γ射线照射量(环境水平)标准装置的研究与建立

γ射线照射量（环境水平）标准装置是由标准剂量仪，γ照射器，导轨，测量车，激光定位器等辅助设备组成。作者介绍了标准装置各部分的构成及各种技术参数。     

六种常规X射线摄影检查病人所受剂量的研究

六种常规Ｘ射线摄影检查病人所受剂量的研究贾明轩，刘晓东，戴铁成，冷仁利在我国Ｘ射线诊断检查中，腰椎、胸椎、胸、头颅、骨盆和腹部等６种Ｘ射线摄影检查的频率较高，已构成医疗照射的主要来源之一。我们测量了这６种常规Ｘ射线检查过程中病人的体表照射量，并计算出...     

医用X射线诊断放射卫生综合防护措施的研究与试点

医用Ｘ射线诊断放射卫生综合防护措施的研究与试点刘兴友，苏协铭，孙积涛，侯金鹏，林治宁医用Ｘ射线诊断是医用射线中应用范围最广、受照人数最多的一种人工辐射源。在各种人工辐射源对人类构成的附加照射中，医疗照射占６０％以上，其中又以医用Ｘ射线诊断占绝大多数［...     

X射线CT检查阳性检出率调查及其合理应用

Ｘ射线ＣＴ检查阳性检出率调查及其合理应用邓大平，王燕南，孙秀兰，侯金鹏，宗西源Ｘ射线ＣＴ检查已广泛用于临床诊断，但当前人们并不十分了解ＣＴ检查会给病人带来较高剂量的照射。据日本的一项调查资料表明［１］：Ｘ射线ＣＴ检查的急增所致照射量可与自然界的辐射水...     

十堰市X射线诊断照射频率调查分析

为摸清十堰市从事Ｘ射线诊断、临床核医学和放射治疗的基本情况及每年接受各类射线诊断、临床核医学和放射治疗的诊疗频次 ,了解受检者及患者在各种医疗照射中受照射的剂量水平 ,以适应我国Ｘ射线诊断、临床核医学和放射治疗迅速发展 ,作者对十堰市 6县 (市 )医疗照射情况进行了全面普查、分层抽样调查及重点调查 ,现将Ｘ射线诊断频率调查结果报道如下。一、调查方法本次医疗照射调查按照全国“九五”期间医疗照射调查方案进行。全市统一组织调查专业机构 ,并进行严格培训。统一调查内容和表格 ,统一质量控制标准 ,采用现场核查工作报表、工…     

42台医用诊断X射线机防护监测结果分析

４２台医用诊断Ｘ射线机防护监测结果分析胡江明，唐礼勤按照《医用诊断Ｘ射线卫生防护标准》，１９９２年４～１２月使用经过标定和比对的安徽滁洲无线电厂生产的ＮＹＬ－ⅢＡ照射量计，国营３６２厂生产的ＦＪ－３４７Ａｘ、γ剂量仪对我区４２台ｘ射线机的有用线束照射...     

140例X射线受检者照射量与外周血淋巴细胞微核的观察

１４０例Ｘ射线受检者照射量与外周血淋巴细胞微核的观察王禄忠，任风英，杨海华，孙丽敏为了观条医疗照射对照射人一群的影响，作者对１４０例钡餐Ｘ射线受检者的照射量与外周血淋巴细胞微核作了观察．用ＬＩＦ（Ｍｇ，Ｐ／ｕ）热释光剂量元件进行测量，微核采用甲基纤维...     

云南大理州医用X射线机调查

医用诊断Ｘ射线是医用射线中应用范围最广、受照人数最多的一种人工辐射源。因此Ｘ射线诊断的放射防护成为医疗照射防护的重点。为了贯彻《放射性同位素与射线装置放射防护条例》等法规 ,保障医用诊断Ｘ射线工作者、受检者和公众的健康安全 ,促进全州Ｘ射线工作者诊断技术的发展 ,我们对大理州 1个市 8个县的放射单位进行了全面的监测、监督和换证检查。一、材料和方法1 材料 :取自 1998～ 1999年放射装置的监测、监督和换证资料。2 方法 :①监测仪器 :ＦＪ 347Ａ、Ｘ Ｙ剂量仪 ,ＷＦ830ＩＤ Ｔ- 。②监测方式 :按照《医用诊断Ｘ射线卫生防…     

少南省医用诊断X射线机的质控检测与评价

为了贯彻执行卫生部 1 993年发布的 34号部长令《医用Ｘ射线诊断放射卫生防护及影像质量保证管理规定》 ,我们于 1 995～ 1 997年调查了海南省Ｘ射线机的运行状况 ,对我省 1 75台Ｘ射线机进行了质控检测及评价。现报道如下。一、材料和方法1 仪器 :卫生部工业卫生实验所研制的ＦＷＪ 4型检测装置。2 检测项目 :Ｘ射线线束垂直性、光野与照射野一致性、片屏接触性和低对比度分辨率。3 检测方法和评价标准 :由于我国尚未颁布这方面的标准 ,因此参照国内公认的检测方法和评价标准进行[1 ] 。评价标准摘录于表 1 ,对检测方法则不再描述。表 1…     

