20 larvae/L in 50 to 2,000 L tanks, with aeration and with or without “green water,” and a temperature range of 18.5 to 22.5°C. The live foods used were microalgae (Chlorella ellipsoidea and Nannochloris oculata), baker's yeast, experimental n-yeasts, oyster trochophore larvae, three strains of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (L-type, S-type and U-type) and Artemia nauplii. Variations were detected in size, dry weight, and chemical composition of the three strains of rotifers used. The maximum number of rotifers ingested by flounder larvae increased steadily from 7 individuals, at first feeding (3.13 mm), to 42 individuals at 5.25 mm of total length (6 days after first feeding). There was a relationship between larval total length and size of the rotifers ingested. The effect of rotifer size on larval growth and survival appeared to be limited to the first two days of feeding. Of the diets tested in the growth and survival of larval flounder during 14 days after hatching, rotifers fed on C. ellipsoidea and raised in green-water gave the best results. Rotifers cultured on enriched N. oculata and n-yeasts did not support larval growth and caused higher mortalities. The n-yeasts used as rotifer enrichment appeared to satisfy, partially, the nutritional requirement of 7-day-old flounder larvae, as did n-yeast squid wintering oil the requirements of 14-day-old larvae. From 7-9-days after hatching and throughout the second 14-day period, rotifers and Artemia cultured on N. oculata improved the survival of flounder compared with those fed on rotifers cultured on C. ellipsoidea. Moreover, the larval growth did not vary significantly between both microalgae-rotifer feedings. No clear relation was found between total protein, lipid, amino acids and fatty acids of live feeds with the growth and survival of flounder larvae, although the total lipid was higher in C. ellipsoidea than in N. oculata. The Artemia nauplii San Francisco strain appeared to be more suitable for the growth and survival of flounder larvae, than the Utah strain. The nutritional value of Artemia nauplii (Utah strain) for flounder larvae remained unchanged despite the use of either microalgae as nauplii enrichment.