TiAl/40Cr扩散焊接头强度评价与预测

为了解决界面回波幅度均值无法评价异种材料扩散焊接头强度的问题,文中提出一种接头强度评价与预测方法.该方法基于二叉树支持向量机构建界面缺陷的识别模型,根据识别结果计算界面的焊合率,建立焊合率与抗剪强度的关系.采用线性拟合的方法获得抗剪强度的经验公式,用于预测接头强度.结果表明,构建的缺陷识别模型可以有效地识别出扩散焊界面未焊合、弱接合和微孔缺陷,焊合率与接头抗剪强度具有相关性,抗剪强度随着焊合率的增加而增加.实现了接头强度的预测,预测强度与实测值吻合较好.     

TiAl/40Cr的扩散钎焊

采用AgCuTi作中间层的扩散钎焊方法，实现了TiAl基合金与40Cr钢的异质连接；并用扫描电镜、电子探针扫描、X射线能谱等手段，对其接头组织、原子互扩散行为和界面反应等进行了分析研究。结果表明，界面原子间的范德华尔兹力、冶金结合、机械咬合以及界面反应是实现TiAl/AgCuTi/40Cr接头连接和获得优良接头强度的原因。     

M2/40Cr异种材料真空扩散焊的分析

采用拉伸试验、弯曲试验、硬度试验、扫描电镜断口形貌观察、显微组织分析、显微硬度测试等方法研究了高速钢W6Mo5Cr4V2(以下简称M2)与合金结构钢40Cr的真空扩散焊.结果表明,焊接温度为1 100 ℃,焊接压力为20 MPa,保温时间为30 min,真空度不低于0.1 Pa的条件下即可以实现高速钢与合金结构钢良好的冶金结合;拉伸试验、弯曲试验的断裂均发生在40Cr上.因此,可以认为在此工艺下所得焊接结合面的强度已经高于40Cr的抗拉强度与抗弯强度,低淬低回工艺可以保证高速钢和合金结构钢均具有满足使用要求的硬度.     

TiAl/40Cr扩散连接接头的界面结构及相成长

在 1173～ 1373K、0 .3～ 5 .4ks的接合条件下对TiAl金属间化合物与 4 0Cr钢进行了真空扩散连接。采用扫描电镜 (SEM )、电子探针微区成分分析 (EPMA)、X射线衍射分析 (XRD)等方法确定了反应相的种类和界面结构。研究结果表明 ,在 1373K的接合温度下 ,TiAl/ 4 0Cr接头生成了TiC ,Ti3 Al,FeAl和FeAl2 4种反应相 ,形成了 3个反应层 ,界面结构为TiAl/Ti3 Al+FeAl+FeAl2 /TiC/脱碳层 / 4 0Cr钢。界面总反应层的厚度随接合温度和接合时间按抛物线方程成长 ,成长的活化能Q为 2 11.9kJ/mol,成长常数k0 为 4 .6× 10 -5m2 /s。当脆性反应层厚度为 3μm时 ,TiAl/ 4 0Cr钢接头的室温拉伸强度达到 183MPa的最大值。     

Mg/Al异种材料真空扩散焊界面区域的显微组织

采用真空扩散焊技术对Mg／Al异种材料进行了焊接。采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度计及X射线衍射(XRD)对扩散界面附近的显微组织及性能进行了试验研究。试验结果表明，Mg／Al异种材料真空扩散焊在加热温度Tp=450-490℃，压力强度P=0．08-0．10MPa，保温时间t=40-60min时能得到良好的扩散焊接头。扩散焊界面过渡区形成了致密的新相化合物层，断口形貌呈粗糙暗灰色，以解理断裂为主并伴有脆性的混合型断口，扩散界面过渡区生成了MgAl、Mg3Al2、Mg2Al3等金属间化合物。     

金属板扩散焊接超声C扫描检测关键技术

超声C扫描是检测金属材料扩散焊接质量的主要技术手段。针对扩散焊接界面的缺陷特征,本文在理论上分析了超声C扫描检测的关键技术要点,主要包括超声频率的选择、检测灵敏度设置等。实验结果表明,高频聚焦超声C扫描方法能够满足扩散焊接质量评价的要求。     

Mg/Al异种材料扩散焊界面组织结构及力学性能

Mg/Al扩散焊接头界面区由铝板侧过渡层(Mg2Al3相)、中间扩散层(MgAl相)、镁板侧过渡层(Mg3Al2相)组成.SEM观察分析表明,在界面铝板侧扩散层与中间扩散层之间存在一定的扩散空洞,不利于获得接头性能优良的扩散焊接头.随着加热温度的升高界面抗剪强度呈现先增大再降低的趋势,当加热温度475 ℃,保温时间60 min及压力0.081 MPa时,接头可达到最大抗剪强度18.94 MPa.接头界面扩散区的显微硬度范围为260～350 HM,明显存在三个不同硬度分布区,随着加热温度的提高,扩散区的显微硬度及扩散区宽度也相应增加.     

