鼻咽癌放射敏感性与MDR1基因多态性的相关性

目的探讨鼻咽癌放射敏感性差异与多药耐药基因（MDRI）多态性的相关性。方法选择48例行根治性放疗的鼻咽癌患者,根据放疗疗效分为抵抗组和敏感组,针对MDR1基因多态性（21外显子G2677T和26外显子C3435T）行PCR扩增、基因测序分型及构建G2677T—C3435T单体型。结果G2677T TT基因型放射敏感性显著低于GG和GT基因型（P=0．017）,C3435T TT基因型放射敏感性显著低于CC和CT基因型（P=0．022）,携带2677T-3435T单体型的患者放射敏感性显著低于其他单体型携带者（P=0．013）。结论MDR1 G2677T和C3435T多态性可能提示鼻咽癌根治性放疗的疗效。     

谷胱甘肽S转移酶基因多态性与NSCLC化疗疗效的关系

59例非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者，均采用以顺铂为基础的化疗方案治疗，用聚合酶链反应-连接酶检测反应（PCR—LDR）检测其GSTM1、GSTPiA313G基因多态性，并分析其与化疗疗效的关系。结果本组患者GSTM1基因缺失28例，基因未缺失31例；GSTP1基因A／G、G／G和A／A型分别有20、7、32例。GSTM1基因缺失者化疗有效率为42．86％，明显高于基因未缺失者的32．26％，P〈0．05。携带GSTPiA／A基因型者化疗有效率为31．25％，明显低于携带A／G、G／G基因型者的40．00％和51．74％，P均〈0．05。认为GSTM、GSTPi基因多态性与铂类药物治疗NSCLC的化疗疗效相关，可作为预测其化疗疗效的指标。     

RAD515’UTRG135C单核苷酸多态性与NSCLC铂类化疗疗效的关系

目的探讨DNA修复基因RAD515’UTRG135C单核苷酸多态性与晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）铂类药物化疗敏感性的关系。方法经病理学确诊的晚期NSCLC患者152例,均给予铂类为主的方案化疗,每2个周期后进行疗效评价。使用PCR—RFLP方法检测其外周血RAD515’UTRG135C单核苷酸多态性。分析不同基因型与化疗疗效的关系。结果152例患者化疗总有效率为46．7％,携带RAD51G／C或C／C等位基因患者是G／G纯合子患者化疗敏感性的1．94倍（OR=1．94,95％可信区间为1．01～3．76,P=0．047）;有吸烟史的患者中,携带RAD51G／C或C／C等位基因是G／G纯合子患者化疗敏感性的2．60倍（OR=2．60,95％可信区间为1．16～5．83,P=0．019）,但在不吸烟的患者中差异无统计学意义（P=0．676）。结论DNA修复基因RAD515’uTRG135C单核苷酸多态性与晚期NSCLC铂类化疗敏感性相关。携带RAD51G／G等位基因及有吸烟史的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者铂类化疗敏感性降低。     

MDR1基因G2677T/C3435T多态性对鼻咽癌放疗疗效的影响

目的探讨多药耐药基因（MDR1）21外显子G2677T和26外显子C3435T多态性对鼻咽癌根治性放疗疗效的影响。方法采用PCR和限制性片断长度多态性（RFLP）对59例鼻咽癌患者行MDR1基因分型,并用测序法验证。结果G2677T GG基因型携带者行根治性放疗的效果优于GT和TT基因型,但差异无显著性;C3435T CC基因型携带者放射敏感性显著强于CT和TT基因型携带者（P=0．026）。结论MDR1基因多态性可作为鼻咽癌患者放射敏感度的遗传学标志。     

XRCC1和XPD单核苷酸多态性与非小细胞肺癌铂类药物化疗敏感性的关系

目的研究X线修复交叉互补基因1（XRCC1）和着色性干皮病基因（XPD）单核苷酸多态性与老年晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）铂类药物化疗敏感性关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应结舍限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）的方法检测81例以铂类药物为主要化疗方案的NSCLC患者XRCC1 Arg399Gln和XPD Lys751Gin基因型多态性，采用非条件Logistic回归分析不同基因型与化疗疗效的关系。结果81例患者化疗总有效率为35．8％，其中完全缓解（CR）、部分缓解（PR）、稳定（SD）和进展（PD）患者分别为0、29、31、21例。携带至少1个XRCC1 399Arg等位基因的患者化疗敏感性是携带Gln／Gln基因型患者的4.52倍（OR=4．52，95％CI=1.11—18．38）。未发现XPD Lys751Gin遗传多态与化疗敏感性相关。结论XRCC1 Arg399Gln多态可能与晚期NSCLC铂类药物化疗敏感性有关。     

XPD、XRCC1基因多态性预测晚期NSCLC对铂类药物的化疗敏感性

采用PCR-RFLP方法检测162例接受铂类药物化疗的晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的DNA修复基因XPD和XRCC1的基因多态性，比较不同基因型对化疗敏感性的影响。携带Asn／Asn基因型患者的化疗失败风险是至少携带一个Asp等位基因（Asp／Asp和Asp／Asn基因型）个体的3倍（P〈O．05），而携带Arg／Arg基因型患者的化疗失败风险是至少携带一个Trp等位基因（Arg／Trp和Trp／Trp基因型）个体的2倍（P〈0．05），二者联合多态性分析发现，携带Asp／Asp和Arg／Trp基因型的患者化疗有效率最高，提示DNA修复基因多态性可以预测晚期NSCLC患者对铂类药物的化疗敏感性。     

