一体化汽-气稳压器动态特性研究

低温核供热堆二代(NHR-Ⅱ)是清华大学自主研发的反应堆,采用汽-气稳压器稳压方式。本文建立汽-气稳压器计算模型,通过与汽-气稳压器涌入实验数据进行比较验证,表明计算模型可较好地预测汽-气稳压器的动态特性。基于此计算模型,对采用一体化汽-气稳压器的NHR-Ⅱ系统稳压动态特性进行研究,结果表明NHR-Ⅱ动态功率调节过程中,系统压力和温度均出现滞后现象;在压力变化滞后阶段堆芯出口过冷度会急剧下降,但堆芯出口最小过冷度仍在安全范围内,系统安全。     

三代压水堆核电厂稳压器快速卸压系统功能扩展研究

我国某三代压水堆核电厂设置了稳压器快速卸压系统用于严重事故下一回路快速卸压,本文以该核电厂为研究对象,基于概率安全分析（PSA）应用于核电厂设计改进中的一般方法和流程,围绕将稳压器快速卸压系统功能扩展到一回路充排卸压操作,作为稳压器安全阀卸压备用手段这一改进方案,开展PSA建模分析和可行性评价及论证。结果表明,这一改进方案可以大幅度降低核电厂的堆芯损伤频率,且未新增负面效应,是可行的,可予以实施。建议核电厂充分挖掘现有系统设备潜能,进一步提高核电厂的安全性和经济性。      

核电站稳压器瞬态特性计算

压水堆核电站稳压器与一回路系统相连。在正常运行时,稳压器中大约有60%的下部空腔充满水,40%左右的上部空腔充满汽,以便补偿反应堆冷却剂的膨胀和收缩,维持反应堆一回路系统压力。在事故工况时,稳压器可以调节和限制一回路系统的压力波动,阻碍事故     

基于混合遗传算法的稳压器优化设计

本文建立了电加热式稳压器容积及重量计算的数学模型,编制了相应的计算机程序,在此基础上,对稳压器容积及重量受一回路运行压力和反应堆冷却剂出口温度影响的敏感性进行了分析。在选取合理的优化变量及约束条件后,利用混合遗传算法对稳压器重量进行了优化设计,计算结果显示,与原方案相比,采用优化方案后稳压器重量减小了153%,优化效果显著。     

新型氮气稳压器系统稳态和瞬态特性研究

根据氮气稳压器系统的基本理论模型,分析了氮气稳压器的稳态和瞬态运行特性,得到了两种不同波动流量工况下,稳压器压力、水位、水区焓、水区质量、氮气温度及氮气体积随时间的变化特性.结果表明:当波动流量为正波动时,稳压器的压力、水区质量、水区焓、水位、氮气温度均呈上升趋势,氮气的体积降低;而当波动流量为负时,各参数变化规律相反.研究表明,氮气稳压器的响应特性较好.两种工况下主要参数的变化趋势与理论分析相一致,但对该模型的实验验证以及控制研究仍需在将来的工作中进行.     

稳态条件下稳压器喷淋降压模型及数值分析

本文基于非稳态球形传热模型,在单液滴与饱和蒸汽之间的传热模型的基础上,根据稳压器喷雾流量、雾化颗粒特性参数及反应堆一回路系统参数,建立了反应堆一回路系统稳压器的喷淋降压动态特性的数学模型。根据某核电机组热态功能试验时的试验条件,使用FORTRAN语言编写程序,选用迭代的方法,对稳压器喷淋降压的动态特性进行了数值模拟分析计算。计算结果表明,通过数值计算得到的喷淋降压速率与实际试验结果符合性较好。     

基于遗传算法的压水堆核电一回路稳压器机理建模与仿真

针对压水堆核电站一回路稳压器实际运行特性,根据能量守恒、质量守恒和动量守恒方程,考虑了喷淋流量、电加热器功率及安全释放阀的影响,建立了一个两相动态非平衡的稳压器机理模型.为提高模型精度,采用遗传算法对该模型的参数进行优化,用以得到一组模型的最优参数.将参数优化算法应用于某900 MW核电站稳压器仿真实例,通过模块封装组建成稳压器压力仿真模型,并与核电厂提供的对应数据做了比较验证了建模方法的正确性及优化方法的有效性.     

