洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶：一种应用前景广阔的生物催化剂

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶对有机溶剂（醇）、热、氧化剂、表面活性剂、去污剂、蛋白酶等具有良好的抗性,在有机合成、对映体拆分、非水相催化等领域应用十分广泛。综述了洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶的发酵生产、分离纯化、基因克隆与表达、固定化与生物印迹、蛋白质结构解析及应用研究等,并展望了其未来发展方向,以期为该工业酶的研发与广泛应用提供参考。     

海藻酸-SiO_2杂化凝胶固定化洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶的研究

利用四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)原位水解法将S iO2掺杂于海藻酸(ALG)凝胶中,通过双交联制备出新型ALG-S iO2杂化凝胶以固定化洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶。结果表明,固定化酶的最优条件:质量分数为2.0%的ALG、0.2 mol/L CaC l2、V(ALG)/V(TEOS)为5、加酶量为1 g ALG加100 mg酶粉、固定化60 m in、采用直径为0.8 mm的针头滴定、真空冷冻干燥。在此条件下,酶蛋白的包埋率可达100%,酶活回收率可达91%。固定化酶的最适pH为8.0,最适作用温度为50℃,重复使用8次后,酶活性仍能保持80%以上。ALG-S iO2杂化凝胶的场扫描电镜(FESEM)观察发现凝胶的整体构造仍然是海藻酸凝胶骨架;与ALG凝胶平滑的内部相比较,杂化凝胶仍具有完整的网络结构,但内部更为粗糙,结构更为致密。     

土壤中产脂肪酶洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的分离与鉴定

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia)在生物防治、生物降解等农业领域有着广泛的应用,它产生的脂肪酶则在有机合成、精细化工等领域潜力巨大。采用改良的TB-T平板筛选法从土壤中初步筛选出300株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,然后用脂肪酶活性检测平板对300株菌进行筛选,最终获得6株脂肪酶产量高的菌,通过发酵发现6株菌均有较好的产脂肪酶能力。随后通过16S rDNA比对的方法将6株全部鉴定为B.cepacia。在此基础上,采用HaeⅢ-recA RFLP和基因种特异性PCR对6株菌进行了基因种鉴定,结果表明JWT16、G63YL、WJ158和JWT137属于Burkholderia cenocepacia菌,JWP9属于Burkhold-eria vietnamiensis,JWT267则属于Burkholderia multivorans。     

耐受有机溶剂洋葱伯克霍尔德菌ZYB002全细胞脂肪酶酶学性质

一株对多种有机溶剂具有良好耐受能力的产脂肪酶菌株ZYB002经分子鉴定为洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。其产生的细胞结合脂肪酶最适温度为65°C,最适pH为8.0,在低于70°C和pH3-8.5的范围内,全细胞脂肪酶保持稳定。Ca2+、K+、Na+和NO3-等离子对脂肪酶活性有激活作用,而Zn2+有抑制效应。全细胞脂肪酶对正丁醇有较强的耐受能力,但曲拉通X-100对脂肪酶活性有强烈的抑制效应。洋葱伯克霍尔德菌ZYB002全细胞脂肪酶良好的碱稳定性、热稳定性和有机溶剂耐受性,表明该全细胞脂肪酶具有重要的工业应用潜力。     

溶胶凝胶法固定化黑曲霉脂肪酶的性质研究

近年来溶胶-凝胶法固定脂肪酶已成为研究热点。选用TMOS、MTMS、ETMS和PTMS 4种硅烷试剂对黑曲霉脂肪酶进行了固定化研究。固定化的最佳配方为ETMS/TMOS=5：1、水与硅烷试剂分子比为8;固定化脂肪酶的固定率为80.2%、相对活性为136.3%;以乳化橄榄油作为底物,在50℃和pH4.0的条件下,固定化脂肪酶与游离脂肪酶K_m分别为1.899×10^-4M和2.789×10^-4M;最适反应pH均为pH4.0,固定化脂肪酶在pH4.0~pH5.5之间其活性能保持95%以上;固定化脂肪酶最适反应温度为60℃,较游离脂肪酶提高了10℃;固定化脂肪酶的酸碱稳定性和热稳定性较非固定化酶有显著的提高。固定化脂肪酶的使用寿命和保存稳定性良好,使用12次后仍能够保留71.7%活性,在室温避光条件下保存180天后仍可保留79.2%活性。     