XRCC1单核苷酸多态性对非小细胞肺癌患者顺铂疗效的影响

目的探讨人类X射线交错互补修复基因1(XRCC1)单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)铂类药物化疗后预后的关系。方法采用MALDI-TOF-MS法检测204例经病理学确诊的接受铂类药物化疗的晚期NSCLC患者XRCC1(399)的基因型,并随机抽取5%的样本进行基因测序来验证该方法的准确性。比较不同基因型与铂类药物化疗后生存期的关系。结果 204例NSCLC患者中,部分缓解61例,疾病稳定116例,疾病进展27例;治疗有效率为29.9%,无效率为70.1%。携带XRCC1(399)G/G、G/A+A/A基因型的NSCLC患者铂类化疗后有效率分别为36.9%(38/103)和22.8%(23/101),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。XRCC1(399)G/G基因型患者对顺铂类药物的敏感性是G/A+A/A基因型患者的1.983倍(95%可信区间(CI):1.073~3.662,P=0.028)。携带XRCC1(399)G/G、G/A+A/A基因型的NSCLC患者铂类化疗后中位生存期(MST)、1年生存率及2年生存率分别为12.0月、52.4%、11.7%和10.0月、37.6%、3.0%,两者比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 XRCC1(399)基因多态性与晚期NSCLC患者铂类药物化疗后的生存期有显著相关性,有可能成为铂类药物化疗后生存期的预测指标。     

ERCC1基因多态性与晚期非小细胞肺癌患者铂类化疗疗效的关系

背景与目的有关ERCC1基因多态性是否影响接受含铂化疗的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者疗效及生存的研究结果不相一致。本研究前瞻性研究90例接受含铂方案化疗的初治晚期非小细胞肺癌患者ERCC1基因C8092A和第118位密码子多态性与疗效的关系。方法全部患者接受含铂联合方案化疗,采用测序法对患者基因型进行分型,比较不同基因型与疗效的关系。结果ERCC1C8092A基因型频率分别为CC40O％（36／90）、CA48．9％（4400）、AA11．1％（10／90）,第118密码子基因型频率分别为CC58．9％（5300）、CT34．4％（3100）、TT6．7％（6／90）。C8092ACC基因型有效率与CA、AA基因型无统计学差异（33．3％VS29．6％,P=0．71）,ERCC11墙CC基因型患者有效率与CT和TT基因型无统计学差异（32．1％VS24．3％,P=0．43）。C8092ACC基因型患者与CA和AA基因型PFS无统计学差异（5．2月vs5.4月,P=0．62）,ERCC1118CC基因型患者CT和TT基因型PFS无统计学差异（5．5：1vs53月,P=0．59）。结论ERCC1C8092A、118多态性可能与晚期非小细胞肺癌患者铂类化疗疗效无明显相关性。     

血管内皮生长因子基因启动子区多态性与血管性痴呆的关系

目的研究血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）基因启动子区多态性与血管性痴呆（VD）发病的关系。方法选择中国北方汉族139例VD患者和150名健康对照者。用直接测序的方法对VEGF基因启动子区测序；用聚合酶链反摩限制性片段长度多态（PCR—RFLP）和直接电泳PCR产物的方法对VEGF基因启动子区多态性进行分型，并对所有标本进行载脂蛋白Ee4（ApoEe4）基因分型，将两组受试者分为携带和不携带ApoEe4基因亚组[ApoEe4（＋）和ApoEe4（-）组]。结果①中国北方汉族人群中的VEGF基因启动子区存在-2578C／A、-2549I／D和-1154G／A三个多态性位点。其中-2578C／A和-2549I／D存在显著的连锁不平衡，-2549I／D位点为18个碱基的插Ⅳ缺失。②多态性位点-2578C／A、-2549I／D的基因型频率、等位基因频率分布，VD组患者和健康对照组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。经过ApoEe4分层后，VD组和对照组基因型频率、等位基因频率分布差异也无统计学意义。-1154G／A位点，VD组患者的GG基因型频率、G等位基因频率分布明显高于健康对照组（P=0．037，P=0．018）。ApoEe4（-）的亚组中，这种差异同样存在（P=0．021，P=0．010）。用Logistic回归校正年龄、性别和ApoEe4基因后，显示-1154G／A位点GG基因型患者VD的发病风险是AA基因型的1．58倍（OR=1．58，95％CI：1．073—2．338，P=0．020）。（3）ApoEe4（-）的亚组中，-2549I／-1154A单体型在VD组中少于健康对照组（OR=0．536，95％CI．O．328～0．877，P=0．012）。-2549I／-1154G单体型在VD组中明显多于健康对照组（OR=1．785，95％CI：1．018～3．131，P=0．041）。在ApoEe4（＋）的亚组中差异无统计学意义。结论VEGF基因启动子区-1154G／A位点的GG基因型是VD发病的危险因素。此危险因素是独立于ApoEe4基因而影响VD发病的。     

冠心病患者对氧磷酶启动子基因多态性分析

目的探讨中国人对氧磷酶（PONI）基因-108C／T、-162A／G、-909C／G遗传多态性与冠心病（CHD）的关系。方法应用多聚酶链反应（PCR）对武汉地区86例冠心病患者和128例相匹配的正常对照者PONI基因酶切位点的限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）进行研究。结果PON1-108C／T多态性位点基因型分布在CHD组和对照组间存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。PON1-162A／G、-909C／G多态性位点基因型频率和等位基因频率在两组间未见显著性差异（P〉0．05）。CHD不随三个多态性位点危险基因型个数的增加而发病率呈上升趋势。结论PON1-108C／T、-162A／G、-909C／G基因多态性对CHD的影响无协同性。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.