大亚湾核电厂反应堆一回路开口后泄漏率试验优化

大亚湾核电厂《安全相关系统和设备定期试验监督要求》中规定,在打开了反应堆冷却剂系统的任何操作之后,都需要将一回路压力提升到绝对压力15.8 MPa,执行一回路泄漏率试验。试验超出运行技术规范对第二道屏障15.5±0.1 MPa的参数要求限制,存在安全风险。通过对反应堆一回路开口后泄漏率试验的研究,分析了核电厂一回路开口后泄漏率试验的设计目的、稳压器安全阀换型对试验内容的影响。综合考虑大亚湾核电厂系统及设备的实际情况,经过试验风险分析及优化试验先决条件的参数,制定了该试验的优化方案。结果表明,大亚湾核电厂反应堆一回路开口后泄漏率试验压力由15.8 MPa调整为15.5 MPa,可以在满足核安全要求的前提下降低试验的安全风险,减少超正常运行范围时限。     

区域能源堆REX-10核概念设计

致力于研究下一代核电的区域能源研究所（RERI）准备开发一种集发电、配电、输送于一体的小型电力系统,其中电力由一种环保型并且性能稳定的小型反应堆获得。新设计的REX-10（10MW热功率的区域能源堆）能维持系统的安全,可以为高人口密度区或岛屿提供电力。其设计目标包括固有安全、无扩散和经济高效。为了达到高安全性而采用了自然循环、池式压力壳和低运行压力（2iPa）的设计。另外,为了达到无扩散的目标,采用钍燃料循环,在20年寿期内不用换料;此外,为确保经济高效而采用无人操纵的自动控制系统。针对区域能源堆而对系统压力和容量进行了适当的修改,确定运行压力为2MPa、热功率为10MW。在REX-10的设计中,主要的研究项目是围绕着自然循环、蒸汽．氮气稳压器和钍燃料循环展开。由区域能源堆设计特性出发,引入了固有安全和非能动系统,采用自然循环系统和蒸汽．氮气稳压器自稳压运行。     

基于二回路的非能动排热系统的设计与MFLB条件下的验证

以中国改进型压水堆核电站CPR1000为研究对象,在其蒸汽发生器（SG）二次侧设计了1套非能动排热系统。为验证该系统在主给水管道破裂（MFLB）事故下的热量排出能力,采用RELAP5/MOD3.2程序对系统进行合理的简化并建模。结果表明：MFLB事故发生后,系统内可迅速建立起自然循环流动;该系统的及时投入可使一回路温度和压力的上升得到有效缓解,在隔离受影响的SG之前,一回路未出现整体沸腾,稳压器未满溢,保证了堆芯和一回路冷却剂系统的完整性。     

一回路动态排气剩余空气体积标准值提升后冷却剂流动特性研究

针对动态排气后提升一回路剩余空气体积标准值的改进方案,提出含高溶解度空气的冷却剂在主泵启动瞬态下的压力预测方法和是否释放为两相分离流动的判断方法,对一回路及其辅助系统进行热工水力建模,空气体积标准值提升为24标准立方米（1标准立方米=1.293 kg）后,对主泵启动的瞬态过程进行了仿真,得到了一回路主要节点压力变化规律;结合冷却剂中气体溶解-释放模型,得到饱和氮气溶解度、氧气溶解度变化规律。结果表明,主泵启动瞬态过程中,一回路主要节点压力均在机组运行正常范围内,一回路中溶解的氮气、氧气不会释放成为两相流动。因此,就流动特性而言,空气体积标准值提升到24标准立方米可行。      

