基于中红外光谱和化学计量学算法鉴别核桃产地及品种

为探究中红外光谱快速检测核桃产地和品质的可行性,基于中红外光谱分析技术,并将化学计量学的算法应用于中红外光谱判别分析之中,对中国四大核桃主产区的10类主要核桃品种进行检测,取得较好效果。通过提取核桃粉末的光谱透射率,去除原始光谱首尾部分的明显噪声,对保留的700~3 450 cm-1范围的光谱采用小波分析（wavelet transform,WT）算法进行去噪预处理,并采用无信息变量消除结合连续投影算法（UVE-SPA）提取光谱特征波数,采用主成分分析法（PCA）对光谱定性分析,基于反向传播神经网络（BPNN）、极限学习机（ELM）、随机森林(RF)、径向基函数神经网络（RBFNN）及偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）对全谱和特征波数建模对比。在4类不同产地核桃判别中,得到12个特征波数：803,1 355,1 418,1 541,1 580,1 727,1 747,1 868,2 338,2 462,2 824和3 166 cm-1,基于特征波数分类的正确率高于全谱的分类结果,BPNN算法结合特征波数建模得到的识别正确率高达97%,RF算法分类判别效果最差,正确率仅69.70%;在10类不同品种判别中,得到10个特征波数：903,1 275,1 507,1 541,1 563,1 671,1 868,2 311,2 845和3 437 cm-1,基于特征波数分类的正确率依然高于全谱的分类结果,BPNN算法结合特征波数建模得到的识别正确率高达83.3%。在特征波数通用性方面,两组特征波数范围中有2个特征波数相同：1 541和1 868 cm-1,其他大多特征波数也都相近,将10类品种特征波数作为输入变量对4类不同产地的核桃进行分类,分类结果较差,因此,在10类品种监督值下选取的特征波数无法适用于4类产地的判别问题,由此推断,即使是同一原始数据,基于不同判别问题得到的特征波数在建模时通用性较差。结果表明,经UVE-SPA算法提取特征波数后,变量数可减少99%以上,有效地简化了模型,减少计算量,提高预测的稳定性;总体上,每个分类器的表现为：BPNN>RBFNN>ELM>PLS-DA>RF;基于小波变换结合特征波数选取和反向传播神经网络算法能有效地实现核桃的产地和品种识别。     

不同分辨率近红外光谱对汽车差速器油品牌鉴别的研究

研究了不同分辨近红外光谱对汽车差速器油品牌鉴别的效果与影响。分别采集了五种不同品牌汽车差速器油在4, 8, 16和32 cm-1分辨率下的透射光谱。去除采集波段范围两端噪声明显部分后采用10 522.28～4 443.425 cm-1范围光谱进行分析。不同分辨率光谱的主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)结果表明不同品牌差速器油可以被鉴别。同时基于不同分辨率光谱全谱所建立的偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)以及支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)模型所获得的判别正确率相近且均高于90%。其中以8 cm-1分辨率下PLS-DA与SVM模型的判别正确率最高。上述研究结果表明分辨率对判别分析结果的影响较小。进一步对不同分辨率下的近红外光谱采用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)选择特征波数,发现不同分辨率下得到的特征波数均不相同,表明分辨率影响特征波数的选择。以不同分辨率特征波数建立的PLS-DA以及SVM模型取得了较好的判别分析效果,与以不同分辨率下全谱建立的判别分析模型效果相当。研究结果表明,分辨率对差速器油品牌鉴别影响较小,而对特征波数的选择影响较大,在实际应用中应考虑到分辨率对特征波数选择的影响。总体而言,不同分辨率的近红外光谱全谱与对应的特征波数都能有效的实现对汽车差速器油品牌的鉴别。     

近红外透射光谱结合判别分析方法在汽车制动液品牌与新旧鉴别中的应用研究

采用近红外透射光谱研究了汽车制动液品牌及新旧的鉴别。采集宝马(BMW),丰田(Toyota),沃尔沃(Volvo)以及嘉实多(Castrol)四种品牌的汽车制动液全新样本以及用过的样本的透射光谱。分别对每一种品牌下全新与用过汽车制动液样本的光谱数据进行主成分分析(PCA),主成分得分图表明不同品牌制动液以及该品牌下全新样本以及用过的样本能够被较好的区分,其光谱特性存在差异。基于主成分载荷(Loadings)进行特征波数选择,偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA),线性判别分析(LDA),簇类独立软模式法(SIMCA),k最邻近分类算法(KNN),随机森林(RF),误差反向传播人工神经网络(BPNN),径向基神经网络(RBFNN),极限学习机(ELM),支持向量机(SVM),最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)等判别分析方法用于建立基于特征波数的判别分析模型,判别模型的建模集和预测集判别正确率均略低于或达到了100%。与其他三种品牌汽车制动液相比,嘉实多全新样本与用过样本的差异较小,KNN与LS-SVM模型的建模集正确率均低于100%。结果表明,近红外透射光谱结合特征波长选择以及判别分析模型对不同品牌制动液以及同一品牌下全新样本以及用过的样本进行识别是可行的,为开发在线或便携式仪器提供理论支持。     

