舟山褐牙鲆（Paralichthysolivaceus）仔鱼摄食和生长的研究

试验研究了褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus仔鱼的摄食和生长。结果表明,仔鱼初次开口摄食时间在6日龄（16~18℃）,初次摄食率为30%,8日龄饥饿仔鱼最大初次摄食率为65%,孵出后第9天达到不可逆点（PNR）,混合营养期为3 d左右。初次摄食强度和初次摄食率开始时较低,在卵黄囊耗尽时达最高,然后下降。随着饥饿时间的延长,仔鱼出现负增长,孵化第11天存活率仅为10%,12日龄全部死亡。     

舟山褐牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus(Temmincket Schlegel)人工育苗技术初步研究

于2006年5月对舟山褐牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）进行了人工育苗，获得的60万粒受精卵孵化出仔鱼50万尾，孵化率为83．3％。在育苗海水盐度为28；pH为8．0～8．2；水温为18～22℃条件下经过36d共培育出平均体长3．1cm幼鱼16万尾，成活率为32％。     

漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食节律的研究

在实验室条件下研究了漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食节律。试验结果表明：漠斑牙鲆仔鱼摄食具有昼夜节律性,其摄食活动主要在白天进行,在10：00光照度为400lx时摄食最为活跃,抵达摄食高峰,仔鱼夜间不摄食,全天表现明显的摄食节律。     

牙鲆仔鱼轮虫日摄食量及摄食节律的研究

为了解牙鲆仔鱼对轮虫的摄食量和昼夜摄食规律，我们对孵化5-7天的仔鱼进行连续的摄食观察。结果表明，5．6、7日龄的仔鱼．平均全长分别为3．62、3．68、4．07mm；轮虫日摄食量分别为19个／尾、27个／尾、32个／尾；仔鱼摄食主要在白天进行．昼夜摄食比例平均为83．5％和16．5％，在10：00到12：00及16：00到18：00出现摄食高峰。     

牙鲆仔鱼早期阶段的摄食能力

本文主要在实际观察值的基础上,利用发育反应方程Ｃ＝ＫＷ＾ｙ与功能反应Ｈｏｌｌｉｎｇ、Ｉｖｌｅｖ方程对２～１０日龄的牙鲆仔鱼的摄食能力进行了计算与预测。其结果表明：牙鲆仔鱼在２～６日龄、轮虫饵料密度不超过３０００ｉｎｄ．Ｌ＾－１的水体中,摄食强度不超过１．７μｇ．ｈ＾－１;随着日龄的增加,摄食强度迅速增强,在４、６、１０日龄、饵料密度为３０００ｉｎｄ．Ｌ＾－１的水体中,摄食强度分别是１．３５、１．６     

延迟投饵对真鲷,牙鲆仔鱼早期阶段摄食,存活及生长的影响

试验结果表明：（１）２日龄真鲷,牙鲆仔鱼初次摄食,在６￣７日龄和５￣６日龄,不能建立外源性营养的仔鱼分别进入ＰＮＲ期,而卵黄囊均在此前１￣２天已耗尽。混合营养期分别为３￣４天和１￣２天。（２）真鲷和牙鲆仔鱼在不同饥饰饿阶段初次摄食率的变化式型是：开始较低,此后逐步上升,高峰期出现在卵黄囊接近耗尽时,此后开始下降。记录到的最高初次摄食率分别为８６．７％和３５％。（３）牙鲆仔鱼体长的增长率随延迟投饵天     

乌鳢的人工繁殖及仔鱼摄食生长研究

进行了黑龙江地区乌鳢的人工繁殖和仔鱼摄食生长研究，初步摸清了乌鳢的人工繁殖条件、催产方法、产卵和孵化等，并对受精卵和鱼苗的色彩变化进行了描述。仔苗的摄食生长实验表明，仔鱼不摄食人工鲟鱼开口饲料，这一阶段可进行鱼苗发塘，利用池中天然饵料喂养。仔鱼孵出4天卵黄囊吸收消失后，进行不同时间投喂活铒对鱼苗生长影响试验，在卵黄囊消失后1-3内天开始投喂活铒的鱼苗可快速生长，在4-7天内开始投喂的生长明显减慢，8天以后才开始投喂的已不能摄食活铒。     

鱼类仔鱼期的摄食和生长

鱼类仔鱼期的摄食和生长殷名称（上海水产大学，２０００９０）关键词鱼类，仔鱼期，摄食，生长ＦＥＥＤＩＮＧＡＮＤＧＲＯＷＴＨＯＦＴＨＥＬＡＲＶＡＳＴＡＧＥ．ＯＦＦＩＳＨ￥ＹｉｎＭｉｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＦｉｓｈｅｒｉｅｓＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，２...     

