大骨瓣开颅个体化减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤脑疝患者的效果观察

目的探讨大骨瓣开颅个体化减压术对重型颅脑损伤脑疝患者的手术方法和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年9月采用大骨瓣开颅个体化减压术治疗98例重型颅脑损伤脑疝患者的效果。结果伤后6个月GOS评估法判定其疗效：良好（5分）27例,中残（4分）23例,重残（3分）28例,植物生存（2分）6例,死亡（1分）14例;预后较好（良好和中残）者占51％,预后较差或差（重残、植物生存和死亡）者占49％。结论大骨瓣开颅个体化减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤脑疝患者有较好疗效,能有效降低大骨瓣减压术后并发症的发生。     

标准大骨瓣减压术治疗急性大面积脑梗死29例

目的：总结标准大骨瓣减压术治疗急性大面积脑梗死的临床经验。方法：收集我院经头颅CT证实并进行标准大骨瓣减压术治疗的29例患者的临床资料，分析其手术时机、手术技巧、疗效和并发症的防治。结果：死亡7例，3个月后随访BI评分，4例严重残疾，11例中度残疾，7例轻度残疾。mRS评级，日常生活独立15例，日常生活依赖7例。结论：标准大骨瓣减压术是治疗急性大面积脑梗死的有效手段，把握好手术时机、手术技巧是治疗成功的关键。     

223例标准大骨瓣开颅手术临床分析

[目的]探讨分析大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤中的临床预后及影响因素.[方法]回顾性分析本院采用大骨瓣减压术治疗的223例重型颅脑损伤患者资料分析影响患者预后的因素.[结果]根据格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）,恢复良好（GOS 5分）62例,中残（GOS 4分）53例,重残（GOS 3分）32例,植物生存（GOS 2分）12例,死亡（GOS 1分）64例.Logistic 回归分析表明GCS评分、年龄、脑疝与否及手术减压时间是影响重型颅脑损伤预后的独立因素.伤后1.5 h内完成手术减压者预后明显优于其他患者.31例（13.9%）发生迟发性颅内血肿,其中硬膜外血肿占74.2%（23例）.[结论]重型颅脑损伤死残率高,标准大骨瓣减压术效果确切,手术减压时间是唯一可控制的影响手术预后的因素,发病后1.5 h内手术减压疗效最佳.     

急性颅脑损伤患者的临床治疗

目的总结急性颅脑损伤患者的外科手术治疗效果。方法2005年1月-2009年5月,急诊外科行手术治疗158例急性颅脑损伤患者。其中男89例,女69例;年龄5～84岁,平均40岁。受伤至入院时间为1～14h,平均6h。CT诊断后行开颅血肿清除手术61例,开颅血肿消除及去骨瓣减压73例,钻孔引流术8例,气管切开14例,胸腔闭式引流术2例。结果158例共存活137例（86.7%）,死亡21例（13.3%）。存活患者中植物生存2例,重度残疾18例,轻度残疾57例,恢复良好60例。死亡患者〉65岁有15例;死亡时间1周内12例,1～3周内5例,3周以上4例。结论应深入了解急性颅脑损伤的特点,采取正确的手术治疗方式,积极防治并发症,降低患者死亡率,改善预后。     

标准大骨瓣减压治疗大面积脑梗死探讨

目的：探讨标准大骨瓣减压治疗大面积脑梗死的手术技巧、手术时机和预后因素。方法：回顾性分析9例标准大骨瓣减压治疗大面积脑梗死患者的临床资料,总结年龄、手术距发病时间、脑梗死部位、术前格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS评分）、术后3个月和6个月M RS评分及B arthe l生活指数（B I）预后评价。结果：9例患者发病距手术时间平均（59.67±15.63）h。左侧大脑中动脉（LM CA）供血区梗死3例,右侧大脑中动脉（RM CA）区梗死3例,左侧大脑中动脉区加前动脉区（LM CA＋LACA）梗死3例。入院时GCS评分平均（11.78±2.69）分,手术前GCS评分平均（8.22±2.07）分。2例（22.2%）术后死亡,存活7例（77.8%）。术后3个月随访M RS评分,4分（重残）4例,3分（中残）3例。B I评分：55分4例,65分2例,75分1例;术后6个月M RS评分：4分1例,3分5例,2分（轻残）1例;存活7例患者的B l评分：85分1例,70分3例,75分2例,65分1例。结论：标准大骨瓣减压是治疗大面积脑梗死的有效方法。     

