世界碳酸钙工业发展近况

世界碳酸钙工业发展迅速，产能不断增加，首先介绍了近几年来重质研磨碳酸钙（GCC）产业的发展概况，重点介绍了中国、日本、马来西亚、韩国、泰国的GCC产业及国际著名GCC生产公司在中国的经营情况。其次介绍了世界轻质沉淀碳酸钙（PCC）的市场概况及国外大型PCC生产公司的基本情况。最后，重点介绍了中国大陆地区的碳酸钙生产与市场情况，并通过分析近几年中国碳酸钙产品的进出口数量及价格情况指出，开发适合碳酸钙用户需求的新产品、新技术，参与国际竞争是今后中国碳酸钙生产企业的发展方向。     

Polymorph and morphology of CaCO3 in relation to precipitation conditions in a bubbling system

Simulating the typical carbonation step in a mineral CO2 sequestration,precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was prepared by bubbling CO2 gas into a rich Ca solution.These carbonation reactions were conducted at three pH ranges,namely 10.0-9.0,9.0-8.0,and 8.0-7.0,in which temperature and CO2 flow rate are additional experimental variables.The PCC obtained in experiments was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FrIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).It was found that supersaturation determined by pH value and flow rate of CO2 has significant influence on polymorph of PCC.Vaterite was preferably formed at high supersaturation,while dissolution of metastable vaterite and crystallization of calcite occurred at low supersaturation.High temperature is a critical factor for the formation of aragonite.At 70 ℃,vaterite,calcite and aragonite were observed to coexist in PCC because transformation from vaterite to aragonite via calcite occurred at this temperature.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technology was performed on prepared PCC,and various morphologies consistent with polymorphs were observed.     

Citric acid as a green additive to retard calcium carbonate scales on process equipment

In this paper, the retarding effect of a green additive, citric acid, towards calcium carbonate scale deposition is studied. Scale formation is one of the most common causes of malfunctions in process equipment. This is the reason it is crucial to retard scale precipitation, that is, in order to reduce economic damages. With this additive in the solution, experimental runs have been carried out in supersaturation conditions in terms of concentration of calcium carbonate at equilibrium, with a supersaturation ratio ranging from 16 to 280, at 25°C. Three different concentrations of citric acid have been investigated (0.520 × 10⁻³, 1.041 × 10⁻³ and 1.561 × 10⁻³ M) in a laboratory scale plant. Comparing results obtained in terms of induction time with previous experimental runs, performed without additives, citric acid has shown its significant capacity to retard calcium carbonate precipitation, by increasing induction time values. This behaviour is enhanced by raising the additive concentration in solution up to a specific threshold value, beyond which no benefit in terms of calcium scale inhibition is gained. Furthermore, interfacial tension has been computed without and with citric acid at 0.520 × 10⁻³ and 1.041 × 10⁻³ M, as a function of the different concentration amounts investigated. The values obtained are in good agreement with data reported in the literature.     

Characterization and applications of a new composite material obtained by green synthesis,through deposition of zinc oxide onto calcium carbonate precipitated in green seaweeds extract

Zinc oxide was deposited onto calcium carbonate precipitated using a template of polysaccharides from Ulva lactuca green seaweeds (Black Sea). The resulted composite material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV–vis and FTIR spectroscopy. The therapeutic effect of prepared composite material was assessed in vivo as a topical application for the burns treatment and compared with that of ZnO. An increased antioxidant activity by combining zinc oxide with calcium carbonate capped with polysaccharides from green seaweeds extract in a composite material was demonstrated.     

