铂族元素萃取分离的进展

溶剂萃取是一种分离稀有金属的有效方法,近年来国内外在萃取分离提纯铂族金属方面作了很多研究工作并取得了良好的效果,本文综述了近年来有机溶剂萃取(包括液-液萃取和萃取柱色层)分离提纯铂族金属方面的新成就。     

液膜分离技术及其在铂族金属分离中的应用

从液膜分离机理、铂族金属乳状液膜分离技术和支撑 液膜分离技术3个方面对液膜分离技术及其在铂族金属分离中的应用进行了研究和讨论。由于液膜分离技术将萃取、反萃取融合于一体,具有较高的传质速率和通量,较高的选择性、分离效率和浓缩倍数,以及操作简单等特点,因此它在铂族金属分离中的研究与应用日益受到人们的重视,为后族金属分离提供了一条新途径。     

铁捕集铂族金属富集物的锌碎化-酸解原理及工艺研究

废汽车尾气催化剂是铂族金属(PGMs)最重要的二次资源,铁捕集PGMs技术因环境友好、回收率高等优点成为研究的热点.本文以铁捕集得到的Fe-PGMs合金为研究对象,采用Zn粉在高温下对合金碎化、盐酸溶解碎化产物获得PGMs富集物以及王水浸出PGMs,详细讨论了Zn碎化、酸解对PGMs浸出规律的影响,揭示了Zn碎化Fe-...     

废催化剂中铂族金属回收现状与研究进展

我国铂族金属（Platinum group metals, PGMs）储量少,消费量大,对外依存度高,PGMs二次资源的回收利用是缓解我国PGMs短缺最重要的途径。废催化剂是PGMs最主要的来源,其回收成为研究的热点。本文详细介绍了PGMs消费结构与回收现状,全球PGMs回收量约占原矿产量的20%～30%,且将保持持续增长的趋势。样品的精准分析对PGMs回收有至关重要的作用,同时还原、焙烧、机械球磨等预处理能提高PGMs回收率。相对于传统氰化法和王水溶解,近年来开发出氯化浸出法、超临界萃取法、载体溶解法等较环保的浸出工艺。尽管部分湿法浸出工艺已经产业化应用,但存在废水量大、产生有毒气体及回收率低（特别是Rh）的问题。火法富集是以铅、铜、铁、镍锍为捕集剂,与PGMs形成合金富集,载体熔化造渣。本文对上述富集方法进行了综述并总结了优缺点,基于现有技术存在的污染严重、PGMs回收率不高等问题,展望了PGMs绿色高效回收技术,如活化预处理、协同提取有价金属和载体利用、贱金属协同冶炼和铁捕集–电解等,为从事该领域的科研工作者提供了良好的参考。      

从含铂族金属矿石中提取铂族金属的工艺

一种从含铂族金属矿石中提取铂族金属的工艺,是将铂族元素受超声波的超声空化作用及大功率微波装置的酥化、击穿、分离、聚合等特效,从而把铂族中的各个元素以高纯状态提取出来。本发明的工艺只要在任一种矿石和废渣或二次资源中含有铂族元素,都能顺利地把铂族元素全部提取出来,其整个提取过程是封闭循环的,微波技术装置清洁、卫生、节能高效,     

汽车失效催化剂之铂族金属分离方法

铂族贵金属是汽车三元催化剂的主要成分,从失效的汽车催化剂中分离回收铂族金属是解决铂族金属资源不足的主要途径。根据近10年国内外文献资料并结合作者的工作实践,介绍了汽车失效催化剂铂族金属的各种分离方法,例如,传统沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、离子交换法、分子识别法、阳离子交换树脂分离贱金属净化铂族金属溶液等。近几年来,应用阳离子交换树脂分离贱金属净化铂族金属溶液的方法得到了广泛的应用,取得了较好的效果。生产实践证明,贱金属的高效分离是铂族金属相互分离能否成功进行的关键环节;铂族金属的分离方法各有优缺点,传统沉淀法流程长,分离效率低;离子交换法吸附容量低,设备投资较大;分子识别法无自己的知识产权,分离材料价格高,一次性投资大,运行成本高;溶剂萃取法分离效率高,铂族金属直收率高,有机相可循环使用100次以上,生产成本低,生产规模可大可小,已成为从汽车失效催化剂中分离精炼铂族金属的核心技术,具有很大的潜力和广阔的前景。     

铂族金属溶剂萃取分离新进展

从含氧,硫萃取剂,含磷萃取剂,含氮萃取剂及协萃体系四个方面对近年来铂族金属溶剂萃取进展进行了综述。尽管人们在铂族金属萃取方面开展了一些研究并取得了一些进展,但萃取分离仍存在诸如选择性差和反萃难等诸多问题,能用于实际应用的体系和流程还很少,尚需进一步开展高选择性并易于反萃的萃取剂和萃取体系的研究。     

废旧钯萃取剂再生并同时回收铂族金属的研究

应用蒸馏法再生废旧钯萃取剂,不仅实现了钯萃取剂的再生,还能有效回收其中残留的铂族金属。主要考察了蒸馏温度、蒸馏时间对于废旧钯萃取剂萃取性能及其铂族金属回收率的影响。结果表明:蒸馏回收废旧钯萃取剂效果明显,具有高效、经济、环保的特点。蒸馏温度控制在135~140℃,蒸馏时间为8 h时,废旧钯萃取剂再生率为92.94%;对再生后萃取剂与新萃取剂进行红外光谱(IR)分析和萃取性能分析,结果表明:再生后的萃取剂性能稳定,主要官能团与新萃取剂完全一致;再生后的萃取剂总萃取率在99.92%~99.96%,而新萃取剂总萃取率在99.47%~99.90%,完全满足铂族金属萃取分离工艺的要求。通过经济分析,蒸馏1 L废旧钯萃取剂可节约成本600元,并且其中的铂族金属总回收率可达94.86%。     

