Crack identification in a rotor with an open crack

A finite element (FE) model, which is based on a transfer matrix analysis and local flexibility theorem, is introduced for crack identification of a static (non-rotating) rotor with an open crack. Through numerical simulation, the effects of crack location and crack depth on the mode shapes and the changes in the eigenfrequencies of the cracked rotor are investigated. A crack identification algorithm that makes use of the translations of the first mode at two symmetric points and the contour diagram of crack location versus crack depth for the first two given normalized eigenfrequencies is proposed to estimate the crack location and depth in the rotor. Two illustrative examples are demonstrated and compared for availability and validity of the proposed algorithm.     

Mode localization in a rotating mistuned turbo disk with Coriolis effect

An investigation of the speed effect, i.e., the effects of centrifugal and Coriolis forces, on the mode localization of a mistuned blade-disk is presented in this paper. A disk comprising of periodically shrouded blades is used to simulate the weakly coupled periodic structure. Galerkin method is employed to derive the mode localization equations of the mistuned system with the consideration of Coriolis force. The blades are approximated as cantilever beams, and five axial and lateral modes of each blade are used to present the dynamic behavior of the system. Ten modal coordinates have been considered for each blade. The effects of Coriolis force and the magnitude of disorder on the localization phenomenon of a rotating blade-disk system were investigated numerically. Numerical results obtained herein indicate that the Coriolis force may enhance the localization phenomenon.     

Vibration and crack detection of a rotor with speed-dependent bearings

The vibration of a shaft-disk rotor containing a transverse crack and supported by speed-dependent bearings is investigated. With crack released energy, the flexibility due to crack is first evaluated. An energy principle in conjunction with the assumed-mode method follow to yield the discrete equations of motion of periodic, time-varying coefficients From the FFT analysis of the displacement responses, the two-times shaft speed component (2Ω) is extracted and serves as a good index to detect the crack location and depth. Response amplitudes to the variations of crack depth and crack location are then discussed and a technique of crack identification is introduced with the aid of response contour maps of two sensing probes.     

Inertia friction welding process analysis and mechanical properties evaluation of large rotor shaft in marine turbo charger

The two aims of this study are first, determining the optimal welding process parameters by using the finite element simulation and second, determining the optimal tempering temperature by evaluating the mechanical properties of friction welded part for manufacturing large rotor shaft. Inertia welding was conducted in order to make the large rotor shaft of turbo charger for low speed marine diesel engine. The rotor shaft is composed of the 310mm diameter disk and the 140mm diameter shaft. Since diameters of disk and shaft are very different, the integration using friction welding reduces manufacturing cost compared with the forming process of which a disk and shaft are forged into one body. Finite element simulation was performed, because inertial welding friction process depended on many process parameters, including axial force, initial revolution speed and energy, amount of upset, and working time. It is expected that this modeling will significantly reduce the number of experimental trials needed when determining the optimal welding parameters. Inertia welding was carried out with optimal process parameter conditions obtained from the simulation results. Welded joint part, made by friction welding, had very poor mechanical properties, and so it required heat treatment. The base material used in the investigation was SFCMV1 (SANYO special steel, high strength low alloy Cr-Mo steel) of 140mm diameter. In the study, heat treatment test carried out quenching (950 °C, 4hr, oil cooling) and tempering (690–720 °C, 6hr, air cooling) for friction welding specimens. The various tests, including microstructure observation, tensile, hardness, and fatigue tests, were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties under various heat treatment conditions after inertia welding.     

Crack identification in a freely vibrating plate using Bayesian parameter estimation

In this paper a new approach is proposed for identifying the presence and location of a crack in a simply supported plate undergoing free vibration. Specifically, the approach uses a Markov-chain Monte-Carlo implementation of Bayes’ Rule to estimate the crack parameters (i.e., its location, orientation, and size) and their probability distributions. Special attention is paid to developing a fast and accurate forward model for the response of the cracked plate. To generate the required time series, a semi-analytical free response is calculated using an FEM based eigen-solution. To speed up the simulations, modified elements are used at the crack tips; this permits a more course mesh without sacrificing accuracy. The approach is demonstrated to be effective at identifying all of the crack parameters. Furthermore, a natural by-product of this method is that it also provides a confidence (credible) interval for each of these parameters. The results show the utility and accuracy of this method in identifying cracks of various sizes, orientations, and locations.     

