大鼠自体血栓大脑中动脉闭塞模型的改良

目的 进一步改良大鼠自体血栓大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型。方法 通过神经功能缺损评分，MRI，TTC染色，墨汁染色和病理观察。对改良血栓和普通血栓的栓塞效果进行比较。同时对不同体重大鼠对血栓直径的要求进行了观察。结果 6个改良血栓可形成与12个普通血栓相同的MCAO，两组之间神经功能缺损评分，梗死面积无显著性差异。结论 改良后保证了Willis环后半部的完整；动物不需两次手术，使操作时间明显缩短，使模型推广成为可能。     

不同程度大鼠冻伤模型的构建**◆

背景：冻伤目前尚无特异治疗方法,良好的冻伤模型对研究冻伤的机制及修复有重要意义。 目的：建立大鼠不同程度皮肤冻伤模型,探讨建立理想冻伤模型的新方法。 方法：将一元钱硬币在液氮罐中冷冻至-196 ℃后紧贴SD大鼠皮肤3,5,10 s, 24 h后分别切取冻伤组织标本行常规苏木精-伊红染色,显微镜下观察组织的病理结构改变。 结果与结论：冻伤3 s所造成的轻度冻伤只破坏了表皮浅层,基底层未发生改变;冻伤5 s所造成的中度冻伤破坏了表皮全层(含基底层)及真皮浅层,但真皮深层及毛囊根部未受损伤;冻伤10 s所造成的重度冻伤破坏了真皮深层及毛囊根部。说明冻伤3 s所造成的轻度冻伤和冻伤5 s所造成的中度冻伤可作为依据建立动物模型。 关键词：冻伤;动物模型;大鼠;不同程度;皮肤     

冷保存方法构建的大鼠肝移植模型

背景：肝移植是终末期肝病最为有效的治疗手段,移植后胆病是制约肝移植发展的主要障碍之一。目的：建立稳定的大鼠冷保存肝移植模型,探讨冷保存对肝移植后肝脏胆管的影响。方法：120只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,按照组内随机配对的原则,体质量相对较轻的大鼠做为供体,供肝置于4 ℃ UW液中分别保存2,8,16 h后行原位肝移植。在“两套袖法”基础上,以“支架法”建立动脉化大鼠原位肝移植模型,供受体肝总动脉采用改良“支架法”进行端端吻合,重建肝动脉血供。记录移植手术时间及移植成功率,并分别于移植后3,7 d检测血清转氨酶、总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶水平,同时观察组织病理学改变。结果与结论：实验共完成55例次大鼠原位肝移植手术,手术成功率为93%。冷保存2,8,16 h组术后7 d存活率分别为100%(9/9),83%(10/12),73%(8/11)。随着冷保存时间的延长,肝功能及肝内胆管损伤加重,胆管组织病理学评分显示各组间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。其中供肝冷保存16 h大鼠肝移植模型既有较高的手术存活率又有严重的胆管损伤,是研究冷保存对肝移植胆管病影响的较好模型。主要观察指标：移植手术时间,移植成功率。分别于移植后3,7d检测血清转氨酶、总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶及组织病理分析。结果：冷保存时间延长导致胆道功能严重损伤,胆管组织病理学评分显示各组间差异有显著性。结论：供肝冷保存16 h大鼠肝移植模型是研究冷保存对肝移植胆管病影响的较好模型。     

大鼠不同程度颅脑损伤模型的建立及评估

目的 探讨大鼠不同程度颅脑损伤（TBI）模型的制作方法。方法 将40只SD大鼠随机分为4组:对照组、轻型TBI组、中型TBI组及重型TBI组,每组10只。采用Feeney法自由落体颅脑损伤装置并进行适当改进,以不同致伤冲击力（200、600和1 000 g/cm）建立轻、中、重型TBI模型,对照组仅去骨瓣,不致脑损伤。伤后24 h观察各组大鼠行为学及病理组织学改变。结果 与对照组相比,行为学结果显示,随着致伤冲击力增加,平衡木试验得分越高（P<0.05）、神经损害程度评分越高（P<0.05）、水迷宫试验中逃避潜伏期越长（P<0.05）且经过平台次数越少（P<0.05）。组织病理学发现损伤程度及范围随致伤冲击力的增大而增加。结论 本研究参照Feeney法自由落体TBI装置并适当给予改进,成功建立不同程度大鼠TBI模型,其制作方法简单、可控性好、可重复性好,可用于TBI的动物实验研究。     

