落球法测量液体黏度的实验研究

通过对实验数据进行分析,给出了在实验室条件下斯托克斯公式的修正系数,并将液体黏度的计算结果与公认值进行比较发现,与文献给出的修正公式计算结果相比,本文给出的计算结果误差小.在相同条件下还利用其他液体进行了验证实验,得到了一致的结论.     

含有误差校正的小波神经网络交通流量预测

交通流量的准确预测对于高速路管理者进行决策至关重要。建立了小波神经网络(WNN)交通流量预测模型,并通过预测训练误差和测试误差校正预测结果来提高预测精度。首先构建WNN模型对交通流量进行初步预测,然后利用经验模态分解(EMD)和WNN模型对训练误差和测试误差进行预测。分别用训练误差预测值、测试误差预测值和两种误差预测值的加权对流量初步预测结果进行修正得到最终预测值。采用四川省成灌高速路交通流量数据进行了仿真对比实验,仿真结果表明含有误差校正的小波神经网络模型能有效提高交通流量预测精度,并且利用两种误差加权修正模型的预测精度高于利用测试误差的修正模型和利用训练误差的修正模型。     

利用量子对应态原理预测正仲氢输运性质

基于量子对应态原理并考虑氢同分异构体之间的结构差异,建立了适用于预测低温正氢与仲氢输运参数的数学模型,明确了对比黏度和对比导热系数与对比德布罗意波长之间的线性关系,并使用所建立数学模型预测了正氢与仲氢的黏度与导热系数。通过对计算结果的检验分析,发现量子对应态原理方法可以较准确地预测温度20¹00 K及压力0.01¹0 MPa范围内正氢、仲氢的黏度及导热系数。压力对模型的预测精度影响显著,当环境压力小于1 MPa时,对应态原理预测误差基本控制在6%以内。进一步修正模型中的物性常数修正有望提高对应态原理预测精度。     

分形多孔介质导热数值模拟分析

本文基于分形理论构造了不同类型的分形结构来模拟多孔介质,采用有限容积法对其导热问题进行了数值模拟计算,详细分析了基质导热系数、孔隙流体导热系数、孔隙率等因素对其有效导热系数的影响规律.结果发现有效导热系数与基质导热系数、孔隙流体导热系数大致分别成幂函数关系,有效导热系数与孔隙率大致成指数函数关系.并把数值模拟分析结果与文献中的经验公式进行了对比分析,为其提供了数值验证.     

不良导体导热系数的测量与探讨

根据利用物体散热速率求传热速率的实验思想,给出了橡胶盘导热系数的实验结果。并对散热速率做了分析,给出了一个修正方案。     

冻融对重塑黏土导热系数影响的试验研究

在工程建设中,导热系数作为温度场的重要参数一直是岩土工程领域的研究热点。为研究冻融作用对土体导热系数的影响规律,室内制作不同含水率和不同干密度的饱和与非饱和试样在低温环境模拟试验箱中进行封闭系统和开敞系统冻融循环,并提出实验室修正系数α和冻结指数相似比C_I对冻融过程温控模式进行优化。结果表明:未冻融试样,导热系数随含水率和干密度的增加而线性增加;封闭系统中,冻融后导热系数减小,且含水率对导热系数的影响大于干密度和冻融循环次数.通过对导热系数的偏相关分析发现,其偏相关系数分别为:0.998,0.994,-0.980.冻融次数与导热系数关系呈负相关,饱和试样中导热系数随冻融循环次数增大而降低.在考虑冻融作用时引入冻融项λ_f对Chung和Horton模型进行修正,修正后模型在预测饱和试样导热系数时与真实值相差较少,模型拟合度R~2为0.88.开敞系统中,冻融作用可改变试样的饱和状态,使非饱和土达到饱和,并且随着冻融次数的增加,试样导热系数先急剧增大后缓慢减小。     

