基于柱坐标系抛物方程和矩量法的电波传播混合算法

针对包含近源障碍物条件下的电波传播问题,提出了一种新颖的电波传播预测混合建模方法:矩量法(MOM)和圆柱坐标系抛物方程法(PEM)混合建模方法(MOM-PEM);MOM用于包含辐射源和近源障碍物的小圆柱区域内的电波传播建模,PEM用于MOM计算空间外的大区域范围内电波传播建模。MOM和PEM的计算过渡区域进行精细化网格剖分处理以避免场强数值传递的不兼容。仿真模拟了三类近源障碍物存在场景下的电波传播问题:有限开窗屏障碍物、立方体障碍物以及包含辐射源的半封闭空间障碍物,并将混合算法计算得到的结果和相同环境下采用全矩量法计算得到的结果进行了数值对比,结果表明混合算法和矩量法在精度上吻合较好。     

基于数字地图的二维电波传播问题仿真

为快速预测二维地理环境下的电磁环境特性,应用二维抛物方程模型对电磁环境进行仿真。为了得到真实有效的地形数据,研究了从GeoTiff中抽取网格点上地理信息的方法,并利用双线性插值法计算了任意位置处的高程值。同时研究了地球表面两点之间计算距离的方法,将该方法的计算结果与GIS软件结果进行对比,验证了该方法的可靠性。在标准大气环境下,利用二维抛物方程模型仿真分析了不同距离处不同高度的电波传播传播因子的变化情况,为预测真实地理环境中的电波传播特性提供了一种有效的方法。     

森林环境电波传播抛物方程模型的改进研究

将森林看成空气和植物组成的混合物, 应用两相混合物折射模型求解了森林的等效介电常数, 通过与实验结果的对比, 验证了该模型的正确性. 将该森林介电常数求解方法引入到抛物方程的森林模型中, 改进了抛物方程的森林模型. 相对于传统的森林环境电波传播模型, 该模型能考虑森林各组成要素对电波传播的影响, 更适合于实际不同地区、不同种类植物分布的森林环境中电波传播特性的求解. 此外, 引入了非均匀网格技术, 有效提高了大区域森林环境中电波传播问题的求解效率.最后基于该模型仿真分析了森林的植物体积含量、重量含水量等要素对电波传播特性的影响. 关键词： 森林 抛物方程 非均匀网格 电波传播     

基于射线坡度阈值的城市地面分割算法

针对城市环境激光雷达点云地面分割过程中坡度路面、障碍物和地面交界处存在欠分割与过分割的问题,提出一种应用于不同城市场景的地面分割算法。该算法首先利用激光雷达水平角分辨率将点云进行线序化排列,再利用射线前后点的距离比去除悬空异常噪点;随后借助射线点距离与坡度信息自适应调整高度阈值;最后利用调整后的全局与局部高度阈值进行地面分割。对3种不同类型的城市路面进行的实验验证了本文算法的有效性,该算法在不同城市场景下均可区分障碍物与地面交界处的点云与坡面,平均分割准确度达98%,平均耗时2 ms。     

一种复杂环境下移动机器人避障新方法

基于传统人工势场法的机器人避障算法虽然计算量小、实时性好,但在陷阱区域或在障碍物前可能产生震荡,导致机器人不能到达目标点,为解决上述缺陷,提出一种带记忆功能的沿边法。通过记录和分析障碍物边缘人工势场法的局部最小点来判断目标点是否被障碍物包围,从而避免机器人来回震荡和围着目标点旋转的发生。该方法步骤分为沿边行为激活和退出条件、局部最小点记录条件以及目标点被障碍物包围的判断准则。通过实验,结果表明该方法解决了复杂环境下机器人的避障问题。该方法用于复杂环境下的机器人避障是可行的、有效的。     

复杂地理环境的图像分割及电波传播特性

复杂地理环境是电波传播不可避免的传播环境,不仅不规则地形会对电波传播产生影响,不同的地表媒质对电波传播也会产生不同的影响。为了使得电波传播特性的预测结果更加地准确有效,通过图像分割算法实现地表环境的简单分类,同时对不同的媒质赋予不同的电磁参数,并结合数字高程模型(DEM)数据,实现了既具有地形起伏信息又具有地表电磁环境参数的复杂地理环境建模。在此基础上,对地表电磁环境信息做了网格剖分处理,利用抛物方程(PE)模型对复杂地理环境下的电波传播特性进行了预测。     

