373例孕妇膳食调查分析

目的:了解孕妇膳食摄入情况,并提出合理建议,以利于胎儿生长发育。方法:以湖南省长沙市373例孕妇为调查对象,对孕妇的膳食摄入进行调查分析。结果:孕妇膳食三大产热营养素的热能供给比例基本适宜,但钙、铁、维生素B1、维生素B2的摄入量较低。结论:孕妇的膳食结构比较合理,但要增加钙、铁及B族维生素的摄入,加强孕妇的营养指导。     

Assessment of vitamins and minerals intake with supplements in pregnant women

The aim of the work was to assess the application of diet supplements in pregnant women, as well as the intake of vitamins and minerals with pharmaceuticals. Sixty women in age 19 - 40 years coming from the Mazowsze district were examined. The information about applying supplements was obtained using questionnaire method. The intake of vitamin and mineral supplements before and during pregnancy was declared on the level of 55% and 98.3% respectively. The average intake of vitamin D (157%), folic acid (128%), vitamin B2 (125%), vitamin C (121%), iron (120%), iodine and zinc (113%) from supplements was above recommended values. The average intake of vitamin B1, B12 and B6 from supplements was about 95-105% of RDA. The lowest average consumption was noted for vitamin A (60%) as well as calcium and magnesium (10-12% of recommended value). Pregnant women who have lived in country consumed less vitamins and minerals from supplements, however differences were statistically significant in case vitamin A, E, magnesium, cooper, iodine and manganese.     

孕妇营养素补充剂使用及影响因素分析

目的 了解孕妇营养素补充剂使用现状及影响因素,为今后指导孕妇合理选用营养素补充剂提供科学依据.方法 采用问卷调查方式收集473名孕妇基本信息、营养素补充剂使用、对营养素补充剂的认知情况和态度等情况,并进行分析.结果 473名孕妇中,有274人(57.93%)选用营养素补充剂,其中41.67%是接受医生推荐,选用较多的是维生素类,为168人(32.75%),选用维生素矿物质复合型类149人(29.04%),31.75%选择同时服用≥2种补充剂;营养素补充剂认知得分平均为(64.46±23.99)分,不同文化程度、职业孕妇认知得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);86.47%的孕妇不赞成长期服用营养素补充剂.结论 孕妇营养素补充剂的使用具有一定普遍性,医生推荐是孕妇选用营养补充剂的主要原因;孕妇营养素补充剂使用与年龄、职业、文化程度、家庭收入等因素有关.     

Dietary intake in relation to self-reported constipation among Japanese women aged 18-20 years

OBJECTIVE: Information on modifiable lifestyle factors associated with constipation is limited, especially among non-Western populations. We examined associations between dietary intake and self-reported constipation in young Japanese women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A total of 1,705 female Japanese dietetic students aged 18-20 years and free of current disease and current dietary counseling. METHODS: Dietary intake was estimated over a 1-month period with a validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire, and lifestyle variables including self-reported constipation were assessed by a second questionnaire designed for this survey. RESULTS: A total of 436 women (26%) reported themselves to be 'constipated'. A multivariate odds ratio (OR) for women in the highest quartile of rice intake was 0.47 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33, 0.68) compared with the lowest. Additionally, women in the highest category of coffee intake had a multivariate OR of 0.67 (0.47, 0.94) compared with women in the lowest. Conversely, women in the highest quartile of confectionery intake had a multivariate OR of 1.54 (1.12, 2.13) compared with women in the lowest. Moreover, a multivariate OR for constipation for women in the highest quartile of Japanese and Chinese tea intake was 1.49 (1.09, 2.05) compared with women in the lowest. Neither total dietary fiber intake nor other lifestyle factors examined were associated with constipation. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of rice and coffee was inversely associated with and that of confectioneries and Japanese and Chinese tea was positively associated with a prevalence of self-reported constipation.     

Dietary intake of energy and nutrients in relation to resting energy expenditure and anthropometric parameters of Czech pregnant women

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary intake of energy and nutrients (DIEN) of Czech pregnant women and to assess relationships with body size variables during pregnancy.

Methods

One hundred and fifty-two randomly recruited healthy pregnant Czech women, who were normoglycemic, euthyroid, nonsmokers, not anemic, and not users of chronic medications or abusers of alcohol or drugs from countryside and city with different education, were recruited for the study. Anthropometric parameters were measured and resting energy expenditure obtained by indirect calorimetry after 12 h of fasting during four phases of pregnancy. DIEN was evaluated from self-reported dietary intake records over 7 days.

