高通量透析膜对维持性血液透析过程中溶质清除及皮肤瘙痒的作用

背景：如何有效地清除尿毒症毒素,以减少透析患者的并发症,改善维持性血液透析患者生活质量及长期预后,一直是人们研究的热点。 目的：观察高通量和低通量聚砜膜血液透析器对维持性血液透析患者溶质清除及皮肤瘙痒的作用。 方法：选择皮肤瘙痒的维持性血液透析患者38例,随机分为高通量透析组和低通量透析组,每组19例。高通量透析组使用高通量透析器FX60,低通量透析组使用低通量透析器F6,均每周透析3次,每次透析4 h,观察1年;检测血尿素氮、肌酐、磷、β2微球蛋白及甲状旁腺素;观察透析前后各种溶质含量的变化,计算溶质清除率和尿素清除指数(Kt/V值);用目测类比评分法评估瘙痒程度。 结果与结论：两组患者透析后尿素氮、肌酐下降率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),磷和β2微球蛋白的下降率高通量透析组均高于低通量透析组(P < 0.05),两组Kt/V相比差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);治疗1年后高通量透析组甲状旁腺素显著低于低通量透析组(P< 0.05),皮肤瘙痒与治疗前相比两组均有减轻(P< 0.05),高通量透析组瘙痒程度评分显著低于低通量透析组(P < 0.05)。提示采用高通量FX60聚砜膜透析器进行透析,不仅充分清除小分子毒素,而且增加了对于大、中分子毒素的清除,能改善维持性透析患者顽固性皮肤瘙痒症状。     

高通量透析可改善维持性血液透析患者肾性贫血

目的 探讨高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者肾性贫血的防治作用及其机制。方法 55例患者随机分为高通量透析组(HPD组)与常规血液透析组(CHD组)，HPD组患者使用聚砜膜F60高通量透析器，CHD组患者使用低通量F6透析器治疗，检测首次透析前后两组患者血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、K^ 、Na^ 、Cl^-、Ca^2 、P^3-、甲状旁腺素(PTH)，以及透析前后血浆细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α)和透析开始20min后透析废液中上述细胞因子含量，动态观察并记录患者主诉，动态检测透析前后血红蛋白、红细胞压积，透析治疗1年后，复测并比较两组患者临床生化指标。结果 ①HPD组对PTH、P清除高于CHD组(P＜0．05)，透析1年后，HPD组血浆PTH、P水平明显低于CHD组(P＜0．05)。②透析后即刻HPD组透析废液中细胞因子含量显著高于CHD组(P＜0．05)；透析治疗1年后HPD组血浆细胞因子水平呈下降趋势，但与治疗前比较，无统计学意义(P＞05)。③透析后即刻，HPD组与CHD组血红蛋白、红细胞压积水平与透析前比较均呈上升趋势，但无统计学意义(P＞0．05)，两组间比较差异不显著；透析1年后，HPD组血红蛋白、红细胞压积水平较透析前水平变化差异显著(P＜0．05)，两组间比较显著升高(P＜0．05)。结论 HPD可改善维持性血液透析患者的肾性贫血，其机制与HPD能清除一些不易被CHD透析清除、且对红细胞生成和成熟有抑制作用的蛋白类大中分子物质，主要是PTH、精胺、聚胺、细胞因子等有关。     

The effect of dialysis membrane flux on amino acid loss in hemodialysis patients

We examined whether high flux membranes (HF) may induce a greater loss of amino acids compared to low flux membranes (LF). Ten hemodialysis patients participated in this study. Pre- and post-hemodialysis plasma amino acid profiles were measured by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography for both HF and LF. We measured the dialysate amino acid losses during hemodialysis. The reduction difference for plasma total amino acid (TAA), essential amino acid (EAA), and branch chained amino acid (BCAA) was not significantly different in comparisons between the two membranes. (HF vs. LF; TAA 66.85 +/- 30.56 vs. 53.78 +/- 41.28, p=0.12; EAA 14.79 +/-17.16 vs. 17.97 +/- 28.69, p=0.12; BCAA 2.21 +/- 6.08 vs. 4.16 +/- 10.98 mg/L, p=0.13). For the HF, the reduction in plasma amino acid levels for TAA and EAA were statistically significant. Although it was not statistically significant, the dialysate losses of BCAA were greater than the reduction in plasma (plasma reduction vs. dialysate loss; HF 2.21 +/- 6.08 vs. 6.58 +/- 4.32, LF 4.16 +/- 10.98 vs. 7.96 +/- 3.25 mg/L). HF with large pores and a sieving coefficient do not influence dialysate amino acid losses. Hemodialysis itself may influence the dialysate amino acid losses and may have an effect on protein metabolism.     