ALG-SiO2杂化凝胶固定化多酶体系催化CO2转化甲醇研究

采用甲酸脱氢酶（FateDH）、甲醛脱氢酶（FaldDH）和醇脱氢酶（ADH） 3种脱氢酶为催化剂,以原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核甙酸（NADH）作为电子供体,通过3步连串反应将CO2转化为甲醇。采用正硅酸甲酯原位水解方法将二氧化硅掺杂于海藻酸（ALG）溶胶中,通过双交联制备出新型ALG-SiO2杂化凝胶。与ALG凝胶相比,ALG-SiO2结构更加紧密,酶的泄漏率大大降低,酶活性得以很好保持。将酶包埋于ALG-SiO2后,存放60 d以后或重复使用10次以上,酶活性都能保持80%以上,与之相比,包埋于ALG凝胶中的酶活性几乎完全丧失。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶的基因改造及其在毕赤酵母中组成型和诱导型的表达

【目的】克隆洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia)脂肪酶基因,实现其在毕赤酵母中快速、安全和稳定性的大量表达。【方法】首先设计引物扩增B.cepacia脂肪酶基因,然后应用生物信息学方法分析B.cepacia和毕赤酵母整体密码子使用情况、脂肪酶基因信号肽及密码子偏好性。在此基础上,运用overlap PCR对脂肪酶基因中低使用频率密码子进行改造并同时降低基因的G+C含量,获得优化的脂肪酶基因。再分别把原始和优化的脂肪酶基因导入载体pGAPZα和pPIC9K中,获得组成型表达载体pGAPlipW、pGAPlipO和诱导型表达载体pPIClipW、pPIClipO。分别将所得4种载体转入GS115中,得到一系列工程菌。经发酵和NTA树脂纯化后,对脂肪酶的酶学性质进行了初步研究。【结果】4种工程菌的脂肪酶活力分别为pPIClipW37.8U/mL,pPIClipO129.5U/mL,pGAPlipW40.2U/mL和pGAPlipO184.3U/mL。改造后脂肪酶活力比原始脂肪酶提高了4.6倍。酶学性质研究表明,脂肪酶在60℃时活力最高,在40℃-65℃范围内非常稳定;脂肪酶最适pH值为9.0,在pH6.0-pH10.0范围均表现很好的稳定性。【结论】通过overlap PCR改造后的脂肪酶显著提高了其在毕赤酵母中的表达效率,且GAP启动子比AOX1启动子更适合于B.cepacia脂肪酶的表达。大量表达的重组脂肪酶的性质与野生脂肪酶的性质相同,符合生产要求。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌CF_66抗菌物质的分离纯化及性质的研究

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌CF_66能够抑制立枯丝核菌等若干植物病原菌和其它一些真菌的生长。CF_66菌发酵液的粗提液通过Sephadex_75pg、Sephacryl S_100柱层析分离纯化,获得抗菌物质CF66I。此抗菌物质耐热性强,耐碱,但在强酸性条件下不稳定。低浓度有机溶剂的存在有利于抑菌活性的提高。对其结构的研究表明CF66I是以(CH2CH2O)n为主要单元结构并带有酰氨键的化合物。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌CF_66抗菌物质的分离纯化及性质的研究

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌CF-66能够抑制立枯丝核菌等若干植物病原菌和其它一些真菌的生长。CF-66菌发酵液的粗提液通过Sephadex-75pg、Sephacryl S-100柱层析分离纯化,获得抗菌物质CF66I。此抗菌物质耐热性强,耐碱,但在强酸性条件下不稳定。低浓度有机溶剂的存在有利于抑菌活性的提高。对其结构的研究表明CF66I是以(CH2CH2O)n为主要单元结构并带有酰氨键的化合物。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌产邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶的研究

对洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌L 68生长及产邻苯二酚2,3 双加氧酶(C23D)的条件进行了研究,其最适产酶pH7.2;最适生长温度30～35℃;最适培养时间48h;苯酚浓度0.09%最有利于菌体产酶.对菌株L 68产生的C23D酶进行了纯化,超声波破碎后的细胞提取液经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAESepharoseFastFlow层析、Hydroxyapatite层析、SephadexG 150层析后,收率为20%,酶比活力提高了230倍.SDS PAGE检测得到了分子量为(34±1)kDa的蛋白.     