大鼠脊髓完全性损伤模型的建立

背景：建立有效的完全性脊髓损伤动物模型是深入研究脊髓损伤的前提,只有建立标准的、可重复性高的实验动物模型才能择优选出治疗脊髓损伤的可行方案。 目的：实验拟建立一种稳定的大鼠完全性脊髓损伤动物模型。 设计、时间及地点：对照观察动物实验,于2007-11/2008-10在石河子大学药学院动物试验中心完成。 材料：30只健康Wistar大鼠随机分成假手术组6只、实验组24只。 方法：显露实验组大鼠T8~T12棘突及椎板,切除T9~10棘突及椎板,暴露相应脊髓段作为损伤区,采用大鼠脑定位仪自主设计改良Allen模型打击装置,予15 g×20 cm=2.94×10-2N 重力打击大鼠T10节段脊髓,动物模型保证硬脊膜完整。假手术组仅同法暴露相应脊髓段,但不做打击。 主要观察指标：造模后2,4,8周以斜板试验及BBB评分观察大鼠双后肢运动功能,以苏木精-伊红染色观察大鼠脊髓组织的变化。 结果：假手术组大鼠苏醒后能站立行走,斜板试验角度均大于70°,BBB评分21分,脊髓结构正常。实验组大鼠造模后双下肢全瘫,2只大鼠表现为痉挛性瘫痪,5只大鼠表现出不同程度的自残现象。造模后2,4,8周斜板试验角度均小于30°,BBB评分均少于10分,随时间延长,部分大鼠可见后肢刺激性反射,但无主动性功能活动,局部脊髓结构破坏严重。 结论：以2.94×10-2N 重力打击大鼠脊髓可保证硬脊膜的完整,并获得稳定的完全性脊髓损伤动物模型。     

自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗严重下肢动脉硬化闭塞症15例

于2007-01/2009-03锦州市中心医院确诊为糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症及合并糖尿病足的患者15例,平均年龄67.2岁,患肢均有严重皮温减低;8例静息痛,8例合并糖尿病干湿混合性坏疽,7例伴有干性坏疽。入选患者经内科综合治疗2周后,皮下注射人重组粒细胞集落刺激因子500 U/d,共3 d,第4日于双侧髂后上棘抽取自身骨髓血,采用密度梯度离心法分离单个核细胞,制成细胞悬液40~50 mL,含单个核细胞1.6×1012 L-1~15.6×1012 L-1。在复合麻醉下行患肢肌肉多点注射,1 mL/点,各点间距约3 cm×3 cm。15例患者中,有2例在2个月内分别进行了2次骨髓干细胞移植,其余13例患者均只进行1次骨髓干细胞移植。移植后6个月,1例因急性心肌梗死死亡;1例移植前为后肢体疼痛、冷感均有改善,但移植后3个月出现患肢胫前脓肿予以截肢;其余13例移植前后下肢动脉造影血管评分差异显著(P < 0.01),肢体冷感、疼痛感差异明显(P < 0.05),而溃疡分级、踝肱比无明显变化(P > 0.05)。应用逐步回归分析显示,单个核细胞数量与新生侧支血管分级呈正相关。总有效率达80%,无效率20%,全部患者均未见注射局部及全身有明显不良反应发生。提示自体骨髓干细胞移植是治疗糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症简单有效的方法。     