Fe3Al/Q235异种材料扩散焊界面相结构分析

采用X射线衍射、透射电镜和电子衍射技术对Fe3Al/Q235真空扩散焊界面附近的微观相结构进行了试验研究。试验结果表明，当加热温度1050～1080℃，保温时间60min，压力9.8MPa时，Fe3Al金属间化合物与Q235钢扩散焊界面附近形成了明显的扩散过滤区，该过渡区由Fe3Al相和a-Fe(Al）固深体构成，显微硬度约为480～540HM，不存在含铝校较高的高硬度脆性相。有利于提高Fe3Al/Q235扩散过滤区的韧性，提高扩散焊接头的抗裂纹能力。扩散过滤区中的Fe3Al相与a-Fe(Al）固溶体之间存在着（110）a-Fe(Al)//(011)Fe3Al和[001]a-Fe(Al)//[100]Fe3Al的晶体学取向关系。     

Evaluation of TiAI and 40Cr diffusion bonding quality using ultrasonic reflection spectrum

Combined with ultrasonic pulse-echo technique, reflection spectrum analysis was introduced to evaluate TiAl and 40Cr diffusion bonding quality. Frequency dependence of reflection coefficient was used to distinguish perfect bonding from imperfect bonding. It is found that the reflection coefficient from perfect bonding interface does not vary with frequency. When the size of imperfections is much smaller than the wavelength of ultrasound, the reflection coeffwient depends on frequency. When the size of imperfections is the same order of or even larger than the wavelength of ultrasound, the reflection coeffwient does not exhibit frequency dependence. However the amplitude of imperfect interface is higher than the amplitude of perfect bonding interface. A combination of reflection spectrum analysis and ultrasonic pulse-echo technique provides more accurate information about the bonding quality of dissimilar materials.     

铜钢堆焊接头的超声信号特征及质量评价

采用水浸聚焦超声C扫描成像的检测方法,研究了铜钢堆焊接头的质量评价.首先从理论上分析了聚焦声束垂直于圆柱形工件表面入射时,沿圆柱体轴线与圆周两个互相垂直的方向上的声场情况.在此基础上对堆焊试件进行了超声C扫描检测试验,为了验证检测结果的可靠性,在试件上典型位置处进行了破坏性检测试验,分析了相应的超声A扫描信号特征.结果表明,采用该方法评定铜钢堆焊接头质量是可行的,同时指出采用从基体一侧入射的检测方式能够获得较高的可靠性.     

Evaluation of TiAl and 40Cr diffusion bonding quality using ultrasonic reflection spectrum

Combined with ultrasonic pulse-echo technique, reflection spectrum analysis was introduced to evaluate TiAl and 40Cr diffusion bonding quality. Frequency dependence of reflection coefficient was used to distinguish perfect bonding from imperfect bonding. It is found that the reflection coefficient from perfect bonding interface does not vary with frequency. When the size of imperfections is much smaller than the wavelength of ultrasound, the reflection coefficient depends on frequency. When the size of imperfections is the same order of or even larger than the wavelength of ultrasound, the reflection coefficient does not exhibit frequency dependence. However the amplitude of imperfect interface is higher than the amplitude of perfect bonding interface. A combination of reflection spectrum analysis and ultrasonic pulse-echo technique provides more accurate information about the bonding quality of dissimilar materials.     

异种金属扩散焊接接头的超声检测

异种金属扩散焊接接头存在多种类型的缺陷,这些缺陷严重影响焊接结构的完整性和零部件本身的使用性能。利用超声波扫描成像技术获得试样的扫描图样,然后从扩散焊接界面的显微结构和界面超声回波信号等角度,阐述了扩散焊接接头的原材料裂纹、接头裂纹、未焊合缺陷和焊接良好区域的特征。通过有效的无损检测手段,可以准确地评价缺陷的类型、大小和位置。     

Ultrasonic evaluation of TiAl and 40Cr diffusion bonding quality based on time-scale characteristics extraction

To solve the problem of ultrasonic pulse-echo method in the evaluation of kissing bond and unbond in TiAl and ⁴⁰Cr diffusion bonding, a characteristics extraction algorithm was proposed. The algorithm was based on continuous wavelet transform to convert ultrasonic TiAl and ⁴⁰Cr diffusion bonding interface signals into time-scale domain. The ultrasonic tests were performed by an ultrasonic C-scan imaging system using a 10 MHz focused transducer. The time-scale amplitude and phase of the interface signals were calculated and analyzed to distinguish the kissing bond and the unbond from the perfectly bonded interface. The kissing bond can be detected by the scale-dependent amplitude combined with phase variation and the unbond can be measured by the opposite phase. The amplitude and phase characteristics were extracted to reconstruct the amplitude and phase characteristics images for TiAl and ⁴⁰Cr diffusion bonding specimens evaluation. The amplitude and phase characteristics images are effective in the evaluation of bonding quality.     

复杂结构电子束焊缝超声无损评价

采用超声C扫描成像方法检测了复杂结构电子束焊缝.根据这类焊接结构的特点,采用模拟试件,代替真实试件,简化了试验条件.着重分析了大深宽比工件内超声的传播特性,在此基础上,经反复试验研制了聚焦效果较好的声透镜,将声透镜应用于平探头上进行检测试验,为了验证检测结果的可靠性,对试件上典型位置进行了破坏性试验分析.结果表明:自制探头的检测灵敏度较高,超声检测结果与界面缺陷分布情况具有较好的一致性,说明超声C扫描成像检测方法是电子束焊缝质量评价的有效手段.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction welds between TiAl alloy and 40Cr steel rods

Direct friction welding of TiAl alloy to 40Cr steel rods was conducted, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the resultant joints in as-welded and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) states were investigated. The martensitic transformation occurred and brittle TiC phase formed near the interface due to C agglomeration, which degraded the joint strength and increased the microhardness at the interface in as-welded state. Feathery and Widmanstatten structure generated near the interface on TiAl alloy side. After PWHT at 580 °C and 630 °C for 2 h, the sorbite formed and C dispersed at the interface, leading to the increase of the joint strength from 86 MPa in as-welded state to 395 MPa and 330 MPa, respectively. The heat-treated specimen fractured with quasi-cleavage features through the zone 1 mm away from the interface on TiAl alloy side, but the as-welded specimen failed through the interface.