不同白蛋白尿水平的2型糖尿病肾病患者血清不对称性二甲基精氨酸与血管内皮损伤的相关性研究

目的 探讨不同白蛋白尿水平的2型糖尿病肾病患者血清不对称性二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)与血管内皮损伤的相关性.方法 将81例2型糖尿病肾病患者按尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为微量白蛋白尿组(UAER 21～199 mg/24h,38例)和大量白蛋白尿组(UAER≥200 mg/24h,43例),另选择20例健康体检者作为对照组,均应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测右前臂桡动脉内膜-中层厚度和内皮舒张功能,并采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清ADMA.结果 三组桡动脉腔内径及内膜-中层厚度比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);微量白蛋白尿组、大量白蛋白尿组内皮依赖性舒张功能(EDD)和非内皮依赖性舒张功能(EID)均明显低于对照组[(10.45±2.58)％、(7.56±2.17)％比(15.72±3.05)％、(15.42±2.71)％、(15.37±2.92)％比(19.31±3.76)％],大量白蛋白尿组EDD明显低于微量白蛋白尿组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).微量白蛋白尿组、大量白蛋白尿组血清ADMA均明显高于对照组[(0.63±0.08)、(0.92±0.12)μmol/L比(0.39±0.05)μmol/L],大量白蛋白尿组明显高于微量白蛋白尿组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).2型糖尿病肾病患者血清ADMA与EDD呈负相关(r=-0.81,P=0.020),与C反应蛋白呈正相关(r=0.75,P=0.034).结论 2型糖尿病肾病患者血清ADMA显著升高,其升高与动脉内皮功能损伤密切相关.     

2型糖尿病肾病与糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性与平行性研究

目的探讨不同阶段的2型糖尿病肾病（DN）与糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）之间相关性与平行性的关系。方法 330例2型糖尿病患者分为无白蛋白尿组（DM0）、微量蛋白尿组（DM1）、临床蛋白尿组（DM2）,均进行眼底、尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛功能、尿素氮、肌酐、血脂、空腹、餐后2小时血糖等检查,比较不同组别间糖尿病视网膜病变的发生率及与视网膜病变的严重程度是否平行,并对检测结果进行比较分析。结果 DR的发生率在临床蛋白尿组最高,为86.9%,其次是微量蛋白尿组,为57.5%,无白蛋白尿组DR的发生率最低,为16.4%;DN的发生与病程关系密切。结论随着DN的加重,DR的发病率也呈明显增高的趋势,提示了两者之间的密切相关性,但DN与DR之间的严重程度并不完全平行。DN的发生与病程密切相关。     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者血浆HCY与血管内皮细胞损伤、血小板活化的关系

目的 研究糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与血管内皮细胞损伤、血小板活化的关系.方法 将80例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者分为2组:无糖尿病视网膜病变(NDR)组50例,糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)组30例;以本院健康体检正常者30例为对照(NC)组.分别测定Hcy、外周血循环内皮细胞(CEC)、血浆内皮素(ET)、血管性血友病因子(vWF);血小板活化标志物CD62p、CD63水平.结果 T2DM患者CEC、ET、vWF、CD62p、CD63、Hcy水平均明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);DR组CEC、ET、vWF、CD62p、CD63、Hey明显高于NDR组(P＜0.01).血浆CEC计数和ET浓度呈正相关(r=0.839,P＜0.05);Hcy浓度与CEC计数呈正相关(r=0.615.P＜0.05),Hey与ET浓度呈正相关(r=0.642,P＜0.05).Hcy与CD62p呈正相关(r=0.623,P＜0.05),与CD63呈正相关(r=0.542,P＜0.05).结论 T2DM患者血浆Hcy、CEC、ET、vWF、CD62p、CD63水平升高与DR有密切关系,血浆Hcy升高、血管内皮损伤与血小板活化可能在DM视网膜病变的发病机制中有一定意义.     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清血管紧张素转换酶活性检测及其意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病患者血清血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)检测的临床意义。方法选择2型糖尿病患者(DM)301例和健康体检者291例,根据尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值(UACR)将DM患者分为正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、大量白蛋白尿组,分析血清ACE、肾功能指标,绘制ROC曲线分析血清ACE对微量和大量白蛋白尿的诊断价值,并对大量白蛋白尿发生的危险因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 2型糖尿病患者血清ACE活性显著高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=-6.703,P0.01)。无白蛋白尿组与微量白蛋白尿组之间ACE活性差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而大量白蛋白尿组显著高于其他组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。血清ACE诊断微量白蛋白尿和大量白蛋白尿的AUC分别为0.649(0.595~0.707)和0.680(0.608~0.750),P0.001,后者优于前者。多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示血清ACE和Cr为糖尿病患者发生大量白蛋白尿的独立危险因素。结论血清ACE活性与2型糖尿病肾病有比较密切的关系,血清ACE高活性可能是肾病发展到后期的危险标志。     