Factorial experimental design approach in semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate to study the effect of process variables

This article describes the effect of various process variables in the semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate. A series of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) emulsions were prepared using ammonium persulphate as initiator in absence and presence of Dowfax 2AI as surfactant. The effect of process variables such as initiator concentration, monomer concentration (solid content), surfactant concentration, reaction temperature, monomer feeding time, and holding time were systematically studied on monomer conversion, particle size, gel content, and molecular weight using a two‐level fractional factorial experimental method. Analysis of fractional factorial design revealed that surfactant concentration, monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and monomer feeding time affect all the properties. However, the surfactant concentration and the interaction effect of initiator and monomer feeding time are the key variables influencing the properties of PMMA latex. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

流化床喷雾制备磷酸二氢钙成粒条件的实验研究

在底部直径为200 mm的锥形流化床中,研究了喷雾造粒制备粒状磷酸二氢钙的成粒条件,实验考察了喷淋密度、床层温度及流化气速等因素对成粒过程的影响,分析了磷酸二氢钙颗粒层式生长与团聚生长的机理,并给出了两种生长成粒的操作条件。     

A statistical approach to develop biocomposites from epoxy resin,poly(furfuryl alcohol), poly(propylene carbonate), and biochar

Epoxy composites are typically petroleum based and prone to fracture. Increasing concerns about climate change have motivated scientists to find green alternatives. To address both drawbacks, effect of addition of poly(propylene carbonate) polyol (PPC), a polyol derived from carbon dioxide, and biochar, a byproduct of pyrolysis in an epoxy/poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) network was studied. It is hypothesized that addition of PPC will increase impact strength while addition of inexpensive biochar will offset cost of final product. In addition, incorporation of PFA, PPC, and biochar can increase biobased content of thermoset. A statistical approach was used to find a systematic correlation between constituent contents and mechanical properties of biocomposites. Mixture design of experiment and backward elimination regression were used to model mechanical properties of biocomposites. The fitted models showed a great ability to predict mechanical properties of new formulations. Addition of 10% biochar increased tensile strength and toughness by 13% and 34%, respectively. Biochar also increased modulus while it had adverse effect on impact strength. Promising effect of PPC on toughening of matrix was proved and it was found that addition of 30% of PPC increased impact strength by fivefolds. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45307.     

Chemical conversion of poly(carbonate) to 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) and bisphenol A: a practical approach to the chemical recycling of plastic wastes

A method for the chemical recycling of poly(carbonate) (PC) plastic wastes in the forms of bisphenol A (BPA) and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) was investigated. Treatment with N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-diaminoethane (DMDAE) of PC pellets or PC wastes, derived from compact discs, in dioxane with/without a catalytic amount of base (e.g. Na₂CO₃ 0.5 mol%) for a short period at 100 °C produced DMI and BPA, both in nearly quantitative yields. The aminolysis reaction can be carried out also in DMI, thus saving the use of conventional solvents. A sequential profile of this reaction was verified by examining two model reactions of diphenyl carbonate with N-methylbutylamine and DMDAE, respectively, both proceeded through low-activation energy processes.     

Experimental design applied to the development of a copper direct determination method in gasoline samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

The aim of this work was to develop an experimental design to optimize the direct determination of copper in gasoline by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The optimization of the process was carried out firstly by evaluating the variables in the procedure (pyrolysis time and temperature, atomization temperature and sample volume) using a factorial design (2⁴). The response surface was constructed and it presented pyrolysis optimal temperature on 800 °C, sample volume of 30 μL using the atomization temperature of 2500 °C. The amount of copper in the gasoline samples from São Luis City (Brazil) varied from 3.65 to 16.21 μg L^− 1, with 0.65 and 1.9 μg L^− 1 as detection limit and quantification limit, respectively. Accuracy was evaluated by a comparative procedure and the results proved the viability of copper direct determination in fuel samples.     