192Ir高活性源近距离插植照射的相对生物效应

本文作者报道以Ｔ７３９小鼠ＬＡ７９５肺腺癌为实验对象测定出＾１９２Ｉｒ高活性源近距离插植照射的相对生物效应为０．６４（与８ＭｅＶＸ射线比较），与双针照射比较表明，插植本身不影响＾１９２Ｉｒ照射的结果，＾１９２Ｉｒ照射的结果，＾１９２Ｉｒ插植照射的作用与８ＭｅＶＸ射线建成区的剂量效应相近。     

不同标准X射线RQR辐射场刻度眼晶状体当量剂量Hp(3)比较研究

目的通过在不同标准X射线RQR辐射场对Hp(3)进行刻度,并对刻度结果进行比较,探究国内标准X射线RQR辐射场刻度Hp(3)的可行性。方法选择直径20 cm、高20 cm的柱模,分别选取国内外标准X射线RQR辐射场对同一TLD进行Hp(3)的刻度,选择射线包括RQR4(60 kV)、RQR7(90 kV)、RQR9(120 kV),刻度内容包括能量响应、角度响应和线性响应。结果在能量响应方面,TLD对国内外标准X射线RQR辐射场响应均较好,响应值与照射值差异均在10%以内。在角度响应方面,TLD在国外辐射场响应值较好,响应值与照射值差异均在6%以内。而在国内辐射场,TLD在20°响应值偏低,响应值与照射值差异>10%。在线性响应方面,TLD在国内和国外标准X射线RQR辐射场拟合程度均较好。结论本研究的各项检测结果表明,国内标准X射线RQR辐射场可以对TLD进行Hp(3)的刻度。     

2005年放疗水平二级剂量标准的TLD国际比对

目的通过参加国际原子能机构（IAEA）和世界卫生组织（WHO）组织的二级标准剂量学实验室（SSDL）TLD国际比对，检查SSDL放疗水平剂量标准和国际标准的一致性。方法SSDL对IAEA邮寄的TLD进行照射，并计算出其吸收剂量，然后将TLD及其计算结果寄往IAEA剂量学实验室，IAEA对其进行评价，给出比对的偏差。结果本次^60Co比对的偏差为-1．4％，高能X射线比对的偏差为-1．8％。结论按照IAEA要求，该项比对的最大允许偏差为±3．5％，所以这次比对结果是合格的。     

4种诊断X射线剂量仪能量响应的比较

目的 对常用的几种进口和国产的医用诊断X射线剂量仪的能量响应特性进行比较研究。方法在标准X射线辐射场中采用替代法完成剂量测量。结果国产RD-98诊断剂量仪与进口剂量仪能量响应性能均符合IEC要求。结论半导体探测器的诊断剂量仪与空气电离室剂量仪具有相同的能响变化范围。     

On the measurement of low-voltage therapeutic X-ray units.

Skin exposure rate was measured on 22 low-voltage therapeutic X-ray generators at an FSD of 15 cm at each of four standard kV steps. The measurements of two consecutive years were compared and their variance was analyzed. The statistical fluctuation of these field measurements due to the ionization method was 2.58%. According to the present measurements the high inaccuracies of low-voltage X-ray therapy are mainly due to the lack of reproducibility of the X-ray generators and an insufficient calibration of the dosemeters.     

Evaluation of a MOSFET radiation sensor for the measurement of entrance surface dose in diagnostic radiology

A patient dosimetry system using MOSFET technology (Thomson and Neilson Electronics Ltd, Canada) is evaluated for entrance surface dose measurements in diagnostic radiology. The system sensitivity for the standard MOSFET detector coupled to a high sensitivity bias supply was measured to be 1 mV mGy-1. Response of a new high sensitivity dosemeter was measured to be 3 mV mGy-1. The minimum detectable entrance surface dose at which a single measurement can be made with less than 25% total uncertainty at the 95% confidence level was estimated to be 4 mGy for the standard dosemeter and 1.5 mGy for the new high sensitivity dosemeter. The dosemeters were found to be linear with absorbed dose in air, linear with dose rate and reproducible, although they showed some energy dependence across the diagnostic energy range. The system is also compared with thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) as a tool for the measurement of entrance surface dose in diagnostic radiology. MOSFET detectors are considered to have advantages over TLD dosemeters with the instant readout of entrance surface dose. These dosemeters do have the disadvantage that they are visible in radiographs, they have a finite shelf life and can only accumulate absorbed dose up to a limiting value after which the dosemeters can no longer be used.     

