吉林荒沟山铅锌矿床地质特征及矿床成因探讨

吉林荒沟山铅锌矿床赋存于中元古界老岭群珍珠门组白云石大理岩中,层控特征明显.通过对矿床地质、成矿元素Zn/Pb比值、方铅矿和闪锌矿中的微量元素、硫和铅同位素组成特征、矿物包裹体成分特征,矿源层特征等的讨论,认为本矿床为沉积改造型层控矿床.沉积作用是本矿床成矿物质来源的基础,改造作用是形成本矿床的主要因素.珍珠门组是提供成矿物质来源的重要矿源层.     

吉林荒沟山铅锌矿床地质特征及矿床成因探讨

吉林荒沟山铅锌矿床赋存于中元古界老岭群珍珠门组白云石大理岩中,层控特征明显.通过对矿床地质、成矿元素Zn/Pb比值、方铅矿和闪锌矿中的微量元素、硫和铅同位素组成特征、矿物包裹体成分特征、矿源层特征等的讨论,认为本矿床为一沉积改造型层控矿床.沉积作用是本矿床成矿物质来源的基础,改造作用是形成本矿床的主要因素.珍珠门组是提供成矿物质来源的重要矿源层.     

海南石碌铁钴铜矿床成因及其成矿模式

海南石碌矿床是以富铁矿为主,并伴生有钴铜等矿产的著名大型矿集区。通过对该矿床控矿地质条件的再认识,并对其成矿物质来源、岩浆活动与成矿的关系、成矿时代进行了讨论,认为铁钴铜等物质来源很可能来自原始火山沉积地层石碌群中,后期区域变质作用和岩浆活动对其形成起重要的改造富集作用,初步定义其为火山-沉积变质+多期热液叠加改造型矿床。该矿床成矿模式概括为:1)新元古代海底火山喷流沉积期,奠定了铁钴铜等成矿物质的基础;2)加里东—海西期的变质改造成矿期,形成了沉积变质型贫矿体;3)印支—燕山早期热液叠加改造富化期,石碌矿床发生了重要的改造富集作用,形成了富铁矿体;4)燕山晚期热液叠加改造富化期,对原来矿体进行改造富集,并形成了脉状、角砾状铁矿体及伴生的铜钴矿体。     

辽宁青城子铅-锌矿床氧、碳、铅、硫同位素地质特征及矿床成因

对青城子铅-锌矿床矿体和围岩的氧、碳、铅、硫同位素系统研究表明,成矿物质初始来源主要是海底火山喷发沉积提供。含矿岩系遭受了变质作用和热液改造作用。从矿床东区→西区,从下部地层→上部地层,碳酸盐岩的氧、碳同位素组成作有规律地递变。印支-燕山期的构造岩浆活动对成矿有一定影响。氧同位素研究表明花岗岩为基底地层深部重熔的S型花岗岩,它提供了部分成矿物质。氧同位素交换水/岩值计算表明,成矿溶液以大气降水为主,混有少量岩浆水。因此,笔者认为该矿床为一沉积-变质-热液叠加改造型层控铅-锌矿床。     

广西桂平市四德铅-锌-铜矿床地质特征及找矿潜力分析

通过对桂平市四德铅-锌-铜矿床的区域地质背景、矿床地质特征、矿物组合及结构构造、成矿物质来源等的研究,初步认为其矿床类型为热水沉积型铅-锌-铜矿床。通过对该矿床的成矿条件、地球物理、地球化学特征等的分析,认为该矿床具大型规模的成矿前景。     

褶皱构造与层控矿床

层控矿床是指那些成矿物质在同生沉积的基础上经后期地质作用改造而形成的、受一定地层层位、岩性和层状构造控制的矿床.在成因上属复生类矿床.沉积矿床或矿源层由于古地下热水溶液的改造而成层控矿床(沉积-再造型);也可由变质和混合岩化作用而成沉积-变质型;或是在沉积成矿的基础上受后期岩浆热液的叠加所致(沉积或沉积变质-叠加型).     

江西冷水坑铅锌银矿田成矿系统与成矿模式

江西冷水坑矿田具有浅部斑岩型矿体与深部层状矿体的复杂组合。深部的层状矿体曾被长期认为是受构造破碎带控制的"层控叠改型矿体",与斑岩型矿体同期形成。本文从矿床的基本地质特征入手,论述和分析了层状银铅锌矿体所具有的火山碎屑建造及成矿特点,认为矿床具有三期成矿特点,层状矿体属火山机构控制的以火山集块-角砾岩层为赋矿岩石的火山喷发-沉积成岩矿体。提出了该矿床火山构造-岩浆喷发成矿系统的主要成矿要素和成矿模式,斑岩岩浆就位及其流体活动,在产生大规模斑岩型矿化的同时,对早期的火山沉积碳酸盐层进行叠加改造而形成了与斑岩具有成因联系的层控铅锌银矿床。     

广东省清新县辣菜水锌矿床特征及成因分析

辣菜水锌矿床产于海西-印支期盆地边缘,矿体严格受石炭系下统石磴子组下亚段白云岩控制,呈层-似层状,具层控型特征。矿床成矿具有多期性,早期沉积为矿胚层,受断裂构造热动力改造成矿体,后期岩浆热液叠加,矿体进一步富集,形成富闪锌矿体。通过成矿环境及矿床特征研究分析,认为该矿床成因属于沉积-改造-叠加的复控型矿床。     

冀北蔡家营铅锌矿床成因探讨

古元古代是蔡家营矿床的重要的成矿期,在本区古元古代裂谷活动中,发生了海底火山的喷发和沉积作用,除喷出大量的基性岩浆外,形成了红旗营子群火山-沉积岩地层,还有大量成矿物质的堆积,顺层形成块状硫化物矿体,后经上隆拉伸和挤压褶皱等强变质变形作用,使层状矿体发生了“变质重就位”,部分形成脉状（或囊状）矿体。随后,又受到中生代构造岩浆热事件的叠加,使矿体再次经受了活化改造,有可能又有新的成矿物质加入,使矿体最后定位。故本矿床的成因应为多种地质作用下的多成因的火山喷发沉积-变质变形改造-热液叠加的铅锌矿床。     

辽宁桓仁二棚甸子铜锌矿床地球化学特征及矿床成因

为确定二棚甸子铜锌矿床的成因,对该矿床的成矿地质背景和地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明,矿区内的含矿矽卡岩分为层状和不规则状两种类型,前者主要呈层状、似层状,与围岩整合接触; 含矿矽卡岩与寒武系徐庄组碳酸盐岩具有相似的稀土元素组成和一致的稀土配分曲线; 矿区地层中碳酸盐岩的Cu、Pb、Zn 等主要成矿元素含量明显高于克拉克值以及区域同类岩石的平均含量。结合S、Pb、C 等同位素资料,认为该矿床的层状矽卡岩矿体具有层控特征,成矿物质主要来自徐庄组沉积地层; 与燕山期闪长岩有关的接触交代型矿化形成了不规则状矽卡岩矿体,并对早期层状矿体进行了叠加改造。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。