Results

Positive correlations were demonstrated between measured resting energy expenditure and intake of energy, substrates and some minerals and vitamins, and negative correlations between DIEN and anthropometric parameters. Lower dietary intake of energy and differences between dietary intake of nutrients and recommended daily allowances during pregnancy of Czech women were documented.

Conclusions

The difference between pregnancy body weight and ideal body weight was shown to be a determinant of DIEN. From recent knowledge on prevention of various pathological states, the supplementation or modification of nutritional intake of food with folate, iron, vitamin D, zinc, iodine and fiber for Czech pregnant women is recommended.     

Assessment of dietary intake among pregnant women in a rural area of western China

Background  

Adequate maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy is important to ensure satisfactory birth outcomes. There are no data available on the usual dietary intake among pregnant women in rural China. The present study describes and evaluates the dietary intake in a cohort of pregnant women living in two counties of rural Shaanxi, western China.     

Sexual activity and background variables among Finnish middle-aged women

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the associations of sexual experience, orgasm experience, and lack of sexual desire with background variables. METHODS: Questionnaire was mailed to population-based samples (n=5510, 70% response) of soon-to-be-menopausal (aged 42-46 years) and menopausal (aged 52-56 years) women. RESULTS: Being married/having a spouse meant more sexual activity for both groups but also the likelihood to experience lack of sexual desire. Hormones emerged as the most important perceived reason for lack of sexual desire. CONCLUSION: The findings indicated a discrepancy between the reported frequencies of sexual experiences/orgasms with spouse and lack of desire.     

中国4城市部分妇女孕期与哺乳期营养补充剂使用状况分析

目的了解并分析中国部分城市妇女在孕期和哺乳期营养补充剂的使用情况及其影响因素。方法 2015年4月-2016年12月在南京、成都、齐齐哈尔、郑州市妇幼保健院随机纳入405名哺乳期妇女为研究对象,其婴幼儿月龄为1～24月。通过问卷调查收集哺乳期妇女相关信息,提取其孕期和哺乳期营养补充剂使用的数据资料,对其使用情况进行描述性分析,运用Logistic回归分析相关影响因素。结果妇女孕期营养补充剂总使用率为81. 7%,主要服用的营养补充剂依次为叶酸(60. 5%)、钙(49. 4%)、复合营养素补充剂(27. 4%)、DHA (18. 0%)和铁(16. 3%);不同孕前体质量、家庭月收入组间孕期营养补充剂使用率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0. 05)。哺乳期营养补充剂总使用率为18. 0%,除钙使用率达到13. 8%外,其余均低于5. 0%。Logistic回归分析显示,孕期使用营养补充剂的积极因素为家庭月收入在2 000～4 999元间(OR=5. 572,95%CI:1. 547～20. 066),消极因素为孕前肥胖(OR=0. 223,95%CI:0. 058～0. 849)。结论妇女孕期补充剂使用具有一定普遍性,但补充种类与膳食缺乏情况存在差距;哺乳期补充剂使用率低,除钙剂外均未引起充分重视。低收入和肥胖人群是今后妇女孕期和哺乳期营养宣教的重点人群。     

Vitamins--dietary intake and intake from dietary supplements in Germany

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the current vitamin intake and the contribution of dietary supplements to this intake of 4030 participants of the German Nutrition Survey (GeNuS) 1998, which was part of the representative German National Health Interview and Examination Survey (GNHIES), conducted from October 1997 until March 1999. DESIGN: In the GeNuS participants were interviewed comprehensively about their usual diet and supplementation patterns using a modified dietary history. SETTING: Population-based nutritional survey. SUBJECTS: A subsample of 4030 persons, aged 18-79 y, randomly selected from the GNHIES 1998. RESULTS: The contribution of dietary supplements to the vitamin intake reached 5% for vitamin E among men and 6% for vitamin C among women. Among the group of regular users, the contribution to the vitamin E intake is 36% among men and 43% among women. A substantial part of the population does not reach the current recommendations for some vitamins, especially for folate and vitamin E through their diet alone. Among regular supplement users, about one-third for folate and about half for the other vitamins reach the recommended intake only when supplemental intake is considered. Among the regular users of folate supplements, this proportion is about half. CONCLUSION: If reference values are used as preference intake, a substantial population part improves their vitamin intake by taking supplements regularly. Nevertheless, there are persons who stay below the reference values including supplemental intake or already consume more than 100% of recommendation excluding supplemental intake.     