温度、盐度对褐牙鲆（♀）×犬齿牙鲆（♂）杂交子一代胚胎发育和仔鱼存活的影响

探讨了温度、盐度对褐牙鲆（♀）×犬齿牙鲆（♂）杂交子一代（杂交F1）胚胎和初孵仔鱼发育的影响。结果表明，杂交F1受精卵孵化适宜温度范围和最适温度分别为15～21℃和18℃，在适宜温度范围内胚胎发育时间随温度的升高而缩短，二者符合乘幂函数关系式N=115．99T^-0.768.8（R^2=0．9769）。胚胎发育的生物学零度和有效积温分别是7．54℃和540．1℃·h，积算温度（A）与试验水温间呈乘幂函数相关，表达式：A=1328．1T^-0.3149。（R^2=0．9624）。胚胎发育的最低盐度界限为10，孵化的适宜盐度范围和最适盐度范围分别为10～45、25～35；初孵仔鱼生存发育的适宜盐度范围、最适盐唐范围分别为10～40和10～20。     

Development of microparticle diets for Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae

ABSTRACT:   Two newly designed microparticle diets (MD), with two kinds of peptide (C700 and C800) as a protein source were developed. Microparticle diet Q (MD-Q) contained C700 (molecular weight ∼30 000 Da) and C800 (molecular weight 1000–2000 Da); in contrast, microparticle diet T (MD-T) contained C700 only. Two separate trials, representing larvae from different hatches, were conducted. Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae were fed newly designed MD or a combination of them with live food (LF) between 3 and 10 days after hatching (d.a.h.) in experiment I, or between 11 and 20 d.a.h. in experiment II, and compared them to LF and a commercial diet (CD) feeding groups. The growth and survival rates in both experiments were the highest in the LF treatment. But in the microparticle treatment larvae fed MD-Q had a higher survival rate and better growth than those fed MD-T, either alone or in combination with LF. First-feeding larvae fed on MD-Q had a 20.5% survival rate and 1.12 mm gain by 10 d.a.h. Unfed larvae died within 6 d.a.h. These results indicate that using a mixture of different molecular weight peptides is good protein sources and also this type of microparticle diet can be applied to flounder from larval to juvenile stages.     

复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响

以初始体质量为(3.01±0.04)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。共配制5种等氮等能饲料,其中以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源(豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白)配制出基础饲料,分别在基础饲料中添加0.0%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复合诱食剂配制成4种豆粕取代饲料,同时以全鱼粉饲料为对照饲料,研究复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响。结果表明,当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂添加量为1.0%时,牙鲆的摄食率(P<0.05)、饲料效率(P<0.05)、鱼体脂肪含量(P<0.01)以及肝脏、肠胰蛋白酶活力和肠氨肽酶活力(P<0.01)显著高于不添加诱食剂组;当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂的添加量为0.0%和0.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率显著低于全鱼粉组(P<0.05);而当添加量为1.0%和1.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率与全鱼粉组比较没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。结论认为,当以豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白时,添加1.0%的复合诱食剂能够显著提高牙鲆幼鱼对饲料的摄食率和生长率。     

Effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

A factorial (3 × 4) feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth performance, feed utilization and body proximate composition of juvenile olive flounder. Three feed types including a sinking moist pellet (MP), a sinking dry pellet (DP) and a floating extruded pellet (EP) were used. Fish (average weight, 11.1 ± 0.4 g) were randomly distributed in thirty‐six 300 L tanks in a flowthrough system. Triplicate groups (30 fish per tank) of fish were fed each feed type to visual satiation at three meals per day, two meals per day, one meal per day and one meal every 2 days for 7 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the survival of fish was not significantly different among the treatments. Weight gain was affected by the feeding frequency. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed the EP at three meals per day. The daily feed intake of fish fed the MP and DP tended to be higher than that of fish fed the EP at each feeding frequency. The feed efficiency and the protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the EP were higher than those of fish fed the MP and DP. The body proximate composition of fish was altered by the feeding frequency. The crude lipid content increased with the increase in the feeding frequency. The present findings suggest that three feedings per day at visual satiation of the floating EP may be sufficient for the maximal growth performance of olive flounder grown from 11 to 60 g.     

牙鲆主要生长性状与体质量的灰色关联度分析

采用灰色关联分析方法对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)10个选育家系的9个生长性状与体质量的关联度进行分析和评价。首先对体质量与生长性况进行数列无量纲化处理,计算出每个生长性状与体质量的关联系数和关联度,根据灰色关联度构建两两比较判断矩阵定量分析各生长性状对体质量的影响度。结果显示,每个生长性状与体质量的关联度由大到小依次为:全长(0.875 8)、体长(0.859 3)、尾柄高(0.830 7)、躯干长(0.827 7)、头长(0.803 5)、尾长(0.781 2)、体高(0.740 2)、吻长(0.665 7)和尾柄长(0.654 0)。体质量的主控因素为:全长、体长、尾柄高和躯干长4个性状,影响度分别为:28.51%、21.62%、16.41%和11.69%,四者的影响度总和达到78.23%。分析表明,与体质量关联度最大的分别是全长、体长、尾柄高和躯干长,且它们对体质量的影响度最高,可以将其作为培育高产牙鲆的重要评价指标,以提高选择效率。本研究旨在为制定理想的牙鲆选育目标、提高育种效率提供理论依据,同时拓展灰色关联度方法在水产动物育种研究中的应用。     