基于高光谱成像技术的菜青虫生命状态检测研究

采用近红外高光谱成像技术对菜青虫的存活与死亡状态进行了研究,通过提取菜青虫不同状态的光谱信息,建立判别分析模型。以不同预处理方法对所提取的951.5～1 649.2 nm光谱进行预处理,并建立偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least square-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)模型对菜青虫的生死状态进行判别分析,判别正确率接近或达到100%。用移动平均(moving average,MA)5点平滑光谱分别采用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)以及加权回归系数(weighted regression coefficient,B_w)分别选取了17和20个特征波长进行生与死状态的判别。基于特征波长建立了PLS-DA, K最邻近节点算法(K-nearest neighbor,KNN),BP神经网络(back propagation neural network,BPNN)以及支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)模型,判别正确率接近100%。结果表明采用近红外高光谱成像技术对菜青虫生命状态的研究是可行的,为作物虫害的快速诊断提供了新方法。     

基于中红外光谱技术鉴别转基因大豆的方法研究

转基因技术对于实现粮食增产,保护生物多样性,减少化学农药使用量等方面有着重大意义,但也可能存在一定的安全隐患。因此,转基因作物检测鉴别技术的研究愈发受到重视。本文采用中红外光谱分析技术,研究对不同品种的转基因大豆及其亲本进行鉴别的可行性。实验采集了三种不同的非转基因大豆亲本(HC6, JACK和W82)及其转基因大豆品种在3 818～734 cm-1范围内的光谱信息。采用偏最小二乘-判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)进行判别分析,三种大豆的建模集的判别正确率分别为96.67%, 96.67%和83.33%,预测集的判别正确率分别为83.33%, 85%和85%。研究中采用X-loading weights、变量投影重要性(variable importance in the projection,VIP)和二阶导数(second derivative,2-Der)三种特征波数选择方法对光谱数据进行处理,并根据得到的特征波数分别建立PLS-DA模型进行判别分析,三种大豆的建模集和预测集的判别正确率均超过76.67%和75%。采用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和独立组分分析(independent component analysis,ICA)两种特征信息提取方法对光谱数据进行处理,分别建立PCA-PLS-DA和ICA-PLS-DA模型进行判别分析,三种大豆的建模集和预测集的判别正确率均超过80%和75%。研究表明中红外光谱分析技术可以较为准确地鉴别非转基因亲本与转基因品种,为转基因大豆的无损鉴别提供新的思路。同时结合特征波数选择方法与特征信息提取方法可以有效地降低模型复杂度,减少程序运算量。     

近红外高光谱成像技术用于转基因大豆快速无损鉴别研究

以近红外高光谱成像技术,结合化学计量学方法,研究了转基因大豆的快速、无损检测方法。实验以3种不同非转基因亲本(HC6, JACK, TL1)及其转基因大豆作为研究对象。采用高光谱成像系统采集874~1 734 nm波长范围的256个波段范围的高光谱图像,提取大豆的光谱信息,剔除明显噪声部分后,采用Moving Average(MA)平滑预处理的941~1 646 nm范围光谱数据进行分析。采用偏最小二乘判别分析算法(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA),对3种非转基因亲本大豆建立模型进行判别分析,其相应的建模集和预测集的判别正确率分别为97.50%和100%,100%和100%,96.25%和92.50%,结果表明,高光谱成像技术可用于非转基因大豆的识别。对非转基因亲本及其转基因大豆进行判别分析,基于全谱,3种的建模集和预测集的判别正确率分别为99.17%和99.17%,87.19%和81.25%,99.17%和98.33%;以x-loading weights提取非转基因亲本及其转基因大豆判别分析的特征波长并建立PLS-DA模型,3种的建模集和预测集的判别正确率分别为72.50%和80%,80.63%和79.38%,85%和85%,该结果表明非转基因亲本与转基因品种的判别分析是可行的,特征波长的选择也可用于非转基因亲本与转基因品种的判别分析。研究表明采用近红外高光谱成像技术对非转基因大豆、非转基因亲本及其转基因大豆进行鉴别是可行的,为转基因大豆的快速无损准确鉴别提供了一种新方法。     