Characterization of optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters to measure organ doses in diagnostic radiology

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of an optically stimulated luminescence dosemeter (OSLD) for use in diagnostic radiology and to apply the OSLD in measuring the organ doses by panoramic radiography.

Methods

The dose linearity, energy dependency and angular dependency of aluminium oxide-based OSLDs were examined using an X-ray generator to simulate various exposure settings in diagnostic radiology. The organ doses were then measured by inserting the dosemeters into an anthropomorphic phantom while using three panoramic machines.

Results

The dosemeters demonstrated consistent dose linearity (coefficient of variation<1.5%) and no significant energy dependency (coefficient of variation<1.5%) under the applied exposure conditions. They also exhibited negligible angular dependency (≤10%). The organ doses of the X-ray as a result of panoramic imaging by three machines were calculated using the dosemeters.

Conclusion

OSLDs can be utilized to measure the organ doses in diagnostic radiology. The availability of these dosemeters in strip form proves to be reliably advantageous.     

Protocol for X-ray dosimetry in radiobiology

Purpose : To harmonize X-ray dosimetry in radiobiology to allow a direct comparison of radiobiological studies performed at institutes cooperating within the framework of the European Late Effects Project Group (EULEP). Materials and methods : The 1985 EULEP protocol for X-ray dosimetry and exposure arrangements employed for studies of late somatic effects in mammals required serious revision, e.g. due to the replacement of calibration of dosemeters in terms of exposure by calibration in terms of air kerma free-in-air. An action group established by EULEP and the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) updated the 1985 protocol. Results : The new EULEP-EURADOS protocol for X-ray dosimetry in radiobiology including the code of practice for irradiation of small animals and related dosimetry. The present protocol includes the changes in calibration procedures and dosimetric concepts for irradiation with medium energy X-rays since 1985. Accuracy and precision are replaced by the concept of combined (standard) uncertainty. The revised supplements provide more detailed background information. New appendices contain definitions of general terms used for measurements and mathematical expressions of the relative variances. Conclusion : Adherence to the present protocol will result in improved dosimetry and facilitates the comparison of results of radiobiological experiments obtained at different institutes.     

Protocol for X-ray dosimetry in radiobiology.

PURPOSE: To harmonize X-ray dosimetry in radiobiology to allow a direct comparison of radiobiological studies performed at institutes cooperating within the framework of the European Late Effects Project Group (EULEP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 1985 EULEP protocol for X-ray dosimetry and exposure arrangements employed for studies of late somatic effects in mammals required serious revision, e.g. due to the replacement of calibration of dosemeters in terms of exposure by calibration in terms of air kerma free-in-air. An action group established by EULEP and the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) updated the 1985 protocol. RESULTS: The new EULEP-EURADOS protocol for X-ray dosimetry in radiobiology including the code of practice for irradiation of small animals and related dosimetry. The present protocol includes the changes in calibration procedures and dosimetric concepts for irradiation with medium energy X-rays since 1985. Accuracy and precision are replaced by the concept of combined (standard) uncertainty. The revised supplements provide more detailed background information. New appendices contain definitions of general terms used for measurements and mathematical expressions of the relative variances. CONCLUSION: Adherence to the present protocol will result in improved dosimetry and facilitates the comparison of results of radiobiological experiments obtained at different institutes.     

Assurance of the traceability chain for 131I measurement.

The paper presents some recent results of the Radionuclide Metrology Laboratory (RML) from IFIN-HH, concerning the assurance of the international traceability for the measurement of (131)I solution aimed to continue the national chain for nuclear medicine applications in Romania. The following sequences of the traceability are presented: the absolute standardization of solution by the 4pibeta-gamma coincidence, efficiency extrapolation method and participation in the BIPM.RI(II)-K1.I-131 key comparison; and recalibration of the CENTRONIC IG12/20A ionization chamber secondary standard. The participation in the IAEA/SSDL (SSRL) (131)I comparison is also presented.     

Performance assessment of patient dosimetry services and X-ray quality assurance instruments used in diagnostic radiology.

Experiences of the Regional Radiation Physics and Protection Service (RRPPS) in performance assessment of diagnostic X-ray QA instrumentation and on-patient dosemeters are recounted. Issues relating to the provision of realistic and reproducible reference conditions for calibrated X-irradiations are considered and summary statistics from test measurements of dose and kVp meters are provided. For both dose and kVp meters it is indicated that as many as 25% of instruments used in routine use in the U.K. may require some adjustment before they can truly be said to be performing as the manufacturer intended. Results from intercomparison exercises for patient dosimetry services are also discussed. It is apparent that, for those centres participating in the exercise, dose assessments are generally being obtained to within a bias and a relative standard deviation of less then 10%.