The primary loop confinement and pressure boundary system of the HTR-10

The design philosophy and requirements of the HTR-10 reactor building and the primary loop confinement are introduced in this paper. Also introduced are the design, fabrication and the installation of the HTR-10 primary loop pressure boundary system. The primary loop confinement comprises the sealed cavities of the reinforced concrete structure. The main components and the connected gas systems of the primary loop pressure boundary system are contained in the confinement. Under normal operating condition, the inside pressure of the confinement is kept at negative pressure to ensure the sealing function of the confinement. There is a rupture disk of overpressure protection in the confinement wall. After a depressurization accident the pressure of the confinement increases and the rupture disk will break. The air of the confinement is discharged directly to the atmosphere through the accident discharge chimney which is connected to the rupture disk without filter. The main components of the primary loop pressure boundary system consist of the reactor pressure vessel, the steam generator pressure vessel and the hot gas duct vessel. All the above main components are installed in the reactor cavity and the steam generator cavity. They are all nuclear safety class 1 components, whose materials production, design, fabrication, and tests are carried out according to ASME Section III and relevant Chinese nuclear codes.     

先进压水堆一回路地震反应谱分析及参数敏感性研究

压水堆一回路系统包含压力容器、蒸汽发生器、主泵、稳压器、主管道和波动管等重要部件,各部件在地震激励下的动态响应与整个系统的结构形式密切相关。本文从系统的角度,以非能动先进压水堆一回路为研究对象,运用ANSYS建立了其三维有限元模型,在模态分析的基础上,进行了三正交方向输入下的反应谱分析,得到了系统在地震载荷下的响应。并对反应谱输入角度和支撑刚度进行了敏感性研究,给出了这些特性参数对结构设计和分析的指导性意见。此外,通过直接积分法得到系统的地震时程响应,并与谱分析的模拟结果进行了对比,同时也为主泵等单个部件的详细地震分析提供位移、加速度输入。最后通过三维实体模型与集中质量模型抗震计算结果的比较,说明建立三维实体模型的必要性。本文为核电站一回路重要设备的结构分析提供了技术支持。     

压水堆主管道双端断裂事故下管路系统的力和力矩分析

文章引入了国外采用的经验数据和公式，分析了其缺陷性，并从流体瞬变和流体力学理论出发对压水堆主管道双端断裂进行了分析和研究。先用特征线法求得回路系统在失水事故工况下的压力、流量变化曲线，再用控制体体积积分方法较为精确地计算出主管道的１１个断点分别断裂时，其他各点的受力和力矩。这些计算结果为压水堆核电站的核安全设计和分析提供了可靠保证     

熔盐堆主回路系统氙的动力学特性研究

基于Mathematica7.0为熔盐堆（MSR）主回路系统建立了一套含流动项及在线去除功能的氙（135Xe）的动态分布数值分析程序,针对2?MW MSR的一种设计方案,分析了不同流量、不同启停堆功率、不同在线去除效率情况下135Xe浓度随时间的动态变化特性。结果表明:相较于静态燃耗模型,流动燃耗模型的135Xe带来的负反应性要低约32.2%;额定流量下主回路系统135Xe浓度分布均匀,只有当主回路系统体积流量小于2.24 cm3·s-1时,流动效应才会对主回路系统内135Xe浓度分布有显著影响;当鼓泡系统的在线去除份额约为0.1%时可以使堆芯135Xe带来的负反应性降低至-38.3 pcm?（1 pcm =10-5）,其总的去除效率可以达到86.0%;不同功率水平瞬时停堆工况下,堆芯135Xe浓度单调下降,停堆约50 h后135Xe基本消失,相当于引入+254 pcm反应性,停堆过程无碘坑出现,停堆后再启堆过程不必担心碘坑启动的问题。135Xe去除效率对整个系统135Xe总量有一定影响,在去除份额从0.0001%~20%的变化范围内,135Xe的总活度与静态燃耗模型相比相应增加了0.67%~8.75%。      

示范快堆一回路主管道断裂事故最佳估算分析研究

与安全裕量有关的研究一直是反应堆安全设计与安全分析的重点和难点问题。本文针对池式示范快堆CFR600的设计特点,对主热传输系统中的重要现象进行了分析,并建立了最佳估算模型,基于Wilks方法对CFR600一回路主管道断裂事故进行了不确定性量化计算。最佳估算分析结果表明,CFR600在一回路主管道断裂事故下,包壳最高温度95%/95%上限为851?6 ℃,相较于保守分析结果具有约91?8 ℃裕量,低于包壳破损验收准则。     