热损耗条件下导热系数反演模型及实验研究

通过导热反问题反演求解导热系数通常误差较大,本文构建考虑热损耗条件下的虚拟薄板模型精确求解导热系数。首先通过数值算例验证模型的准确性和稳定性,正向问题使用有限差分法进行求解,反问题求解采用人工蜂群算法进行目标函数最优化。然后搭建第二类边界条件下导热正向装置,进行导热系数实例反演和实验研究,并将新模型与理论模型反演结果对比分析。结果表明理论模型反演结果的相对误差约为-14.76%,而新模型下导热系数反演相对误差达到-4.67%。新模型较理论模型反演结果更精确,有效降低了热损耗对反演的影响,提高了反演精度,更符合实际工况。     

树脂基碳纤维复合材料各向异性导热系数研究

本文通过实验测试与数值预测结合研究了平纹、斜纹树脂基碳纤维复合材料的各向异性传热性能。实验方面,采用基于电加热膜加热的稳态"三明治"结构进行测试,得到了材料厚度与面内方向导热系数随温度的变化规律。模拟方面,观测复合材料内部微观结构,重构建立了代表性单胞模型,在三维方向分别模拟其一维稳态导热过程来预测材料不同方向的导热系数。研究结果表明,实验获得的树脂基碳纤维复合材料厚度与面内方向导热系数均随材料热面温度升高而近似线性增大,面内方向导热系数约为厚度方向的2.8倍,因密度相近,平纹、斜纹机织结构材料各主轴方向导热系数偏差小于10%。数值预测结果与实验结果基本符合,并对引起实验与数值结果偏差的来源进行分析。     

基于元胞传输模型的楼梯区域行人运动

针对楼梯区域行人运动进行观测实验,获得行人上下楼过程中的运动数据,通过对数据进行整理与分析,绘制不同过程中流量-密度变化关系图.通过对流密关系图进行定量分析,掌握楼梯区域行人运动特征,并改进原有元胞传输模型,提出楼梯行人运动模型,仿真模拟行人运动过程.模型中,引入势能修正系数,利用异向行人对元胞势能的影响来改变行人的路径选择;引入流量修正系数,描述不同的物理参数对元胞边界最大流量的影响;引入偏移系数,修正移动规则,增强优先方向对行人路径选择行为的影响.然后,通过比较仿真结果与实验数据,对模型及引入参数进行验证和校准.最后,利用校正模型,模拟研究楼梯区域对向行人运动过程,并对势能修正参数进行了灵敏度分析,进一步研究模型参数对行人运动的影响.研究表明,该模型可以模拟刻画楼梯区域行人运动过程,同时验证了楼梯区域行人集散效率跟行人到达率与行人路径选择有关.     

基于团聚理论的纳米制冷剂导热系数预测方法

纳米流体中纳米颗粒以团聚体的形式存在.为预测纳米流体的导热系数,模拟了流体中纳米颗粒团聚体的三维空间结构并用热阻网络法计算了团聚体的导热系数.在得到团聚体的导热系数与考虑液体分子吸附层后团聚体的体积分数后,预测纳米流体的导热系数.用实验数据验证了该预测方法并运用该方法预测了铜-R22纳米制冷剂的导热系数.     

Real-time multi-step predictors from data streams

An online multi-step prediction method is constructed based on data streams, for which using all observed data points for prediction is impractical. The proposed method is superior in prediction accuracy and computational time, at various prediction steps, compared to two simple extensions of Kwasniok and Smith [F. Kwasniok, L.A. Smith, Phys. Rev. Let. 92 (2004) 164101]. We apply our proposed prediction method to artificial data sets generated from the Lorenz-63 model and to measured wind speed data streams.     