Immobilization of Burkholderia cepacia in polyurethane-based foams: embedding efficiency and effect on bacterial activity

Immobilization of the trichloroethylene-degrading bacterium Burkholderia cepacia was evaluated using hydrophilic polyurethane foam. The influence of several foam formulation parameters upon cell retention was examined. Surfactant type was a major determinant of retention; a lecithin-based compound retained more cells than pluronic- or silicone-based surfactants. Excessive amounts of surfactant led to increased washout of bacteria. Increasing the biomass concentration in the foam from 4.8 to 10.5% dry weight per wet weight of foam resulted in fewer cells being washed out. Embedding at reduced temperature did not significantly affect retention, while the use of a silane binding agent gave inconsistent results. The optimal formulation retained all but 0.2% of total embedded cells during passage of 2 L of water through columns containing 2 g of foam. All foam formulations tested reduced the culturability of embedded cells by several orders of magnitude, but O₂ consumption and CO₂ evolution rates of embedded cells were never less than 50% of those of free cells. Nutrient amendments stimulated an increase in cell volume and ribosomal activity in immobilized cells as indicated by hybridization studies using fluorescently labeled ribosomal probes. These results indicate that, although immobilized cells were mostly nonculturable, they were metabolically active and thus could be used for biodegradation of toxic compounds. Received 23 December 1996/ Accepted in revised form 13 March 1997     

An efficient system for catalyzing ester synthesis using a lipase from a newly isolated Burkholderia cepacia strain

The synthesis of ethyl-oleate by the lipase from the newly isolated strain Burkholderia cepacia LTEB11 in three different systems has been studied - immobilization on a hydrophobic support (Accurel EP 100®), encapsulation in reverse micelles, and direct addition of powdered free enzyme to the reaction medium. The immobilized enzyme performed best, giving a 70% ester yield in 10 h, this yield being five-fold greater than that obtained for reversed micelles, and two and a half times greater than that obtained for direct addition. An increase in the amount of immobilized enzyme preparation added gave a 100% ester yield in 3 h. The immobilized preparation was quite stable, giving a 100% yield of ethyl-oleate during 11 repeated reactions, and 50% yield after 24 reactions. These results suggest that the lipase of our strain of B. cepacia LTEB11 immobilized on Accurel has good potential for application in biocatalysis in organic media.     

An efficient system for catalyzing ester synthesis using a lipase from a newly isolated Burkholderia cepacia strain

The synthesis of ethyl-oleate by the lipase from the newly isolated strain Burkholderia cepacia LTEB11 in three different systems has been studied – immobilization on a hydrophobic support (Accurel EP 100®), encapsulation in reverse micelles, and direct addition of powdered free enzyme to the reaction medium. The immobilized enzyme performed best, giving a 70% ester yield in 10 h, this yield being five-fold greater than that obtained for reversed micelles, and two and a half times greater than that obtained for direct addition. An increase in the amount of immobilized enzyme preparation added gave a 100% ester yield in 3 h. The immobilized preparation was quite stable, giving a 100% yield of ethyl-oleate during 11 repeated reactions, and 50% yield after 24 reactions. These results suggest that the lipase of our strain of B. cepacia LTEB11 immobilized on Accurel has good potential for application in biocatalysis in organic media.     