2型糖尿病患者血管性假血友病因子与糖尿病肾病关系的研究

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病不同时期血清血管性假血友病因子(vWF)浓度的变化及意义。方法 正常对照组50例和2型糖尿病组150例纳入本研究，根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)将糖尿病患者分为正常蛋白尿组(56例)、微量白蛋白尿组(49例)和临床蛋白尿组(45例)。采用ELISA法检测血清vWF浓度。结果 2型糖尿病患者血清vWF浓度较对照组明显升高；血清vWF浓度随UAER的增加而增加；多元逐步回归分析表明vWF与UAER、血肌酐(Cr)及病程呈正相关。结论 2型糖尿病患者血清vWF升高，而且vWF升高的强度与糖尿病肾病的程度存在一致性。     

尿κ轻链早期诊断糖尿病肾病的价值初探

目的　探讨尿κ轻链 (KLC)在早期糖尿病肾病 (DN)中的变化及其临床诊断价值。方法　分别以散射比浊法和放射免疫法测定 12 3例 2型糖尿病患者尿KLC和尿白蛋白排泄率 (UAER)。结果　 2型糖尿病组尿KLC高于对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1)。糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组尿KLC高于糖尿病正常白蛋白尿组及对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。早期糖尿病肾病患者大部分同时存在尿KLC和UAER的升高。尿KLC和UAER两种方法诊断早期糖尿病肾病有非常显著关联性 ,且诊断结果无差别。在 9.91mg dl水平 ,尿KLC诊断早期DN有较高的特异性。结论　尿KLC为诊断早期糖尿病肾病肾小管病变指标 ,因与UAER存在分离现象 ,和UAER联检可更好地早期诊断和监测糖尿病肾病 ,建议尿KLC≥ 9.91mg dl为诊断早期糖尿病肾病的界限值。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平的变化及意义

目的 探讨血清白细胞介素=18(IL-18)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)在糖尿病肾病(DN)中的变化及意义.方法 78例2型糖尿病患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为正常白蛋白尿组(28例)、微量白蛋白尿组(29例)和临床白蛋白尿组(21例).30例健康者为健康对照组.所有受试者均采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平.结果 (1)糖尿病各组血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平均较健康对照组明显升高(P＜0.01),且血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平在正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床白蛋白尿组呈逐渐升高,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2)相关分析显示DN患者血清IL18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平与UAER呈显著正相关(P＜0.01);血清Ⅱ-18水平与血清TNF-α、sICAM-1水平呈显著正相关(P＜0.01),血清TNF-α水平与血清sICAM-1水平亦呈显著正相关(P＜0.01).结论 .DN患者血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平与DN的程度相关;血清II-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1在监测DN的发生和发展方面有一定的临床意义.     

2型糖尿病患者尿单核细胞趋化蛋白-1排泄的变化及其意义

目的观察2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus，T2DM）患者尿单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）排泄的变化并分析尿MCP一1排泄与尿白蛋白排泄的关系。方法正常对照组20例（A组），56例2型糖尿病患者据其尿白蛋白／肌酐比值（the ratio of urinary albumin to creatinine ACR：mg·g^-1·Cr^-1）分为正常白蛋白尿组（B组，N=21），微量白蛋白尿组（C组，N=20），临床白蛋白尿组（D组，N=17）。检测所有人选者尿MCP-1／尿肌酐（Ucr）比值及其相关因素。结果与对照组比较，B组、C组、D组在年龄、性别、体重指数方面差异无统计学意义；与A组比较，B组尿MCP-1／Ucr水平显著升高（P〈0．01），C组和D组尿MCP-1／Ucr水平进一步升高（P〈0．01）；尿MCP-1／Ucr水平与UAIb／Ucr、HbAlc、血清TC和TG呈正相关。结论2型糖尿病患者尿MCP-1排泄增加，并与糖尿病。肾病的病情程度有关。     

2型糖尿病患者尿结缔组织生长因子水平检测的临床意义

目的:探讨尿液结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)检测在2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)早期肾功能损害中的诊断价值。方法:将74例临床确诊为T2DM的患者按照尿微白蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为两组:正常蛋白尿组(非DN组)38例(UAER20μg/min),微量蛋白尿组(DN组)36例(20μg/min≤UAER≤200μg/min),另外选取同期健康体检者30例作为对照组,观察各组患者的血压,血肌酐(SCr),BUN,Cys C,尿CTGF,尿肌酐(UCr),肾小球滤过率(e GFR)的变化。结果:DN组患者尿CTGF/UCr水平明显高于非DN组,而二者尿CTGF/UCr均明显高于对照组(P0.05),采用Pearson等级相关对DN组患者尿CTGF/UCr与其他指标的相关性进行分析,DN组患者尿CTGF/UCr与UAER呈正相关,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:尿CTGF对糖尿病患者早期肾脏损害有较敏感的预测价值,为糖尿病肾病早期干预治疗提供理论依据。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平的变化及意义