脊髓慢性损伤模型的构建

背景：由于缺乏简单、理想的动物实验模型,脊髓病理改变及病理生理机制目前仍不明确。 目的：通过对脊髓慢性损伤动物模型综合叙述,为脊髓慢性损伤的动物实验研究提供参考,并进一步探讨脊髓慢性损伤摸型的建立与应用。 方法：以spinal cord injury,animal model,Models, Animal为检索词,应用计算机检索Medline等数据库相关文章,排除样本量太少及重复发表的文章,保留34篇文献做进一步分析。 结果与结论：脊髓损伤动物模型对于探求脊髓疾病的病因和病理机制,特别是对脊髓再生的神经生物学研究,评价脊髓损伤后有效的干预治疗措施有十分重要的作用。目前脊髓损伤动物模型虽然种类繁多,但各存优缺点,并且存在多种变异因素,如动物间个体差异、手术操作熟练程度及损伤装置的精密程度等,以致现有模型还无法准确控制脊髓损伤的范围和程度。故建立具有较强稳定性,能够反映特定病理变化的脊髓损伤动物模型一直是研究者追求的目标。     

大鼠股骨开放截骨模型与闭合骨折模型制作的比较

背景：骨折动物模型无疑是研究骨折愈合的基石，其中开放截骨模型与闭合骨折模型是较成熟的两种长骨干骨折模型。就作者所查文献，未见关于大鼠两种模型比较研究的报道。 目的：比较大鼠股骨开放截骨模型与闭合骨折模型的制作过程，并通过X射线摄片比较二者的骨折愈合情况。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验，于2007-01/05在苏州大学附属第二医院骨科实验室完成。 材料：SPF级雄性SD大鼠40只，体质量(220±30) g，随机分为开放截骨模型组与闭合骨折模型组，每组20只。电动摆锯；自行改良设计的闭合骨折模型打击器。 方法：开放组行开放截骨术造成股骨中段横行骨折，逆行克氏针固定；闭合组行逆行克氏针固后，使用造模支架致股骨中段闭合骨折。 主要观察指标：比较两组的平均造模时间，造模成功率及术后2，3，4，8周骨折愈合的X射线情况。 结果：开放截骨模型每只造模成功率90%,平均造摸时间为17 min，骨折畸形愈合及不愈合率40%；闭合骨折模型每只造模成功率85%，平均造模时间12 min，未见畸形愈合及不愈合。术后2，3，4周X射线评分开放组均低于闭合组(P < 0.05)，8周时开放组X射线评分仍较闭合组低，但差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。 结论：开放截骨模型造模时间长，骨折畸形愈合不愈合发生率高，近中期骨折愈合明显滞后，不适于近中期骨折愈合的研究。     

大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型之比较研究

目的：观察常用大鼠全脑缺血／再灌注模型在缺血及再灌注过程中ｒＣＢＦ及ＥＥＧ的变化。方法：用ｐｅｒｆｌｕｘ－３型多谱勒灌注监测测定局部脑血流量变化。用脑电图仪监测脑电波变化。结果：２ＶＯ组,３ＶＯ组与颈动脉分流组在缺血２５ｍｉｎ时ｒＣＢＦ较Ｖ４ＶＯ组下降明显。３ＶＯ组颈动脉分流组再灌注３０ｓ内ｒＣＢＦ上升较４ＶＯ组及２ＶＯ组变化较慢。     

大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞后丘脑calcineurin变化的研究

目的：揭示大脑中动脉闭塞后丘脑Calcineurin(CaN)的时空变化规律，探讨CaN的作用机制。方法：制备大鼠大脑中动脉永久性闭塞模型，分别测定缺血后不同时间点病灶侧丘脑CaN的活性和含量。结果：缺血后24h始丘脑CaN的含量下降且不恢复；CaN的活性与含量分离。结论：MCAO后丘脑CaN活性独特的时间变化规律显示其参与介导继发性丘脑损伤，可能具有毒性作用。     

Comparison of two experimental thrombosis models in rats effects of four glycosaminoglycans

Two experimental thrombosis models in rats have been compared with regard to the composition of the formed thrombi and the effects of various treatments on thrombus formation. In the first model thrombosis is induced in the vena cava by a combination of venous stasis and hypercoagulability; these thrombi consist merely of red cells and fibrin with only a few platelets. In the second model thrombosis is induced in an arterio-venous shunt in which the formed thrombi consist of red cells, fibrin and a large amount of platelet aggregates adhering to the foreign material. Antiplatelet serum and acetylsalicylic acid, which reduce blood platelet activity, inhibited thrombus formation only in the arteriovenous shunt model. Dicumoxane, an oral anticoagulant, was active in both models. The glycosaminoglycans heparin, Org 10172, Fragmin and the pentasaccharide, representing the AT-III binding sequence of heparin, were active in both models. However, there were qualitative and quantitative differences between the effects of the glycosaminoglycans suggesting differences in their modes of action.     