Effect of dietary nutrient composition on compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus using different feeding regimes

Effect of dietary nutrient composition on compensatory growth of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus using different feeding regimes was determined. Six treatments were prepared in triplicate: fish were daily hand‐fed with the control (C) diet twice a day, 7 days a week, for 8 weeks (8WF‐C); fish were starved for 1 week, and then fed with the C and high protein and lipid (HPL) diets twice a day, 7 days a week, for 7 weeks, referred to as 7WF‐C and 7WF‐HPL, respectively; and fish were starved for 2 weeks, and then fed with the C, HPL and HPL with supplementation of the mixture of amino acids (HPLA) diets twice a day, 7 days a week, for 6 weeks, referred to as 6WF‐C, 6WF‐HPL and 6WF‐HPLA, respectively. Growth of fish in 7WF‐HPL treatment was greater than that of fish in any other treatments. Feed efficiency of fish in 7WF‐HPL, 6WF‐HPL and 6WF‐HPLA treatments was higher than that of fish in 8WF‐C, 7WF‐C and 6WF‐C treatments. The high protein and lipid diet effectively improved compensatory growth of fish. However, supplementation of the mixture of amino acids into the high protein and lipid diet did not improve compensatory growth of fish further.     

Effects of high dose of vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Broodstock were fed experimental pellets containing two levels of vitamin A [11 × 10³ IU/100 g (control diet; CD), 337 × 10³ IU/100 g (experimental diet; ED)] for approximately 2 months before spawning and during the spawning period. Two groups of five females (average weight 1.4 kg) and 10 males (average weight 0.7 kg) were randomly allocated to two 30 m³ indoor tanks. Total egg production of the CD group was slightly higher than the ED group. Percentage of buoyant eggs and hatching rate of the ED group were significantly higher than the CD. In other egg quality parameters, such as percentage abnormal larvae and starvation tolerance of larvae, no notable difference was found between these two groups. At the end of the experiment, the skin color of broodstock in the ED group was darker than that of the CD group. Vitamin A content in eggs of the ED group was significantly higher than that of the CD group. However, the difference in vitamin A content in eggs between the ED and CD groups was much smaller than that in the liver of the females between the two groups. These results indicate that feeding broodstock a higher level of vitamin A increases the vitamin A content in eggs but does not affect egg quality in Japanese flounder because excess dietary vitamin A was stored mainly in the broodstocks' liver.     

Interactive effects of dietary cholesterol and protein sources on growth performance and cholesterol metabolism of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

A feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of supplemental cholesterol in fish meal (FM), fish protein concentrate (FPC), soy protein isolate (SPI) and soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diets on growth performance and plasma lipoprotein levels of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets including FM, FPC, SPI or SPC as sole protein source with or without supplementation with 10 g cholesterol kg^?1 diet were fed to juvenile fish for 8 weeks. Dietary cholesterol supplementation significantly increased the feed intake and specific growth rate in fish fed SPI‐based diets, but decreased those in fish fed FPC‐based diets. In addition, cholesterol supplementation significantly increased the level of cholesterol and ratio of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma of fish fed fish protein‐based diets, whereas no effects were observed in fish fed soy protein‐based diets. The hepatic lipid content of fish fed FPC‐, SPI‐ or SPC‐based diets were significantly increased by supplemental cholesterol, but no influence was observed in fish fed FM‐based diets. These results suggested that dietary protein source modify the growth‐stimulating action of cholesterol; cholesterol supplementation may increase the arteriosclerotic lesion in fish fed fish protein‐based diets and the incidence of fatty liver in fish fed soy protein‐based diets.     

Cytological studies on induced meiogynogenesis in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

The cytological process of induced gynogenetic development and subsequent chromosome duplication by a cold shock treatment was observed in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Mature eggs were at the metaphase of the second meiosis when inseminated with ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated sperm of red sea bream Pagrus major . After the beginning of cold shock treatment, the previously visible spindle became invisible, probably due to the side effect caused by cold shock treatment. The chromosomes at the centre of the metaphase plate were condensed. This condition continued during the duration of the cold shock treatment and several minutes after it. The release of the second polar body was blocked and it developed into a female-like pronucleus. Then, it fused with the female pronucleus to generate a diploid zygotic nucleus, and the egg exhibited the first mitosis. Consequently, the haploid female chromosome set of the egg was doubled by the inhibition of the second polar body release. There was a significant delay in developmental time in the gynogenetic eggs when compared with that in the normal eggs. From the time of insemination to early cleavage, the UV-irradiated heterospecific sperm nucleus remained condensed.