Effect of adequacy of dialysis and nutrition on morbidity and working rehabilitation of patients treated by maintenance hemodialysis

Numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between adequacy of hemodialysis (HD) and patient mortality. In this study we evaluated the effect of adequacy of dialysis and nutrition on morbidity and working rehabilitation. Single center experience carried out in 1998 in an outpatient university-affiliated dialysis facility was presented. A total of 181 patients, on HD over 3 months, was included in the study; mean age 54.5 years, mean duration of HD 5.4 years. Thirty-two patients were hospitalized in 1998. Patients with an eKt/V < 0.8 had significantly more frequent and extended hospitalizations than patients with eKt/V > 1.2. In the regression model eKt/V had a significant effect on hospital days. Serum albumin, as an index of nutrition, was also found to significantly influence hospitalizations. Patients with a BMI < 20.0 kg/m2 were found to have significantly more frequent hospitalizations, more hospital days/patient, and hospital days/hospitalized patient/year than those with a BMI > 25.0 kg/m2. BMI < 20.0 kg/m2 was associated with a significantly lower dialysis adequacy (eKt/V and URR) and more severe anemia. However, regression model failed to confirm a statistically significant association of BMI with hospital days. The best working rehabilitation (stage 1), according to the EDTA criteria, was obtained in patients with significantly (p<0.05) higher eKt/V, URR, albumin, nPNA, and body fat than in patients at stage 6 (not able to work, and not able to take care of themselves). This study has established that dialysis adequacy and nutrition have an effect on morbidity (estimated through hospitalizations) and patient rehabilitation.     

高通量血液透析对维持性血液透析患者细胞免疫功能的影响

目的探讨高通量血液透析对维持性血液透析（MHD）患者细胞免疫功能的影响。方法收集2012年3月至8月于本院门诊行MHD治疗的患者40例,随机数字表法分为血液透析（HD）组（n=20）和高通量血液透析（HFHD）组（n=20）,分别接受HD和HFHD治疗,均为每周透析3次,每次4h。透析前、透析后4、24、48h,流式细胞术检测两组患者外周血CD4＋．CD8＋、CD25＋,记录CD47CD8＋比值,酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）检测血清IL-2、可溶性IL-2受体（sIL．2R）;另设健康对照组（C组）20例,清晨空腹抽血检测上述指标。结果与C组比较,透析前HD组和HFHD组患者外周血CD4＋、CD25＋、CD4＋／CD8＋水平下降,血清IL．2水平下降,sIL．2R升高（均P〈0．05）。与透析前比较,HD组患者透析后4h外周血CD4＋、CD25＋、CD47CD8＋水平升高,血清IL-2水平升高,sIL-2R降低（均P〈0．05）,CD8＋差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）;与透析前比较,HD组患者透析后24、48h上述各指标差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。与透析前比较,HFHD组患者透析后4、24、48h外周血CD4＋、CD25＋、CD4VCD8＋水平升高,血清IL．2水平升高,slL-2R降低（均P〈0．05）,而CD8＋差异均无统计学意义（均P〉O．05）。与同时点HD组比较,HFHD组透析后4h各指标差异均无统计学意义（均P〉O．05）;透析后24、48h,HFHD组外周血CD4＋、CD25＋、CD4＋／CD8＋水平升高,血清IL．2水平升高,sIL．2R降低[CD4＋：（38．73±6．25）％比（34．92±5．84）％,（37．03±5．41）％比（32．62±5．79）％;CD25＋：（21．36±4．65）％比（15．29±4．72）％,（18．19±4．27）％比（13．94±5．05）％;CD4＋／CD8＋：1．42±0．31比1．23±0．29,1．38±0．30比1．20±0．33;IL-2：（22．03±5．18）m±L比（19．03±4．87）m#L,（20．54±5．92）mL比（18．26±4．96）mL;sIL-2R：（672．96±159．36）U／ml比（787．32±143．27）u,ml,（720．24±143．92）u,（858,42±172．13）U／ml,均P〈0．05],而CD8＋差异无统计学意义（均P〉O．05）。结论HD可短暂改善MHD患者的细胞免疫功能,HFHD可持续改善MHD患者的细胞免疫功能。     

Effect of erythropoietin therapy on diet and dialysis clearances in hemodialysis patients

Treatment of renal anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic hemodialysis patients has been reported to lead to increased appetite, and in several studies, to an increase in predialysis serum urea, potassium and creatinine values. We recorded dietary intake, and dialysis clearances for creatinine, urea and uric acid in a group of 12 anemic hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant erythropoietin (epoetin beta). A gradual increase was noted in dietary intake of calories, carbohydrate and sodium during the study period, attaining statistical significance after 10-12 months of therapy. A trend toward increased dietary intake of protein, lipid and potassium was observed, but the differences did not achieve statistical significance. Although a trend toward decreased dialysis clearance at higher hematocrits was found for creatinine clearances did not change significantly for any of the solutes examined, and linear regression analysis did not demonstrate a strong relationship between dialyzer clearance and hematocrit values within the range observed in this study.     