Fibrinolytic activity and the effects of beta-pyridylcarbinol (Ronicol) in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans

Twenty-one patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremities were treated with beta-pyridylcarbinol (Ronicol) for five weeks. The long-term therapy with beta-pyridylcarbinol did not influence platelet aggregability. Activation of the fibrinolytic system was observed. This fibrinolytic effect of Ronicol was abolished in patients treated with aspirin. In most cases a slight clinical improvement was seen, manifested by elongation of pain-free walking distance and increased blood flow in affected limbs. It is concluded that the therapeutic effect of Ronicol in humans may be partly mediated by the release of endogenous prostacyclin.     

Platelet-derived microparticles in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans: enhancement of high shear-induced microparticle generation by cytokines

We evaluated the plasma concentrations of cytokines and platelet-derived microparticles in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans and studied the effect of cytokines on platelet-derived microparticle generation under high shear stress. Interleukin-6 levels peaked at 48 hours after vascular surgery, while thrombopoietin started to increase at 24 to 48 hours postoperatively and peaked on the seventh day. Platelet activation markers were increased in the arteriosclerosis obliterans patients preoperatively. Levels of P-selectin and CD63 both increased further, peaking at 6 to 24 hours postoperatively. Platelet-derived microparticle levels were also increased preoperatively. At 6 hours postoperatively, the plasma level of platelet-derived microparticles was significantly increased. Plasma platelet-derived microparticle level was lower at 12 hours but only returned to the preoperative value at 7 days after grafting. There was a difference in the platelet-derived microparticle level at 7 days between patients with or without antiplatelet therapy (cilostazol). The effect of cytokines on platelet activation under high shear stress was also studied. Interleukin-6 and thrombopoietin enhanced both P-selectin expression and platelet-derived microparticle generation under high shear stress. These results suggest that platelet-derived microparticles are released by platelet activation after vascular grafting when certain cytokines increase under high shear stress and that antiplatelet therapy may reduce platelet-derived microparticle levels postoperatively.     

两种神经球制片方法的比较研究

目的 探讨两种神经球制片方法--贴片法和切片法的差异,并初探神经球内部的细胞结构.方法 分离培养新生小鼠端脑神经干细胞,收集原代或传代培养7 d的神经球用于制片;贴片法是将神经球整体贴于载玻片上,切片法是将神经球用OCT包埋,冷冻切片机切片;通过比较两种制片方法的巢蛋白(nestin)免疫荧光染色的差异说明两种制片方法的差异;用HE染色方法将神经球切片染色,进一步观察其内部结构.结果 成功分离培养的新生小鼠端脑神经干细胞在体外培养中形成神经球;贴片法制片神经球表面细胞染色良好,内部细胞不能着色,而且细胞形态显示不清晰,切片法制片神经球表面和内部细胞均能着色,细胞形态显示清晰:HE染色见神经球细胞之间借助突起相互连接,形成错综复杂的细胞网络.结论 切片法制片较贴片法制片更有利于神经球的形态学研究;神经球是一个复杂的立体的细胞生长模式.     