MICP矿化产物中钙离子利用率的影响因素及微观物相分析

钙离子利用率是微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积矿化技术中一项重要指标和参数，待矿化钙离子能否参与到矿化反应和如何被利用是这项技术的关键。本文借助紫外线吸光度法、电导率法和EDTA滴定法等技术手段，分析了待胶结菌液浓度和脲酶活性的时变规律，阐述了不同胶结配比对矿化反应过程中钙离子利用率的影响。结果表明：在胶结过程中，细菌的浓度和脲酶活性会逐渐降低；在合理浓度范围内，钙离子利用率随菌液浓度以及胶结液浓度的增大而提高，最高可达99.73%。进而通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜检测来揭示矿化产物的形成机理，分析得出：球霰状碳酸钙晶体是钙离子在有机质的调控下依托细菌表面的成核位点富集矿化而成，矿化产物中碳酸钙晶体尺寸大小和形态受菌液和胶结液配比浓度的影响。本研究对于微生物诱导矿化反应生成碳酸钙在工程材料领域的应用具有一定的参考价值。     

Response surface methodological approach to optimize the coagulation-flocculation process in drinking water treatment

Performing jar tests often requires carrying out a time consuming iteration procedure to find out the right amount of chemical for coagulation-flocculation process in water treatment plants. Applying the response surface method (RSM) in jar tests as an alternative to the conventional methods was investigated in this study. The purpose is finding out the optimum combination of coagulant dose and pH with respect to the highest removal efficiency of turbidity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The results achieved using poly-aluminum chloride (PACl) were compared to those achieved using conventional coagulant such as alum. The quadratic models developed for the two responses (turbidity removal and DOC removal) indicated that the optimum conditions to be PACl concentration of 0.11 mM at pH 7.4 and alum concentration of 0.15 mM at pH 6.6. Compromising to simultaneously optimize the two responses resulted in 91.4% turbidity removal and 31.2% DOC removal using PACl whereas 86.3% turbidity and 34.3% DOC were removed using alum. Confirmation of experimental results was found to be close to the prediction derived from the models. This demonstrates the benefits of the approach based on the RSM in achieving good predictions while minimizing the number of required experiments.     

Monitoring questionnaires to ensure positive interdependence and individual accountability in a chemical process synthesis following collaborative PBL approach

Teammates in a Project Based Learning (PBL) methodology do not all start with the same motivation, expectations or self-commitment, which can lead to disappointing learning experiences. Thus, the main difficulties in cooperative learning are promoting positive interdependence and individual accountability. This work aims to analyze whether monitoring questionnaires (MQs) allow rating each teammate’s individual accountability in a chemical process design project. Students took MQs just after finishing each deliverable, in order to verify each one’s knowledge of the essential aspects of the team project. We assume that, if all the teammates work responsibly and cooperatively, they will be able to answer the MQs easily and correctly. The MQs were designed to be: 1) generic; 2) succinct; and, 3) quickly answered in the classroom. In addition, different rating methods were analyzed to incorporate MQs scores into each individual’s project grade. The best results were obtained when student’s individual grade was computed as the product of the team assignment grade and the weighting factor WF3, calculated as the individual average MQs rating divided by the highest MQs rating in the team. A compensation factor (0.75–0.85) was included to correct the excessive downgrading for students with intermediate project grade.     

Kinetic and thermodynamic investigations of non-isothermal decomposition process of a commercial silver nitrate in an argon atmosphere used as the precursors for ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP): The mechanistic approach

The non-isothermal decomposition process of commercial silver nitrate used as the precursor for the USP procedure was investigated by simultaneous TGA–DTA measurements at different heating rates, in an argon atmosphere. Detailed kinetic and thermodynamic analyses, with special emphasis on the formation of a complete mechanistic scheme of the process were performed. It was found that the process under study can be described by the acceleratory power law kinetic model (P2), in the range of the extent of conversion (α) values (0.15 ≤ α ≤ 0.85), where the value of the apparent activation energy (E_a) can be considered as the constant (141.3 kJ mol⁻¹). The kinetic prediction analysis was shown that only the power law kinetic model (f(α) = 2α^1/2) gives the value of E_a which is consistent with the value obtained from the isothermal conditions. The critical temperature (T_c) of decomposition process was determined. The resulting value of T_c was in fairly good agreement with the starting temperature of thermal decomposition of silver oxide (Ag₂O). The thermodynamic functions of decomposition process are calculated by the activated complex theory and showed that the silver–oxygen bond secession can be interpreted as a “slow” stage of the decomposition process.