高通量透析膜在血液透析中的应用

背景：高通量膜具有很高的通透性及溶质转运性能,透析中能有更多相对分子质量较大的溶质从血液转运到透析液中,故称之为高通量透析,属于一种高效血液净化治疗方法。 目的：总结近年高通量透析膜在血液透析中的应用现状。 方法：由作者应用计算机检索维普数据库,检索时限2000-02/2008-10。检索关键词：高通量透析膜;血液透析;临床应用。纳入标准：①高通量透析膜在血液透析中的应用。②实验结果叙述与材料有关的临床应用问题。排除标准：重复研究或较陈旧文献。根据纳入排除标准共保留相关文献12篇。 结果与结论：与低通量血液透析相比可清除β2微球蛋白,降低透析患者血脂、血磷及甲状旁腺素水平,减轻炎症反应、氧化应激及血管内皮变化,不影响维持性血液透析患者血浆细胞因子及内毒素水平,对尿素氮、肌酐等小分子的清除也优于常规透析。因此,高通量透析可预防血液透析患者的远期并发症如肾性骨病,动脉硬化,并可改善食欲不振,高血压症状,提高透析的充分性。     

Osteopathy in maintenance hemodialysis

Summary 50 iliac crest biopsy specimens taken from hemodialyzed uremic patients (average duration of dialysis 16.7±12.3 months), 20 specimens from patients in terminal renal failure and 20 specimens from healthy controls were analyzed by micromorphometry of undecalcified microtome sections. In addition undecalcified ground sections were studied by microradiography. None of the biopsy specimens of dialyzed and non-dialyzed uremic patients showed entirely normal bone histology. The osteopathy was characterized in both uremic groups by secondary hyperparathyroidism with increased cellular activity, endosteal fibrosis and appearance of woven osteoid and by osteomalacia. Micromorphometry revealed no differences between uremic patients with and without hemodialysis: volumetric density, the fraction of total bone volume represented by osteoid, the fraction of trabecular surface covered by osteoid and the mean osteoid seam thickness were increased; the fraction of osteoid covered by osteoblasts remained unchanged when compared with normal controls, whereas the fraction of trabecular surface covered by active Howship's lacunae was elevated. The specific surface of trabecular bone was unaltered. Microradiography showed marked periosteocytic osteolysis, abundance of low density zones (particularly in dialyzed patients) and microheterogeneity of bone structure.There was a good degree of correlation between the increased amounts of osteoid and active Howhsip's lacunae and increased area of osteocytic lacunae and increased serum parathyroid hormone levels. There was no correlation between serum clacitonin levels and micromorphometric parameters. Fibro-osteoclasia and osteomalacia apparently did not progress with continued dialysis.

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Zusammenfassung Unentkalkte Schnitte und Schliffe der Beckenkammspongiosa von 50 Patienten unter Langzeithämodialyse (durchschnittliche Dialysedauer 16.6±12.3 Monate), von 20 Patienten mit terminaler Niereninsuffizienz ohne Hämodialyse und von 20 skeletgesunden Patienten wurden mikromorphometrisch und mikroradiographisch untersucht.Keine der Beckenkammbiopsien urämischer Patienten mit und ohne Hämodialyse zeigte einen normalen Skeletbefund. Die Skeletveränderungen waren durch einen sekundären Hyperparathyreoidismus mit gesteigerter Zellaktivität, Endostfibrose und Auftreten von atypischem Faserosteoid sowie durch eine Osteomalacie geprägt. Die mikromorphometrische Analyse ergab zwischen urämischen Patienten mit und ohne Hämodialyse keinen Unterschied: Volumetrische Dichte, Osteoidsaumlänge und mittlere Osteoidsaumbreite waren gesteigert; der Anteil der mit Osteoblasten bedeckten osteoiden Säume am Gesamtosteoid war gegenüber skeletgesunden Kontrollen nicht verändert. Die Zahl aktiver Howshipscher Lakunen war beträchtlich vergrößert. Die spezifische Oberfläche der Trabekel blieb unverändert. Die Mikroradiographie zeigte periosteocytäre Osteolyse, Mineralisationsdefekte (vor allem bei Dialysepatienten) und eine starke Mikroheterogenität der Knochenstruktur.Die Serum-Parat-Hormonspiegel waren bei Dialysepatienten ausnahmslos erhöht. Osteoidmenge, Anzahl der aktiven Howshipschen Lakunen und Größe der Osteocytenlakunen korrelierten mit der Höhe der Serum-Parat-Hormonspiegel. Die Serum-Calcitonin-Spiegel lagen bei Dialysepatienten im Normbereich. Zwischen morphometrischen Daten und der Höhe der Serum-Calcitonin-Spiegel ergab sich keine Korrelation.Dissezierende Fibrosteoklasie (Ostitis fibrosa) und Osteomalacie erfuhren mit zunehmender Dialysedauer keine Veränderung.