Immobilization of Mucor javanicus lipase by entrapping in alginate-silica hybrid gel beads with simultaneous cross-linking with glutaraldehyde

Mucor javanicus lipase was entrapped in alginate-silica hybrid gel beads with or without simultaneous cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The activity and recovery of activity on immobilization of the enzyme entrapped in the hybrid beads were 1.4 and 1.7 times higher than those of the enzyme entrapped in the simple alginate beads. Entrapment with simultaneous cross-linking in the hybrid beads further improved the enzyme activity (1.6 times) and activity recovery (1.7 times) compared to those of the enzyme entrapped in the hybrid beads without simultaneous cross-linking. The leakage of the enzyme entrapped in the hybrid beads with simultaneous cross-linking was only 50% that of the enzyme entrapped in the simple alginate beads.     

Immobilization of Mucor javanicus lipase by entrapping in alginate-silica hybrid gel beads with simultaneous cross-linking with glutaraldehyde

Mucor javanicus lipase was entrapped in alginate-silica hybrid gel beads with or without simultaneous cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The activity and recovery of activity on immobilization of the enzyme entrapped in the hybrid beads were 1.4 and 1.7 times higher than those of the enzyme entrapped in the simple alginate beads. Entrapment with simultaneous cross-linking in the hybrid beads further improved the enzyme activity (1.6 times) and activity recovery (1.7 times) compared to those of the enzyme entrapped in the hybrid beads without simultaneous cross-linking. The leakage of the enzyme entrapped in the hybrid beads with simultaneous cross-linking was only 50% that of the enzyme entrapped in the simple alginate beads.     

Production of biodiesel by Burkholderia cepacia lipase as a function of process parameters

Despite the already established route of chemically catalyzed transesterification reaction in biodiesel production, due to some of its shortcomings, biocatalysts such as lipases present a vital alternative. Namely, it was noticed that one of the key shortcomings for the optimization of the enzyme catalyzed biodiesel synthesis process is the information on the lipase activity in the reaction mixture. In addition to making optimization difficult, it also makes it impossible to compare the results of the independent research. This article shows how lipase intended for use in biodiesel synthesis can be easily and accurately characterized and what is the enzyme concentration that enables achievement of the desired level of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the final product mixture. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of two different activity loads of Burkholderia cepacia lipase on the biodiesel synthesis varying the pH and temperature optimal for lipase activity. The optimal lipase pH and temperature were determined by two different enzyme assays: spectrophotometric and titrimetric. The B. cepacia lipase pH optimum differentiated between assays, while the lipase optimally hydrolyzed substrates at 50°C. The analysis of FAME during 24 hr of biodiesel synthesis, at two different enzyme concentrations, pH 7, 8, and 10, and using two different buffers, revealed that the transesterification reaction at optimal pH, 1 hr reaction time and lipase activity load of 250 U per gram of reaction mixture was sufficient to produce more than 99% FAME.     

Insights into lid movements of Burkholderia cepacia lipase inferred from molecular dynamics simulations

The interfacial activation of many lipases at water/lipid interface is mediated by large conformational changes of a so‐called lid subdomain that covers up the enzyme active site. Here we investigated using molecular dynamic simulations in different explicit solvent environments (water, octane and water/octane interface) the molecular mechanism by which the lid motion of Burkholderia cepacia lipase might operate. Although B. cepacia lipase has so far only been crystallized in open conformation, this study reveals for the first time the major conformational rearrangements that the enzyme undergoes under the influence of the solvent, which either exposes or shields the active site from the substrate. In aqueous media, the lid switches from an open to a closed conformation while the reverse motion occurs in organic environment. In particular, the role of a subdomain facing the lid on B. cepacia lipase conformational rearrangements was investigated using position‐restrained MD simulations. Our conclusions indicate that the sole mobility of α9 helix side‐chains of B. cepacia lipase is required for the full completion of the lid conformational change which is essentially driven by α5 helix movement. The role of selected α5 hydrophobic residues on the lid movement was further examined. In silico mutations of two residues, V138 and F142, were shown to drastically modify the conformational behavior of B. cepacia lipase. Overall, our results provide valuable insight into the role played by the surrounding environment on the lid conformational rearrangement and the activation of B. cepacia lipase. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.