Plasma levels of retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols in relation to dietary pattern among pregnant Tanzanian women

In Tanzania, as in other developing countries, dietary intake of nutrients in pregnant women is marginal or lower than the recommended intakes and therefore these women are at high risk for deficiencies. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between diet and plasma levels of retinol, carotenoids, and alpha-tocopherol in the third trimester of pregnancy. Ninety pregnant women aged between 18 and 45 years were equally recruited from three villages. Seven-day food frequency data was collected by questionnaire. Plasma levels of retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated that cooked green leafy vegetables constituted the major source of provitamin A carotenoids, with low intake of yellow/orange fruits and preformed vitamin A. Lutein, lycopene, and beta-carotene were the predominant carotenoids in the plasma with mean values of 1.61, 0.84, and 0.63 mumol/L, respectively. There was no significant correlation between frequencies of vegetable consumption and either plasma retinol or carotenoids. However, increased consumption of green leafy vegetables with oil, which increases bioavailability, was correlated with high plasma retinol levels (p = 0.03). Low retinol levels (< or = 0.70 mumol/L) were present in 26% of women. The mean plasma retinol concentration was 0.89 mumol/L and 63% of the women had values below 1.05 mumol/L. The mean plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration was 15.4 mumol/L and women with plasma retinol concentration > 1.05 mumol/L had significantly higher mean alpha-tocopherol than women with plasma retinol concentration < or = 0.70 mumol/L (p < or = 0.01). Twenty-four percent of the women were anemic (hemoglobin: Hb < 110 g/L) and the mean Hb value was 116.3 g/L.     

Dietary sucrose intake is related to serum leptin concentration in overweight pregnant women

Background  

Overweight, characterized by low-degree systemic inflammation, predisposes women to impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. Adipokine leptin participates in the regulation of energy balance and immune action.     

兰州城区孕妇膳食维生素及微量元素摄入状况调查与评价

目的调查兰州市城区孕妇不同孕期膳食维生素及微量元素摄入状况,并对不同孕期营养摄入状况进行评价。方法以2017年1月-2018年6月在甘肃省妇幼保健院建卡就诊并在本院分娩的单胎孕妇为研究对象,采用24小时膳食回顾法分别在孕早、孕中、孕晚期对孕妇进行膳食调查。结果兰州城市孕妇孕期平均膳食Vit A、Vit B1、烟酸、Vit C、铁、锌、铜的摄入量基本适宜,Vit B2、碘、硒的平均摄入量不足,Vit B6、叶酸的平均摄入量严重不足;孕晚期Vit B1的平均摄入量不足,Vit B2的摄入量严重不足。按家庭收入分层后结果显示,低收入组孕妇膳食Vit B2、烟酸及Vit C的日均摄入量较低(P <0.05),膳食碘、铁、锌、铜、硒的缺乏比例较高(P <0.05)。结论兰州城市孕妇膳食维生素及微量元素摄入缺乏情况在孕早、孕中、孕晚期有其独特性,应有针对性的开展孕期营养管理与干预,提高母婴健康水平。     

Dietary zinc intake of low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent.

Zinc intakes of low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent were estimated by the use of 24-hr dietary recalls. Recalls were obtained during the first two trimesters for 344 women and again during the third trimester of pregnancy for 279 of the same women. The daily mean zinc intake was calculated as 9.4 +/- 3.8 mg during the first two trimesters and as 10.0 +/- 4.3 mg during the third trimester. For about 85% of the women, the reported intakes were below two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for zinc. In a subsample of the women, no significant correlation was shown between low dietary zinc intakes and low serum zinc levels during either early or late pregnancy. Zinc and protein intakes were highly correlated in both early and late pregnancy (r = 0.83 and 0.89, respectively). Diets that provided 90 to 100 g of protein (about 125% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance) provided a mean of 13.6 g of zinc (67% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance).     

Nutrition knowledge, attitude to healthier eating and dietary intake in pregnant compared to non-pregnant women

The nutrition knowledge, attitudes and dietary behaviour of a group of women in early pregnancy and a group of non-pregnant women were compared to ascertain the impact of pregnancy on diet. The main results indicate that pregnant women do eat differently from non-pregnant women, in particular intakes of zinc and vitamin C, and the nutrient density of protein and sodium were higher and intakes of alcohol lower in the pregnancy group compared to the non-pregnant group. The group of pregnant women also tended to consume more milk and fruit and less chocolate, cakes and pastries compared to nonpregnant women. However, the differences in dietary behaviour between the two groups could not be accounted for by nutrition knowledge (the same in both groups). Higher scores for beliefs about 'healthier eating' and subjective norm were found in the early pregnancy group which might account for some of the observed differences between the groups. In addition, it is concluded that 'historicity' or a basic 'knowledge' of which foods to consume is prevalent in early pregnancy.     