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With support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Technical and clinical evaluation of a new synthetic low flux polysulphon membrane for hemodialysis

New synthetic membranes have been developed to reduce the ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) maintaining an adequate permeability to medium-large solutes and a good biocompatibility. The new Fresenius F6 Low Flux Polysulphon Membrane is studied in this paper as far as hydraulic and permeability properties are concerned. For this purpose in vitro and in vivo tests have been carried out in a series of different conditions. In vitro sieving coefficients were near 1 for solutes with molecular weight up to 5000 Daltons. The ultrafiltration coefficient of the device was 5.4 ml/h/mmHg while the value of Kf normalized per square meter was lower than 5 ml/h/mmHg. The geometry of the blood path was adequate even operating at high blood flows without excessive resistance and obligate filtration. This resulted in vivo in a good performance during short dialysis schedules with good clearances of small and large molecules and with no risks of backfiltration. In fact, the low permeability to water permits constant operation with positive transmembrane pressures without excessive ultrafiltration rates. The biocompatibility of the membrane was excellent and high capacity of adsorption for beta-2 microglobulin was demonstrated. These results suggest that these membranes seem to be able to join the advantages of the traditional cellulosic membranes and of the newer synthetic membranes reducing their relative disadvantages.     

Effect of two-hour daily hemodialysis and sham dialysis on breath isoprene exhalation

BACKGROUND: Isoprene, a volatile hydrocarbon produced by the human organism, is currently being extensively investigated because the mechanisms underlying its endogenous origin are unknown and because experiments suggest it is toxic and cancerogenous. Previous reports of increases in breath isoprene concentrations during 4-hour, thrice-weekly hemodialysis, but not during continuous ambulatorial peritoneal dialysis, prompted us to assess the behavior of isoprene in another dialytic modality, i.e., short daily hemodialysis (short DHD). Furthermore, in order to determine whether removal of solutes and/or contact of blood with the dialytic membrane influenced the metabolism of isoprene, we performed a sham short hemodialysis session in a subgroup of 8 patients (sham short HD), i.e., with blood flowing through a dialyzer but without dialysate and ultrafiltration. METHODS: The present study evaluates the effects of a two-hour short DHD and a two-hour session of sham HD on isoprene breath levels, as determined by gas chromatography before, during and after sessions. Parallel analyses of ambient air and monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate were performed. RESULTS: Both short DHD and sham DHD induced an increase in breath isoprene exhalation in all patients without being associated with significant hemodynamic variations. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the increase in breath isoprene after a session of hemodialysis is neither a reaction to mevalonate depletion nor to metabolic variations induced by the depurative effect, because these changes do not occur during sham HD. It is not related to hemodynamic changes because none were observed in this experimental model. The isoprene increase seems to be of metabolic origin and appears to be connected in some way with the extracorporeal circuit. These interesting findings provide a further impulse to study the biosynthetic pathways involved and to investigate the medical and biological significance of isoprene in humans.     

Pruritus in patients on maintenance hemodialysis

Twenty-nine patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were examined for dermatologic symptoms. Nineteen patients (66%) complained of pruritus, which was classified as mild (34%), moderate (24%), and severe (8%). Patients with pruritus did not differ from those without pruritus regarding serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, calcium, alkaline phosphatase or aluminum, nor was there any difference in duration of hemodialysis, age or sex. In pruritic patients serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone were significantly higher when determined with a mid-region radioimmunoassay technique (p less than 0.01) and higher, although not significantly, when the intact parathyroid hormone molecule was measured. Serum concentrations of phosphate were significantly lower in patients with pruritus (p less than 0.05).     