近地高光谱成像技术对黑豆品种无损鉴别

基于近地高光谱成像技术结合化学计量学方法,实现了黑豆品种的鉴别。实验以三种不同颜色豆芯的黑豆为研究对象,采用高光谱成像系统采集380～1 030 nm波段范围的高光谱图像,提取高光谱图像中的样本感兴趣区域平均光谱信息作为样本的光谱进行分析,建立黑豆品种的判别分析模型。共采集180个黑豆样本的180条平均光谱曲线。剔除明显噪声部分之后以440～943 nm范围光谱为黑豆样本的光谱,采用多元散射校正(multiplicative scatter correction,MSC)对光谱曲线进行预处理。分别以全部光谱数据、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)提取的光谱特征信息、小波分析(wavelet transform,WT)提取的光谱特征信息建立了偏最小二乘判别分析法(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA),簇类独立模式识别法(soft independent modeling of class analogy,SIMCA),最邻近节点算法(K-nearest neighbor algorithm,KNN),支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM), 极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)等判别分析模型。以全谱的判别分析模型中,ELM模型效果最优;以PCA提取的光谱特征信息建立的模型中,ELM模型也取得了最优的效果;以WT提取的光谱特征信息建立的模型中,ELM模型结识别效果最好,建模集和预测集识别正确率达到100%。在所有的判别分析模型中,WT-ELM模型取得了最优的识别效果。实验结果表明以高光谱成像技术对黑豆品种进行无损鉴别是可行的,且WT用于提取光谱特征信息以及ELM模型用于判别黑豆品种能取得较好的效果。     

基于中红外光谱技术的香菇蛋白质含量测定

研究了中红外光谱预测香菇蛋白质含量的可行性。去掉明显噪声部分后,研究香菇3 581～689 cm-1中红外光谱与蛋白质含量的关系。以Savitzky-Golay(SG)5点平滑预处理光谱建立偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)的预测模型的效果不理想,模型的建模集和预测集的相关系数均高于0.85,但剩余预测偏差(residual prediction deviation, RPD)值仅为1.77。采用连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)算法从3000个波数点中选择7个特征波数,并以七个特征波数分别建立PLS、多元线性回归(multiple linear regression, MLR)、反向传播神经网络(back-propagation neural network, BPNN)和极限学习机模型(extreme learning machine, ELM)。与全谱的PLS相比,以特征波数的PLS模型和MLR模型的预测效果相对较差,而以特征波数的BPNN和ELM模型的预测效果相对较好。其中SPA-ELM模型的预测效果最佳,预测集相关系数(correlation coefficient of prediction)R_p=0.899 5,预测集均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction)RMSEP=1.431 3,剩余预测偏差RPD=2.18。研究结果表明,中红外光谱分析技术可以用于预测香菇蛋白质含量,且SPA选取特征波数能用来代替原始光谱进行建模分析,为香菇蛋白质含量的检测提供了新的思路。     

基于高光谱技术融合图像信息的脱绒棉种品种分类检测研究

开展种子品种的识别研究是保证种子质量的重要手段。利用高光谱图像技术融合图像特征信息对脱绒棉种的品种进行判别分析。采集4个品种共240粒脱绒棉种样本的高光谱图像数据(400～1 000 nm),提取样本的光谱信息及长、宽、面积、圆形度、等12个形态特征。采用连续投影算法(SPA)选出11个特征波段作为输入结合偏最小二乘判别分析法(PLS-DA)、软独立模式识别法(SIMCA)、最邻近节点算法(KNN)、主成分分析结合线性判别(PCA-LDA)及二次判别(PCA-QDA)进行建模分析,得出PLS-DA建模集和预测集的总体识别率分别为93%和90%。利用图像信息进行建模分析,模型整体的识别率均不高,说明单独使用高光谱图像的形态特征进行分类效果不佳。将特征波段的光谱和形态特征信息进行融合作为输入,建立基于PLS-DA,SIMCA,KNN,PCA-LDA及PCA-QDA的信息融合模型,其精度均比基于光谱或形态信息模型高,其中PLS-DA模型识别效果最好,建模集和预测集总体识别率分别为98%和97%。表明融合高光谱图像的光谱与图像信息可以在少量波段情况下有效的提高脱绒棉种品种的分类检测精度。     

近红外光谱技术用于豆浆粉品牌与假冒豆浆粉的鉴别

采用近红外光谱分析技术结合化学计量学方法研究对不同品牌的豆浆粉以及假冒的豆浆粉鉴别的可行性。采集不同品牌豆浆粉以及假冒豆浆粉在12 500～4 000 cm-1范围内光谱,并进行不同的预处理。采用偏最小二乘-判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)对不同预处理的光谱进行建模比较,去趋势算法(De-trending)预处理光谱与多元散射校正(multiplicative scatter correction, MSC)结合De-trending(MSC+De-trending)预处理光谱的PLS-DA模型预测集判别正确率最高, 均为100%。采用x-loading weights方法分别基于De-trending和MSC-De-trending预处理光谱选择了6个和7个特征波数,并以特征波数分别建立了线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)和误差反向传播神经网络(back-propagation neural network, BPNN)的判别分析模型。结果表明,以所选出的不同的特征波数建立的BPNN判别分析模型取得了最佳的判别效果,建模集和预测集的判别正确率均为100%。采用近红外光谱分析技术可以准确的判别豆浆粉品牌以及假冒豆浆粉产品。     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.