Seasonal variability in intake of fish oil dietary supplements among inhabitants of Warsaw

The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of sale and intake level of dietary supplements containing fish oil among inhabitants of Warsaw. The survey was carried out during 25 months in the years 2004 to 2006 in 3 selected drugstores localized in the central areas of Warsaw. The amount of fish oil, level of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids declared on the label, price and rate of sale of particular supplements, as well as the reasons why customers purchased the supplements were collected and analyzed. The rate of sale of fish oil supplements was low; however, it showed a tendency for increase during the time of evaluation. Strong seasonal variability of supplements sale and therefore intake were observed. The highest levels for these parameters occurred from October to February and the lowest from May to July. The most often purchased supplements were fish liver oil capsules. The main reason for fish oil supplement purchases was medical recommendations. The health benefits of fish liver oil were known among customers of drugstores; however, the term ω-3 was almost unknown.     

Nutrition survey of Finnish rural children. IV. Serum cholesterol values in relation to dietary variables

In connection with a survey of child nutrition in Finland a study was carried out on the serum cholesterol concentration in childhood and its relationship to dietary and other variables. The material consisted of 1496 children ages 5, 9, and 13 years from 14 local districts in Finland. Total cholesterol was determined from nonfasted venous serum samples by a modification of the p-toluenesulfonic acid reaction. Food consumption was investigated by the 24-hr recall method and nutrient intakes determined from these results using food composition tables. For analysis, children in each age group were classified into low, medium, and high cholesterol groups. The serum cholesterol concentrations of the 5, 9, and 13 year olds were 6.03 +/- 1.03, 6.16 +/- 1.04, and 6.08 +/- 1.01 mmole/liter (233 +/- 40, 238 +/- 40, and 235 +/- 39 mg/100 ml), respectively. Of the children 10% had serum cholesterol concentrations of 7.4 mmole/liter (286 mg/100 ml) or more. Serum cholesterol concentration was not correlated with sex, relative body weight, or systolic or diastolic blood pressure. High cholesterol concentrations appeared to be associated with traditional dietary habits and especially with a high proportion of saturated fats in the diet.     

Dietary intake, supplement use, and survival among women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer

Previous studies examining the relationship between micronutrient intakes and survival following diagnosis of breast cancer have reported mixed results. This may be partly due to considerable variance in amounts of micronutrients consumed from diet and supplements across studies. Early-stage breast cancer survivors (N = 3081) completed four 24-h dietary and supplement recalls at the baseline assessment (1995 to 2000) and were followed for a median of 9.0 yr. Mean micronutrient intakes were compared to dietary reference intakes (DRI) to assess micronutrient adequacy for both users and nonusers of supplements. Cox regressions were performed to assess whether intakes of selected micronutrients were associated with all-cause mortality. Four hundred and twelve deaths occurred between baseline and August 2009. Among these women, more supplement users had adequate micronutrient intakes than nonusers for 15 out of 17 micronutrients. Less than 10% of supplement users (<2% of nonsupplement users) reported levels that exceeded the tolerable upper limit for each micronutrient except magnesium. After adjusting for age, tumor characteristics, and health status variables, micronutrient intakes were not significantly associated with all-cause mortality. Dietary supplements may improve overall micronutrient intakes of breast cancer survivors. However, vitamin and mineral intakes were not associated with all-cause mortality.     

Dietary supplements of dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to breast cancer risk

OBJECTIVE: Dietary supplements of the adrernocertical hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are widely taken in the hope of staving off the aging process. Potential dangers have not been fully researched, particularly evidence of a correlation between increased serum concentrations of DHEA and higher breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: The review examines reports of clinical, epidemiological experimental studies for evidence that DHEA may be a factor in promoting the growth of mammary cancer. Biological mechanisms which might be involved are identified. RESULTS: DHEA is reported to inhibit the growth of human mammary cancer cells in vitro and also the growth of chemically-induced mammary cancer in rats. However, growth inhibition occurs only in the presence of high oestrogen concentrations, and growth stimulation occurs in both models in the presence of a low-level oestrogen milieu. Epidemiological studies report a positive correlation between higher serum concentrations of DHEA and increased breast cancer risk in the case of postmenopausal but not premenopausal women. Postulated mechanisms include a direct effect on mammary cells by androgenic metabolites of DHEA or an indirect effect by an increase in bioavailable oestrogen levels. The increased serum concentration of free insulin-like growth factor 1 which follows prolonged DHEA intake may also have a role by stimulating oestrogen receptor activity in breast tissue. CONCLUSION: Late promotion of breast cancer in postmenopausal women may be stimulated by prolonged intake of DHEA, and the risk may be increased by the endocrine abnormality associated with pre-existing abdominal obesity. Caution is advised in the use of dietary supplements of DHEA particularly by obese postmenopausal women.