基于APROS的核动力系统建模与仿真研究

本研究基于仿真软件APROS对两环路核动力系统的一、二回路耦合系统建立了仿真模型,并对此模型进行了功率运行稳态工况和线性变负荷动态工况仿真模拟。结果表明,模型仿真结果的最大稳态相对误差小于5%,与设计值符合较好;动态仿真趋势与热工水力计算程序RELAP5仿真趋势基本一致,验证了模型的有效性。因此,该核动力系统一、二回路匹配性良好,且本文所建立的系统模型能够较准确地模拟核动力系统的运行。     

A standalone decay heat removal device for the Gas-cooled Fast Reactor for intermediate to atmospheric pressure conditions

This paper reports a design study for a Brayton cycle machine, which would constitute a dedicated, standalone decay heat removal (DHR) device for the Generation IV Gas-cooled Fast Reactor (GFR). In comparison to the DHR reference strategy developed by the French Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique during the GFR pre-conceptual design phase (which was completed at the end of 2007), the salient feature of this alternative device would be to combine the energetic autonomy of the natural convection process – which is foreseen for operation at high and medium pressures – with the efficiency of the forced convection process which is foreseen for operation down to very low pressures.An analytical model, the so-called “Brayton scoping model”, is described first. This is based on simplified thermodynamic and aerodynamic equations, and was developed to highlight design choices. Two different machine designs are analyzed: a Brayton loop turbo-machine working with helium, and a second one working with nitrogen, since nitrogen is the heavy gas foreseen to be injected into the primary system to enhance the natural convection under loss-of-coolant-accident (LOCA) conditions.Simulations of the steady-state and transient behavior of the proposed device have then been carried out using the CATHARE code. These serve to confirm the insights obtained from usage of the “Brayton scoping” model, e.g., that the turbo-machine conveniently accelerates during the depressurization process to tend towards a steady rotational speed value, the speed rise being inversely proportional to the experienced pressure drop.Finally, CATHARE simulations are presented for complete DHR scenarios for the GFR, involving loss-of-coolant-accidents (LOCAs) in conjunction with loss of back-up-pressure (LOBP). Thereby, it is shown that, in each of the investigated cases, incorporation of the Brayton loop turbo-machine with nitrogen indeed leads to fuel temperatures remaining considerably below Category 4 accident limits.     

Transient analysis following tripping of a primary circulating pump for 500-MWe PHWR power plant

The 500-MWe Indian pressurized heavy water (PHWR) incorporates many new features as compared to the earlier 220-MWe PHWRs. To evaluate the new design features like primary heat transport (PHT) system configuration with two loops, four primary circulating pumps (PCPs) and four passes through core, addition of a pressurizer (surge tank) in the PHT system along with a feed/bleed system and their safety-related implications, simulation model development and transient analyses are necessary. To mitigate the swell and shrinkage in the PHT system and to avoid high/low PHT system pressure during transients, a 30 m/sup 3/ pressurizer along with feed/bleed system is also included in the PHT pressure control system for the 500-MWe PHWR. At the same time, a reactor stepback is also actuated during the one PCP trip transient after tripping the corresponding (same side) PCP in the other loop. The corresponding PCP in the healthy loop is tripped to avoid unsymmetrical flow and pressure distribution in the two identical loops. A detailed transient analysis is required to study the individual contributions of various systems and provisions such as pressuriser, feed/bleed, and reactor step/set back in mitigating the consequences of the malfunction.     

Analysis of maximum pressure in VVER1000/V446 reactor containment for LOCA and MSLB

The highest thermal-hydraulic pressure in the containment occurs when reactor coolant in the first loop and steam in the secondary loop discharge simultaneously,and when the maximum amount of energy from reactor unit enters to containment volume.In this paper,we investigate temperature and pressure variations in the VVER1000 containment compartments owing to concurrent break in the pipelines of the primary and secondary loops.A two-phase,multicellular model is applied in the presence of non-condensable gases.Convection and conduction through the main heat structures inside the containment are also considered.The predicted results agree well with available data.Maximum values of pressure and temperature in the containment are then calculated and compared to the design values.If LOCA and MSLB occur simultaneously,the maximum pressure would exceed the design value and integrity of the containment would be threatened.