Vis-NIR光谱快速估测土壤可侵蚀性因子可行性分析

土壤侵蚀降低土地生产力,导致土壤环境恶化,其中水力侵蚀是土壤侵蚀中最主要的一种形式。土壤可侵蚀性K值是评价土壤被降雨侵蚀难易程度的一项重要指标。使用河南、福建和浙江三省研磨干样可见-近红外(Vis-NIR)漫反射光谱数据,将其转换为吸收率后进行Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑去噪;对土壤有机质(SOM)和机械组成进行精准预测后,分别采用EPIC和RUSLE2模型估算K值,并对预测精度进行比较分析,所得结论如下：(1)建立土壤有机质和机械组成高光谱最佳预测模型,土壤质地(砂粒、粉粒和黏粒)预测采用支持向量机(SVM)模型,SOM预测采用局部加权回归(LWR)模型,模型四分位相对预测误差(RPIQ)为2.27,3.17,2.18和3.44;(2)通过土壤质地估算的土壤渗透性等级分类效果较好,Kappa系数为0.62,同时估测的土壤质地类型与实测土壤质地类型分布特征相近,质地主要类型均是粉黏土、砂黏壤土、壤土、壤砂土和砂壤土;(3)EPIC和RUSLE2两种模型均具有较为精确的估测能力,EPIC模型预测精度更高,均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.006 6 (t·ha·h)/(ha·MJ·mm),RPIQ达1.58,而RUSLE2模型精度相对较低(其中RPIQ为1.43),因此推荐使用EPIC模型结合Vis-NIR光谱技术估测土壤可侵蚀性K值。本研究为今后快速准确预测K值提供思路,并为大面积监测土壤侵蚀提供辅助手段。     

沙质土壤热红外高光谱特征及其含沙量预测研究

为明确土壤热红外高光谱数据反演土壤含沙量的应用潜力,利用102F型便携式傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对沙质土壤进行测量,在进行相关分析和主成分分析的基础上,对土壤发射率光谱特征进行了分析,并采用偏最小二乘回归和主成分回归两种建模方法预测土壤含沙量.结果表明,沙质土壤发射率光谱中二氧化硅的Reststrahlen特征表现明显,在...     

The Study of MMW and MW Attenuation Considering Multiple Scattering Effect in Sand and Dust Storms at Slant Paths

The influence of sand and dust storms on modern MMW and satellite communication systems reliability have been paid more attention to. The attenuations induced by sand and dust storms are estimated by means of Mie-theory and Rayleigh approximation, in the case of the tenuous distribution of particles. With the particle density increasing, however, these method become inadequate, the multiple scattering effects then become dominant for attenuation estimation. The attenuations considering multiple scattering effects are estimated by Monte-Carlo and four fluxes method at horizontal paths. At slant paths, based on multi-layer media model, the attenuations considering multiple scattering effects are calculated by layered Monte-Carlo method at 100, 37, 24, and 14GHz. It is shown that the multiple scattering effects should be considered at the attenuation prediction in the sand and dust storm, which the visibility is about 0.5km and smaller than 0.5km and frequency is about 20GHz. Above 30GHz, the multiple scattering effects due to sand and dust particles should be considered, as visibility is about 1km and smaller than 1km at slant paths.     

微波传输中沙尘衰减的计算与仿真

 1．Information and Engineering College, PLA Information Engineering University, P.O.Box 1001-826, Zhengzhou 450002, China;2．College of Information Science and Enginerring, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310022, China     

Simulating self-organized molecular patterns using interaction-site models

The triboelectric charging of collision particles is essential to understand sand electrification in wind-blown sand fluxes. The physical model of electron trapped in high-energy states has been proposed to explain the triboelectric charging between identical insulating granular materials. In this study we propose an improved triboelectric charging model which combines the soft sphere model and the trapped electron model to calculate the net charge transfer during particles' collisions. Based on our charging model, we investigate the sand electrification of wind-blown sand, such as the charge flux varying with height, the charge-to-mass ratio of wind-blown sand, and the equilibrium time that the charge takes to approach a stable state. Numerical simulation results of the averaged charge-to-mass ratio in wind-blown sand fluxes are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