三种方法制作大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型

目的探讨三种方法制作大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)模型的应用价值。方法分别采用颈内动脉穿刺法(PIC)、枕大池2次注血法(ACM)和交叉前池注血法(APC)制作大鼠SAH模型。观察不同模型的病死率、蛛网膜下腔血液分布及含量、脑血管痉挛程度及持续时间、伴发脑水肿、血-脑屏障(BBB)通透性等方面的改变。结果三种方法均成功制作SAH模型。病死率:PIC为46.2%,ACM为25.0%,APC为11.1%。血管痉挛高峰时间:PIC与APC均为第2天,第3～5天恢复正常;ACM为第5天,持续7 d。蛛网膜下腔血液量:ACM为(240.50±25.38)lμ,APC为(172.15±25.45)μl;PIC模型变异大,为60～520 lμ,平均(267.12±45.86)μl。PIC模型脑水肿最重,ACM与APC模型脑水肿相对较轻。PIC模型造成严重的BBB通透性损害,另两组损害程度相近。结论三种方法制成的模型适用于研究SAH不同病理生理改变的需要。PIC脑水肿重,病死率高,适用于SAH后脑损害的机制研究;ACM脑血管痉挛的时间特征与人SAH后血管痉挛接近,适用于血管痉挛的机制研究;APC血液恒定分布于前循环,病死率低,...     

Comparison of two methods of neurologic assessment in infants

Information provided by the neonatal neurologic assessment is important for identifying infants with neurologic abnormalities at a very early age. The aim of this study was to compare two distinct approaches to the neurologic assessment of newborns: the Amiel-Tison neurologic assessment, and Prechtl's qualitative assessment of general movements. The results of both assessments were studied in a group of 45 preterm infants with different risk factors for brain damage that were compared at term age and at a corrected age of 3 months. The predictive power of the two methods regarding the neurologic and developmental outcome at a corrected age of 12-15 months was analyzed. The agreement of the two methods was excellent at term (kappa = 0.87) and good at 3 months (kappa = 0.54). The sensitivity of both methods for detecting children with neurologic abnormalities was high both at term and at 3 months (0.92, 1.0 for the Amiel-Tison assessment and 0.96, 1.0 for general movements). The specificity of both techniques was low at both ages (0.45, 0.75 for the Amiel-Tison assessment and 0.40, 0.35 for general movements). The agreement of the neurologic and developmental outcome was better with the Amiel-Tison assessment (kappa = 0.39, 0.77) than with the observation of general movements (kappa = 0.38, 0.37).     

Comparison of two methods of quantitative assessment of hypoxemia in patients with sleep disorders

Objective: To evaluate the validity of two methods of quantifying oxygen saturation during sleep: saturation impairment time (SIT) index and percentage of time spent below various levels of oxygen saturation (%T).Background: Although many methods of reporting nocturnal hypoxemia in sleep have been utilized, no 'gold standard' has been identified to report in conjunction with frequency of breathing pauses. We compare two such methods.Methods: Prospective, non-randomized, double-blind, controlled trial on 298 patients referred to a sleep-disorders center. In-laboratory recording of nocturnal polysomnography with the data from the pulse-oximetry channel stored in a computer for subsequent analysis. SIT index and %T data were compared for each patient, as were values between patient groups. Raw and logarithmic transformed data were analyzed using regression and non-parametric methods.Results: SIT index and %T data correlate well, but deviations exist between the results of these tests in individual patients and between some patient groups.Conclusion: SIT index, combining time and severity of desaturation, may provide additional useful data in the study of oxygen desaturation in sleep, compared to %T calculations. Such data may be important in future studies of physiological variables.     

Comparison of two models for delivery of services in psychiatric emergencies

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefits of the psychiatric emergency service (PES) model, in comparison to the model of the psychiatric consultant to the emergency department (the consultation model). METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 100 involuntary PES patients and 100 involuntary patients of the consultation model were matched for age, sex, ethnicity and primary diagnosis. Baseline characteristics, demographics and various outcomes of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: After establishment of the psychiatric emergency service, there were improvements in the following categories: (1) timely rendering of psychiatric emergency care (330 vs. 639 min, P<.01), (2) completion of mental status exam (95% vs. 49%, P<.01), (3) pregnancy testing (73% vs. 52%, P<.05), (4) safety in the form of seclusion (6% vs. 15%, P<.05) and elopement (5% vs. 13%, P<.05). There were no statistical significant differences in urine toxicology ordered, follow-up care provided and readmission rate after 30 days. CONCLUSION: The PES is a multidisciplinary system that can be beneficial to psychiatric emergency patients by providing timely rendering of care, improving access to care, and ensuring safety and better assessment.