Dietary abuse in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Thirty-one patients on maintenance hemodialysis were studied for compliance to prescribed diet, as measured by weight gain between dialyses and changes in weekly predialysis serum potassium levels. Nineteen patients were poor compliers. Patients who remained vocationally active had a significantly higher percentage of good compliance.     

Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Thrombocytopenia associated with the presence of a heparin-dependent platelet aggregating factor developed in two patients after hemodialysis with heparin. It resolved in one patient after heparin was stopped; but persisted in the other during a two-week heparin-free period and intermittently thereafter. We suggest that when heparin causes thrombocytopenia in dialysis patients the heparin should be stopped whenever possible, but this may not be necessary in all patients.     

Effect of maintenance hemodialysis on diastolic left ventricular function in end-stage renal disease

PURPOSE:

To analyze the effect of maintenance hemodialysis on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with end‐stage renal disease.

METHODS:

Study population consisted of 42 patients with end‐stage renal disease. Before an arteriovenous fistula was surgically created, the patients were evaluated by conventional and Doppler echocardiography and Doppler tissue imaging. Then, the patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment when the arteriovenous fistula was compleated. After the first hemodialysis session (mean 76.14 ± 11.37 days) the second echocardiographic evaluations were performed.

RESULTS:

Mean age was 58 ± 13 years and 21 (%50) of the patients were female. After maintenance hemodialysis treatment; peak early (E) and peak late (A) diastolic mitral inflow velocities and E/A ratio were not significantly change however the deceleration time of E wave and left atrial diameter were significantly increased. Also there was no change in the early (Em) and late (Am) diastolic myocardial velocities and Em/Am ratios of lateral and septal walls of left ventricular. E/Em ratio was decreased insignificantly. Pulmonary vein velocities and right ventricular functions are remained almost unchanged after hemodialysis treatment.

DISCUSSION:

The acute and long‐term effect of hemodialysis on left ventricular diastolic function is unclearly. Patients with end‐stage renal disease treatment with hemodialysis via arteriovenous fistula experience a variety of hemodynamic and metabolic abnormalities that predispose to alterations in left and right ventricular functions. The present study showed that left ventricular diastolic function except left atrial diameter and right ventricular functions were not significantly change, however left ventricular systolic functions were impaired after maintenance hemodialysis treatment in patients with end‐stage renal disease.

CONCLUSION:

It has been suggested that echocardiographic parameters are useful markers for evaluation of left ventricular and right ventricular functions in patients with end‐stage renal disease. However, in patients with end‐stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis, repeated assessment of echocardiographic examinations to observe serial changes in left and right ventricular functions are not yet well established. In this study, we showed that acute changes of volume status and electrolytes and autonomic regulation by hemodialysis session did not affect left ventricular diastolic and right ventricular functions in a relatively long term.     

维持性血液透析患者的动脉粥样硬化

背景：动脉粥样硬化是糖尿病肾病及血液透析患者常见的并发症,维持性血液透析时间长短和其他相关因素对糖尿病肾病患者动脉粥样硬化的影响有待于进一步观察及研究。 目的：观察不同时间维持性血液透析患者的动脉粥样硬化情况,评价血液透析时间及其他相关因素对糖尿病肾病动脉粥样硬化的影响。 方法：利用高频超声检测糖尿病肾病血液透析组、非糖尿病肾病血液透析组、终末期肾病未透析组患者的颈动脉内中膜厚度变化,以健康志愿者作为正常对照组。分析血液透析患者颈动脉内中膜厚度与透析时间的关系,比较各组胰岛素抵抗的变化。 结果与结论：与正常对照组相比,糖尿病肾病血液透析组和非糖尿病肾病血液透析组颈动脉内中膜厚度值增大(P < 0.01);非糖尿病肾病血液透析24个月组颈动脉内中膜厚度值与非糖尿病肾病未透析组差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);非糖尿病肾病血液透析60个月组颈动脉内中膜厚度值较非糖尿病肾病血液透析24个月组增大(P < 0.05);非糖尿病肾病血液透析60个月组颈动脉内中膜厚度值较终末期肾病未透析组明显增大(P < 0.01)。糖尿病肾病血液透析60个月组与终末期肾病未透析组及糖尿病肾病血液透析24个月组相比,3组间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。糖尿病肾病24个月组HOMA-IR值较糖尿病肾病未透析组稍微降低(P < 0.05),糖尿病肾病60个月组HOMA-IR值较糖尿病肾病未透析组显著降低(P < 0.01)。提示血液透析在一定程度上可以影响糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者动脉粥样硬化的进展,且这种作用与透析时间长短有关。