去骨瓣减压术治疗重型脑伤86例临床分析

目的 探讨重型脑伤去骨瓣减压术的治疗时机、手术方法 及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析86例重型脑伤(GCS 3～5分30例、6～12分56例)行去骨瓣减压术患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献.结果 行单侧去骨瓣减压69例,双侧去骨瓣减压17例;死亡34例,存活52例;出院时COS预后标准评分良好33例,中残8例,重残7例,植物生存4例.结论 去骨瓣减压术可快速有效降低重型脑伤患者的颅内压,并发症少,成活率高,致残率低,是简单、安全的治疗方法 ,而及时准确地掌握手术时机和技术要点至关重要.     

特重型深部高血压脑出血治疗38例分析

目的总结特重型深部高血压脑出血的外科治疗经验。方法回顾2008-04-2009-11应用钻孔引流加去骨瓣减压手术治疗38例特重型深部高血压脑出血患者的疗效观察。结果 38例患者,存活27例（71.1%）,死亡11例（28.9%）。结论钻孔引流加去骨瓣减压手术治疗深部量大脑出血减压速度快,疗效确切。     

标准外伤大骨瓣减压术在防治严重对冲性颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的临床研究

目的探讨标准外伤大骨瓣减压术防治严重对冲性颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的疗效。方法对26例术中出现急性脑膨出的严重对冲性颅脑损伤患者采用标准外伤大骨瓣减压术和术中综合处理措施治疗，与以往行常规大骨瓣减压术中出现急性脑膨出的20例患者进行前瞻性临床对比研究，采用统计学方法分析其疗效。结果标准组术后脑疝恢复和中线恢复者比例显著高于常规组（P〈0．01），切口疝发生率显著低于常规组（P〈0．01）。标准组26例中恢复良好14例（53．8％），死亡4例（15．4％）；常规组20例中恢复良好5例（25．0％），死亡9例（45．0％）。两组恢复良好率和病死率差异均有显著性（P〈0．05），标准外伤大骨瓣减压手术组预后明显优于常规骨瓣开颅手术组。结论标准外伤大骨瓣减压手术能有效防治严重对冲性颅脑损伤术中出现的急性脑膨出，并能改善预后，降低病死率。     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效分析

目的评价标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术对重型颅脑损伤合并脑挫裂伤脑水肿、恶性颅内高压病人的治疗效果。方法回顾2000年1月至-2005年12月于本院神经外科接受标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术的重型颅脑损伤患者52例，以同期接受常规颞顶瓣开颅术的重型颅脑损伤患者38例为对照组，比较两组的疗效。结果术后随访6个月，标准外伤大骨瓣组：17例预后较好（32．7％），其中恢复良好10例、中残7例；35例预后较差（67．3％），其中重残15例、植物生存4例、死亡16例。常规骨瓣组：9例预后较好（23．7％），其中恢复良好5例、中残4例；29例预后较差（76．3％），其中重残15例、植物生存3例、死亡11例（P〈0．05）。标准外伤大骨瓣组病人颅内压下降速度和幅度优于常规骨瓣组（P〈0．05），迟发性血肿、再次手术、切口疝和脑脊液漏发生率明显低于常规骨瓣组（P〈0．05），但两组病人术后急性脑膨出、术后外伤性癫痫和颅内感染发生率均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗严重脑挫裂伤脑水肿、恶性颅内高压病人的疗效优于常规颞顶瓣开颅术。     

标准外伤大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤96例分析

目的探讨标准外伤大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床效果。方法对96例重型颅脑损伤患者均采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗并观察其治疗效果。结果伤后1年随访，生存73例，其中52例（54．2％）预后良好，中残13例（13．5），重残6例（6．25％），植物生存2例（2．08％），死亡23例（23．9％）。结论标准外伤大骨瓣减压术可使脑组织得到充分减压，有效保护脑功能，明显改善重型颅脑损伤患者的预后，降低病死率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.