时域全波电磁计算程序JEMS-FDTD在复杂电磁环境研究中的应用

将自主研发的大规模并行三维全波电磁场时域求解程序JEMS-FDTD应用于复杂电磁环境问题,计算并分析了楼宇内电波传播特性和飞行器瞬态电磁特性。对楼宇内电波传播特性的计算获得了建筑物内任意位置的电磁场分布和电磁脉冲在建筑物内的时域传播过程,其结果可用于无线通信和电磁环境安全研究;对飞行器瞬态电磁特性的计算获得了飞行器舱内外瞬态电磁近场分布,其结果可用于飞行器强辐射场防护等研究。     

斜入射非线性电离层Langmuir扰动的电磁波传播特性

基于广义Zakharov模型,结合斜入射等离子体的时域有限差分(FDTD)方法与双流体力学方程,通过由二维麦克斯韦方程等价转换的一维麦克斯韦方程,与等离子体流体力学方程建立了一个电磁波以不同角度入射电离层传播的数值模型.分析推导出TE_z波在斜入射非线性电离层等离子体的支配方程,然后推导了适用于计算电离层电磁波传播特性的FDTD算法.通过仿真来证明该方法在较小倾角下,电磁波对电离层加热形成Langmuir扰动及其传播特性的准确性和有效性.结果表明,在小角度入射下,大功率高频电磁波在电离层等离子体中的O波反射点附近激发出了Langmuir波,同时波粒相互作用导致O波转换为Z波并向电离层更高区域传播.本文进一步研究了基于电离层等离子体的电磁波传播特性,为全面深入分析电离层Langmuir扰动对电离层电波传播特性影响奠定数值算法的基础.     

基于扩展度的复杂网络传播影响力评估算法

对网络中节点的传播影响力进行评估具有十分重要的意义, 有助于促进有益或抑制有害信息的传播. 目前, 多种中心性指标可用于对节点的传播影响力进行评估, 然而它们一般只有当传播率处于特定范围时才能取得理想的结果. 例如, 度值中心性指标在传播率较小时较为合适, 而半局部中心性和接近中心性指标则适用于稍大一些的传播率. 为了解决各种评估指标对传播率敏感的问题, 提出了一种基于扩展度的传播影响力评估算法. 算法利用邻居节点度值叠加的方式对节点度的覆盖范围进行了扩展, 使不同的扩展层次对应于不同的传播率, 并通过抽样测试确定了适合于特定传播率的层次数. 真实和模拟数据集上的实验结果表明, 通过扩展度算法得到的扩展度指标能在不同传播率下对节点的传播影响力进行有效评估, 其准确性能够达到或优于利用其他中心性指标进行评估的结果.     

用于星点检测的自适应变邻域背景预测算法

针对现有星点检测中背景预测算法存在的星点模糊、对噪声抑制能力差等问题,提出了一种用于星点检测的自适应变邻域背景预测算法。该方法根据待预测像素点所在位置不同采用不同的权值矩阵进行背景预测,当待预测像素点在星点边缘处时,仅用待预测像素点邻域内灰度小于邻域灰度中值的像素点组成预测权值矩阵进行预测计算,而在其他区域时,直接使用固定权值进行预测。同时,该算法还可以根据待预测像素点噪声属性,自适应调整待预测像素点自身灰度值在背景预测计算中的权值。最后通过对现有背景预测算法和本文所提算法的仿真和比较,改进算法较现有算法对星点的处理更清晰,对噪声的抑制能力更强。     

Two-frequency mutual coherence function for electromagnetic pulse propagation over rough surfaces

The propagation of a transient electromagnetic pulse over irregular terrain is considered. We model the wave propagation using the parabolic wave equation, which is valid for near-horizontal propagation. We model the effect of scattering from the rough terrain by introducing a surface-flattening coordinate transform. This coordinate transform simplifies the boundary condition of our problem, and introduces an effective refractive index into our wave equation. As a result, the problem of propagation over an irregular surface becomes equivalent to the problem of propagation through random media. The parabolic equation is solved analytically using the path integral method. Both vertically polarized and horizontally polarized signals are treated. Cumulant expansion is introduced to obtain an approximate expression for the two-frequency mutual coherence function. From the mutual coherence function, spatial and temporal dependence of the propagating signal can be determined. It can be shown that scattering from the irregular surface can cause broadening of the transient signal. This can have a significant impact on the performance of radio communication systems.     

Two-frequency mutual coherence function for electromagnetic pulse propagation over rough surfaces

The propagation of a transient electromagnetic pulse over irregular terrain is considered. We model the wave propagation using the parabolic wave equation, which is valid for near-horizontal propagation. We model the effect of scattering from the rough terrain by introducing a surface-flattening coordinate transform. This coordinate transform simplifies the boundary condition of our problem, and introduces an effective refractive index into our wave equation. As a result, the problem of propagation over an irregular surface becomes equivalent to the problem of propagation through random media. The parabolic equation is solved analytically using the path integral method. Both vertically polarized and horizontally polarized signals are treated. Cumulant expansion is introduced to obtain an approximate expression for the two-frequency mutual coherence function. From the mutual coherence function, spatial and temporal dependence of the propagating signal can be determined. It can be shown that scattering from the irregular surface can cause broadening of the transient signal. This can have a significant impact on the performance of radio communication systems.     