Unmanned coaxial rotor helicopter dynamics and system parameter estimation

A numerical model that estimates the parameters of a small, unmanned coaxial rotor helicopter with a takeoff mass of 11.9 kg was developed. The modeled coaxial rotor helicopter did not have any additional damping to its dynamics such as a stabilizer bar or external gyro, which are common in commercial hobby helicopter models. Therefore, any sinusoidal actuator input from manual flight led to a large deviation of attitude rates, resulting in uncontrollable situations. A feedback attitude controller was included during test flights and parameter estimation to address this problem. Time domain experimental data were used to help estimate and validate the parameters of the helicopter. Attitude responses predicted by the model show extremely small discrepancies with experimental data. Therefore, the developed numerical model can be used for coaxial rotor helicopter controller design and other simulation purposes.     

Broken rotor bars detection by a new non-invasive diagnostic procedure

A new technique of diagnosing data for broken rotor bars in induction motors derived from two of the three stator currents, the Beirut diagnostic procedure (BDP) is presented in this paper. The theoretical principles directly related to the application of this diagnostic technique are described, emphasizing the use of a severity factor in order to evaluate the extension of the fault. Defining the severity factor as the normalized amplitude of the fault characteristic frequency enables us to draw up a table of comparison of several usual electric diagnostic methods. Besides the traditional one-phase current spectrum analysis, values of the severity factor related to electrical signals like the instantaneous powers, the current space vector modulus and finally related to the new Beirut diagnostic method are analyzed with respect to the variation of the power factor angle and of the sum of the two current side-band angular displacement. The BDP offers several advantages over the usual motor current signature analyses (MCSA) methods: it is shown how the proposed severity factor applied to the new diagnostic technique is not dependent on motor parameters such as the power factor angle and the fault type which is not the case of the instantaneous powers. In addition, the BDP has the advantage of detecting easily fault characteristic frequencies, which is not possible via diagnostic methods that use the detection of two side-band components as in the simple current spectrum.By theoretical analysis, computer simulations, and laboratory experiments, it is shown that the new method enhances the reliability of diagnostics of broken rotor bars in induction motor.     

基于加速度传感器的转子偏心负载质量估算

通过分析转子偏心负载下电机振动规律以及造成振动的原因,研究不同质量转子偏心负载对电机振动变化所产生的影响,以对电机振动加速度的定量分析为基础,提出了基于加速度传感器的转子偏心负载质量估算方法.解决了电机高速运行中对转子偏心负载质量估算不精确的问题.实验表明,采用该方法,能实现在较高转速下对转子偏心负载质量的精确估算.     

PX装置大型流程泵转子国产化研制

二甲苯蒸馏塔回流泵是炼油厂PX装置的关键设备,从日本NIIGATA WORTHINGTON公司引进。该泵在使用过程中故障频繁发生,引起生产不平稳,造成配件大量消耗。通过分析,找出原因,重新研制了国产化的转子部件,并成功应用于装置中,使问题得以解决。     

工业CT含噪图像中的裂纹探测

提出一种基于快速Beamlet变换的工业CT含噪图像的裂纹探测方法。首先,分析图像在单尺度下的Beamlet组成以及Beamlet间的相互关系,设计出一种快速Beamlet变换。基于快速Beamlet变换,引入一个关于吻合度的控制量,并结合Beamlet自身的多尺度树型结构,采取"自上向下"寻找目标函数最优值的思路,得到裂纹的探测结果。最后,结合探测结果的相邻区域的像素特性,提取出含噪裂纹的区域边界。分别对含有裂纹的CT图像,以及叠加方差为0.1的高斯白噪声图像,叠加强度为0.1的椒盐噪声图像进行探测实验。结果表明,与基于Laplace、Canny或小波的探测方法相比,该方法能有效探测到工业CT含噪图像中的裂纹。因为Beamlet是以线基的方式分析图像数据,所以该方法对噪声干扰具有很好的抑制能力,成功实现了工业CT含噪图像中的裂纹探测。     

悬浮转子式微陀螺的反电动势转速检测

根据液浮转子式微陀螺闭环驱动系统对转子转速测量的需求,提出了一种适用于悬浮转子式微陀螺的反电动势转速检测方法.根据楞次定律,永磁转子在附有检测线圈的定子中转动时,会切割磁感线感应出反电动势.对反电动势信号进行分析,即可测得转子的转速.由于检测线圈与驱动线圈共用定子铁芯,这种检测方法在降低定于结构复杂度的同时,也引入了矩形波驱动信号带来的毛刺干扰.干扰信号经过模拟低通滤波器衰减后,通过模数转换器转换为数字信号.该信号通过单片机上运行的过零检测算法处理后,即可得到当前转子的转速.测试结果表明,该转速检测系统在刷新率为4 Hz、转速达到5 000 r/min以上时,测量值的相对误差在0.3％以内,其非线性误差为0.41％,能够满足对悬浮转子式微陀螺转速进行检测的要求.     