南疆沙尘区骏枣叶片水分含量检测的近红外光谱预处理方法对比

南疆地区沙尘多、灰尘大,枣树叶片表面经常覆盖一定程度的粗颗粒度沙尘,为了有效去除沙尘、灰尘在枣树叶片水分光谱测量过程中产生的散射噪声和基线漂移,研究一种适用于风沙较大地区的枣树叶片水分含量的快速检测方法,以不同灌溉梯度下的枣树叶片为研究对象,通过近红外光谱仪获取120个叶片样本的1 000～1 800 nm的光谱数据,并同步测量叶片水分含量,采用归一化、移动窗口平滑、SavitZky-Golay（SG）卷积平滑、SG求导、标准正态变量校正(SNV)和多元散射校正(MSC)等方法对原始光谱进行预处理,分析对比不同方法对散射噪声的处理能力,采用偏最小二乘回归分析方法筛选了敏感波段和建立预测模型。实验结果表明,枣树叶片水分含量强吸收峰为1 443 nm,波谷为1 661 nm;归一化光谱并未消除1 000～1 400 nm波段的散射噪声;移动窗口平滑和SG卷积平滑并未改进光谱曲线,散射噪声仍然存在;SG导数光谱的光谱特征峰和特征谷明显左移,光谱曲线不够平滑,噪声明显;SNV和MSC方法具有较好的散射噪声消除能力。偏最小回归分析方法筛选特征波长的结果表明（设置筛选波长数量为5）,基于原始光谱未筛选到1 443 nm的强波峰和1 661 nm的波谷附近的波段;基于归一化光谱在1 450 nm波峰附近筛选的波长有一定的偏差,在1 661 nm波谷附近的筛选的波长明显高于1 700 nm;基于移动窗口和SG卷积平滑光谱在1 443 nm具有一定的筛选能力,但并未筛选到1 661 nm附近的波长;导数光谱并未筛选到1 443和1 661 nm波段;SNV和MSC在波峰和波谷位置附近均筛选了敏感的光谱波段,其中MSC略优于SNV方法恰好在波峰和波谷位置,共筛选了1 002, 1 383, 1 411, 1 443和1 661 nm五个特征波段,也证明了MSC方法散射噪声和基线漂移处理能力最优,提高了敏感波长的筛选能力。偏最小二乘回归模型结果表明,不同预处理方法的RMSE值均较低,SNV和MSC方法改进了模型的预测结果,R2高于0.7,其中基于MSC方法的模型具有最高的R2和最低的RMSEP和RMSEPCV,R2=0.750 4,RMSEP=0.034 3,RMSECV=0.021 5,预测结果较优。证明MSC方法对沙尘和颗粒度引入的散射噪声具有较好的去除能力,可改进波长的筛选、提高预测模型精度,为南疆沙尘区的枣树叶片水分含量的无损检测提供了有效方法。     

An improved model to calculate radiative heat transfer in hot combustion gases

Radiative heat transfer plays an important role in the chemical reactions in the combustor. The widely used WSGG model proposed by Smith is established for normal pressure, which shows inevitable computational errors when dealing with radiative heat transfer problems at reduced or elevated pressures. In this paper, an improved global model is established to calculate the radiant energy exchanges between combustion gases and combustor chamber walls. Compared with the Smith model, the new model shows better performance in a wide range of pressure regions. The model accuracy is examined by computing the emissivity, radiative heat flux as well as the radiative source of H₂O–CO₂ gas mixtures at different pressure values. Finally, the radiative heat transfer inside a 3D TBCC(turbine-based combined cycle) engine exhaust system where strong gradients of pressure and temperature exist, is also addressed. The computational results show that the developed model provides approximate results at much less computational costs than the high-precision MSMGFSK-c8 model, which makes it competitive in complicated combustion systems.     

Specific features of proton NMR relaxation of hydrocarbons and water in the pore space of silicates

The relaxation of the proton magnetization of water and hydrocarbons in a model medium of glass beads and quartz sand is studied by the NMR method. The spectrum of relaxation times of fluids is one-component in the model environment and three-component in quartz sand. The surface relaxivities measured in the model medium are used to determine the pore size distribution in quartz sand. Estimates of the specific surface area of sand based on the relaxation data are consistent with the values measured by the sorption method. The EPR method is used to determine the chemical nature of the active paramagnetic centers responsible for the surface relaxation of the proton magnetization. Differences in the relaxation behavior of aqueous and hydrocarbon fluids are interpreted within the framework of a simple model of surface relaxation.     

Semiclassical theory of atom/solid surface collisions; Solution of steele's model

Steele's model of elastic gas/surface scattering is solved semiclassically. The model is reasonably successful in reproducing the diffractive data of Smith, O'Keefe, Saltsburg and Palmer.