Application of the Beilis-Tappert parabolic equation method to sound propagation over irregular terrain

The Beilis-Tappert (1979) parabolic equation method is attractive for irregular terrain because it treats surface variations in terms of a simple multiplicative factor ("phase screen"). However, implementing the exact sloping-surface impedance condition is problematic if one wants the computational efficiency of a Fourier parabolic equation algorithm. This article investigates an approximate flat-ground impedance condition that allows the Beilis-Tappert phase screen method to be used with a Fourier algorithm without any added complications. The exact sloping-surface impedance condition is derived and applied to propagation predictions over hills with maximum slopes from 5° to 22°. The predictions with the exact impedance condition are compared to predictions using the approximate flat-ground impedance condition. It is found that for slopes less than 15°-20°, the flat-ground impedance condition is sufficiently accurate. For slopes greater than approximately 20°, the limiting factor on numerical accuracy is not the flat-ground impedance approximation, but rather the narrow-angle approximation required by the Beilis-Tappert method. Thus, within the 20° limitation and using the flat-ground impedance condition with a Fourier parabolic equation, sound propagation over irregular terrain can be computed simply, efficiently, and accurately.     

Multiple-array passive acoustic source localization in urban environments

In many situations of interest, obstacles to acoustic wave propagation such as terrain or buildings exist that provide unique challenges to localization. These obstacles introduce multiple propagation paths, reflections, and diffraction into the propagation. In this paper, matched field processing is proposed as an effective method of acoustic localization in a two dimensional scattering environment. Numerical techniques can be used to model complex propagation in a space where analytical solutions are not feasible. Realistically, there is always some uncertainty in model parameters that in turn can adversely affect localization ability. In particular, uncertainty in array location, sound speed, and various parameters affecting inter-array coherence only are investigated. A spatially distributed, multiarray network is shown to mitigate the effects of uncertainty. Multiarray inverse filter processing techniques are evaluated through perturbation of uncertain model parameters. These techniques are more accurate and flexible to implement than other matched field processing methods such as time reversal.     

Wave mode computing method using the step-split Padé parabolic equation

Models based on a parabolic equation (PE) can accurately predict sound propagation problems in range-dependent ocean waveguides. Consequently, this method has developed rapidly in recent years. Compared with normal mode theory, PE focuses on numerical calculation, which is difficult to use in the mode domain analysis of sound propagation, such as the calculation of mode phase velocity and group velocity. To broaden the capability of PE models in analyzing the underwater sound field, a wave mode calculation method based on PE is proposed in this study. Step-split Padé PE recursive matrix equations are combined to obtain a propagation matrix. Then, the eigenvalue decomposition technique is applied to the matrix to extract sound mode eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Numerical experiments on some typical waveguides are performed to test the accuracy and flexibility of the new method. Discussions on different orders of Padé approximant demonstrate angle limitations in PE and the missing root problem is also discussed to prove the advantage of the new method. The PE mode method can be expanded in the future to solve smooth wave modes in ocean waveguides, including fluctuating boundaries and sound speed profiles.     

Estimation of co-channel interference between cities caused by ducting and turbulence

With the rapid development of the fifth-generation(5 G)mobile communication technology,the application of each frequency band has reached the extreme,causing mutual interference between different modules.Hence,there is a requirement for detecting filtering and preventing interference.In the troposphere,over-the-horizon propagation occurs in atmospheric ducts and turbulent media.The effects of both ducting and turbulence can increase the probability of occurrence of long-distance co-channel interference(CCI),in turn,severely affecting the key performance indicators such as system access,handover and drop.In the 5 G era,to ensure communication channels and information security,CCI must be reduced.This paper introduces a scattering parabolic equation algorithm for calculating signal propagation in atmospheric ducts on irregular terrain boundaries.It combines Hitney’s radio physical optical model and Wagner’s nonuniform turbulent scattering model for calculating the tropospheric scattering in an evaporation duct or a surface-based duct.The new model proposes a tropospheric scattering parabolic equation algorithm for various tropospheric duct environments.Finally,as a specific case,the topographical boundaries between several cities in the East China Plain were considered,and the over-the-horizon propagation loss was simulated for various ducting and turbulent environments.The simulation results were used to evaluate whether CCI would occur between cities in a specific environment.