目的探讨血清白细胞介素-18（IL-18）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1（sICAM-1）在糖尿病肾病（DN）中的变化及意义。方法78例2型糖尿病患者根据尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）分为正常白蛋白尿组（28例）、微量白蛋白尿组（29例）和临床白蛋白尿组（21例）。30例健康者为健康对照组。所有受试者均采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平。结果（1）糖尿病各组血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平均较健康对照组明显升高（P〈0．01）,且血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平在正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床白蛋白尿组呈逐渐升高,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（2）相关分析显示DN患者血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平与UAER呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）;血清IL-18水平与血清TNF-α、sICAM-1水平呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）,血清TNF-α水平与血清sICAM-1水平亦呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。结论DN患者血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1水平与DN的程度相关;血清IL-18、TNF-α、sICAM-1在监测DN的发生和发展方面有一定的临床意义。     

有性才会有健康

性是基本的人权。根据我国著名的性学家史成礼教授的研究,性有“三大功能”:生育功能、享乐功能和健康功能。     

Communicating with people with dementia

It can be very difficult to communicate with people with dementia. Each case requires its own unique handling. Not every scenario is covered, as many times your own judgment is what will work, best according to the circumstances. These can change from dawn to evening and from day to day. Never assume things will be the way they were the last time you communicated. Be on your guard. Be adaptable. The article will help get you started to think of your own ways to communicate.     

Coping with Children with ADHD: Coping Styles of Mothers with Children with ADHD or Challenging Behaviours

Parents of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) can experience significant levels of stress in their parenting roles, however, little is known about the specific coping strategies used by these parents. This pilot study Investigated the coping strategies used by mothers of children with ADHD. A 34 item questionnaire was developed to identify maternal coping strategies. A cohort of 38 mothers of children with ADHD and a control group of 30 mothers of children without ADHD or any other disability/illness completed the questionnaire. Factor analysis of responses produced three factors: Aggressive/Confrontive Coping, Rational Coping, and Indirect Coping. These factors are similar to coping dimensions proposed by Folkman and Lazarus. Comparisons between the two groups of mothers revealed that mothers of children with ADHD used significantly more Indirect Coping.     

经方汗证治验

临床上汗证病情复杂,分自汗、盗汗、黄汗和但头汗出,治疗汗证方药诸多,有益气固表、养阴清热和清热除湿等方法,疗效不一。受恩师刘健主任教导和《伤寒论》《金匮要略》病脉证并治启发,以脉证并治、方证对应思想,浅谈桂枝加附子汤、黄芪芍药苦酒汤、柴胡桂枝干姜汤和三物黄芩汤治疗汗证的经验,为经方治疗汗证提供新思路。     

Working with patients with physical disabilities

Medical practices need to make a number of adaptations to ensure that their facilities and staff are accessible to patients and other office visitors with physical disabilities. This article describes 10 specific strategies for preparing your medical practice for patients with disabilities, both inside and outside your office. It describes minimum standards for office doorways, sidewalk inclines, ramps, reception areas, and other adaptations medical offices need to make. The article also describes specific do and don't advice for communicating with patients with physical disabilities. It suggests strategies for preparing written materials for disabled patients, for communicating verbally, and for providing healthcare education. Finally, it suggests an appropriate role for medical practice staff in the delivery of healthcare services to patients with physical disabilities.     

Problems with measuring satisfaction with social care

The measurement of customer satisfaction has become widespread in both healthcare and social care services, and is informative for performance monitoring and service development. Satisfaction with social care services is routinely measured with a single question on overall satisfaction with care, comprising part of the Adult Social Care Survey. The measurement of satisfaction has been problematised, and existing satisfaction measures are known to be under‐theorised. In this article, the process of making an evaluation of satisfaction with social care services is first informed by a literature review of the theoretical background, and second examined through qualitative interviews conducted in 2012–2013 with 82 service users and family carers in Hampshire, Portsmouth and Southampton. Participants in this study were from white British and South Asian backgrounds, and the influence of ethnicity in the process of satisfaction evaluation is discussed. The findings show that the majority of participants selected a positive satisfaction rating even though both positive and negative experiences with services were described in their narratives. It is recommended that surveys provide opportunity for service users and family carers to elaborate on their satisfaction ratings. This addition will provide more scope for services to review their strengths and weaknesses.     

Qualitative research with people with intellectual disability

Qualitative research methods are gaining popularity in disability research, in particular as a way to explore the personal experience of disability. However, using these methods can be problematic with people traditionally regarded as vulnerable in the research relationship. People with intellectual disability are often so regarded. This paper discusses ethical concerns and issues of research credibility in qualitative research with this group of disabled people. An ethnographic study about the parenting experience of parents with intellectual disability is used to illustrate strategies to achieve credibility in qualitative studies in intellectual disability research.