Method of abandoned object detection based on a sequence of depth images

A new method of abandoned object detection based on analyzing a sequence of depth images is proposed, and algorithms of real-time determination of the quasi-stationary background and abandoned objects are developed. The efficiency of the proposed algorithms is compared with that of the algorithm based on analyzing brightness images..     

基于Kinect深度图像信息的人体运动检测

人体运动检测是计算机视觉人体运动分析的关键环节。根据Kinect深度图像的特点,引入并改进Vi Be算法处理深度图像进行人体运动检测。考虑到深度图像中地面像素值连续性造成的地面附近运动检测困难,提出了一种自适应的图像分层处理和不同邻域模式的建模方式,增加了去除"鬼影"现象的参考模型。像素分类时增加了前景点检验步骤,通过当前像素与参考模型的比较消除"鬼影"。在模型更新方面增加了基于前景点的背景模型更新策略,解决了"黑影"现象问题。采用阈值法对分类结果进行了误检点消噪处理。实验结果表明所提出的改进Vi Be算法能够比较准确地检测出人体运动。     

数控机床伺服系统高精度位置检测研究与实现

提出了一种应用TMS320LF2407 DSP实现数控机床永磁交流伺服系统电机转子磁极位置的检测方法，该方法充分利用了DSP片内资源，在不增加编码器分辨率的基础上减小了量化误差，提高转子位置检测精度，降低了系统成本。实验结果证明了这种检测方法的精确性和实用性。     

Synchrosqueezing transform-based methodology for broken rotor bars detection in induction motors

Due to the relevance and severity of damages caused in induction motors by broken rotor bars (BRBs), the development and application of new detection methods that offer an efficient and reliable diagnosis in terms of processing and performance are still demanding tasks. This paper presents a methodology based on the Synchrosqueezing transform for detection of BRBs during the startup transient. In order to validate the proposal, a synthetic signal with different noise levels and real current signals of an induction motor are analyzed. Three severities of damage are considered: half broken, one broken, and two broken rotor bars. For automatic diagnosis, a threshold-based stage using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is presented. Both synthetic and real experiment results demonstrate the proposal effectiveness.     

Application of large scale PIV in river surface turbulence measurements and water depth estimation

Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) has emerged as a reliable technology to measure river surface flow velocity distribution and can be applied to estimate river discharge. Fewer studies have explored the capability of surface turbulence measurements using LSPIV. In this paper, LSPIV is applied to evaluate statistics of surface turbulence of a natural river. Turbulence measurements including velocity fluctuation, velocity spectra and the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) are validated by comparing with those measured by an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). Traditionally, estimation of stream discharge through LSPIV needs a secondary measurement to determine river bathymetry and water depth. A new method is presented here to demonstrate that for a fully developed and channel-controlled flow, the cross section geometry can be estimated from the combined measurements of surface mean velocity and the dissipation rate, following the Manning-Strickler formula. Therefore, river discharge can be estimated with LSPIV along with a calibrated Manning's roughness, without additional bathymetry survey. The proposed new method is applied to measure discharge in Milwaukee River (Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.), which agreed well with data obtained from a nearby streamgage station.     

Evaluation of transverse cracks detection depth in MFL rail NDT

The limiting detection depth of subsurface defects is considered as an important efficiency factor of Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) method of railway nondestructive testing. This issue is particularly topical since magnetizing systems of new type with increased interpole distance are implementing. The speculative limit of detection depth is investigated by numerical simulation. Test data of NDT facilities equipped with new magnetizing system are presented.     

Crack detection in a beam with an arbitrary number of transverse cracks using genetic algorithms

In this paper, a crack detection approach is presented for detecting depth and location of cracks in beam-like structures. For this purpose, a new beam element with an arbitrary number of embedded transverse edge cracks, in arbitrary positions of beam element with any depth, is derived. The components of the stiffness matrix for the cracked element are computed using the conjugate beam concept and Betti’s theorem, and finally represented in closed-form expressions. The proposed beam element is efficiently employed for solving forward problem (i.e., to gain precise natural frequencies and mode shapes of the beam knowing the cracks’ characteristics). To validate the proposed element, results obtained by new element are compared with two-dimensional (2D) finite element results and available experimental measurements. Moreover, by knowing the natural frequencies and mode shapes, an inverse problem is established in which the location and depth of cracks are determined. In the inverse approach, an optimization problem based on the new finite element and genetic algorithms (GAs) is solved to search the solution. It is shown that the present algorithm is able to identify various crack configurations in a cracked beam. The proposed approach is verified through a cracked beam containing various cracks with different depths.     

裂纹转子的重力响应模拟

基于JEFFCOT裂纹转子的模型,分析其重力响应,并给出了裂纹振动响应的模拟结果,可供裂纹在线诊断参考。