铂族金属离子交换与吸附分离新进展

从离子交换剂、吸附剂分离铂族金属两个方面对铂族金属离子交换与吸附分离新进展进行了综述。离子交换与吸附分离技术分离效率高、设备与操作简单、树脂与吸附剂可再生和反复使用 ,且环境污染少 ,是一种“绿色提取”技术 ,该技术为铂族金属分离开拓了一条新途径     

铂钯分离技术研究发展概述

随着铂族金属在石化、航天航空、汽车、原子能等领域的广泛运用,铂、钯分离技术的研究也越来越多。本文主要介绍目前国内外运用广泛,技术较成熟的沉淀法、置换法、萃取分离法、吸附分离法和其它铂族金属分离方法,并对各自的技术要点及优缺点进行深入分析。为企业提供满足自身原料特性的分离方法与建议,以达到生产周期更短、成本更低、回收率更高的目的。     

Review of the Application of Ion Exchange Resins for the Recovery of Platinum-Group Metals From Hydrochloric Acid Solutions

Platinum-group metals (PGMs) have become one of the most sought after rare metals in this modern age of science and they will continue to increase in importance as a result of their advantageous use in clean-air technology. Due to the scarcity of these precious metals, the application of ion exchange processes to recover PGM ions from relatively uncontaminated aqueous solutions, such as produced by the leaching of secondary sources including used automotive catalytic converters and electronic scrap, is becoming an increasingly cost-effective option and hence an important topic for the PGM production industry. This paper provides a general overview of the basic principles and theories relevant to the hydrometallurgical recovery of PGMs using ion exchange resins, along with a review and discussion of the most important factors that affect the separation and purification of PGMs present initially in predominantly ionic state in an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. It is shown that in these acidic chloride solutions, the current system of choice for the leaching of PGMs, the adsorption behavior of the PGM ions onto chelating ion exchange resins is strongly dependent on the anionic PGM chloro-complex species present. In addition, it is revealed that the main factors affecting this complexation are (i) acidity and chloride ion concentration of the contacting aqueous chloride solution, (ii) “ageing” of the solution, and (iii) temperature of the solution.     

Magnetic Concentration of Platinum Group Metals from Catalyst Scraps Using Iron Deposition Pretreatment

Spent automobile catalysts are the most important secondary source of platinum group metals (PGMs). However, effective recovery of PGMs from catalyst scraps is difficult because they are present in only small quantities as chemically stable substances. In this study, in order to improve the efficiency of the existing recycling processes, the authors experimentally investigated a novel physical concentration pretreatment process for PGMs using samples that simulate an automobile catalyst. In order to magnetically separate PGMs directly from the catalysts, ferromagnetic Fe was deposited on the PGM particles (or the porous catalyst layer) using an electroless plating technique. By using a plating bath containing sodium borohydride and potassium sodium tartrate as the reducing and complexing agents, respectively, Fe was successfully deposited on the sample without requiring complicated pretreatments such as sensitization and activation. After Fe deposition and subsequent pulverization, the PGMs could be extracted and concentrated in the form of magnetic powder using a magnet. The proposed magnetic concentration process was demonstrated to be feasible, and it has the potential to make the recycling of PGMs more efficient and environmentally friendly.     

铂族金属汽车尾气净化催化剂研发及应用进展

本文主要探讨国内外铂族金属尾气净化催化剂最新的研发及应用进展,通过供需数据分析近年来铂族金属在汽车尾气净化催化剂领域的应用情况,通过国内外文献及专利技术揭示铂族金属在汽车尾气净化催化剂领域的研发动向,重点分析了近年来如何减少使用铂族金属和如何提高催化性能的相关技术,此外还涉及到载体、蜂窝结构、捕集器、过渡金属氧化物、柴油尾气净化、尾气催化剂回收和对生物圈的影响等方面的研发进展。从研发技术趋势来看,铂族金属在汽车尾气催化净化剂方面的应用与研发更多的倾向于资源的合理应用、高效利用、以及尽可能的降低成本等方面,采取的措施包括比较昂贵的铂被较廉价的钯等替代、强化对铂族金属的性能活化、改善气体扩散性、设计合理的结构（包括比表面、孔径和孔体积等）、粒径的合理设置等方面。未来铂在个体汽车尾气净化催化剂上的用量将进一步减少,其他金属（如过渡金属氧化物）在协同铂族金属尽可能发挥催化活性的同时减少铂族金属的用量,以求在成本和效率方面找到最佳平衡点。     

加压湿法冶金处理含铂族金属铜镍硫化矿的应用及研究进展

近年来，加压湿法冶金应用于处理重有色金属硫化矿发展迅速，在环境保护及强化金属提取方面显示了明显的优越性。本文以加压湿法冶金处理含铂族铜镍硫化矿过程中铂族金属的行为为主线，介绍了该领域的最新研究进展。分别简要评述了加压氨浸、加压酸浸、加压碱浸和加压氰化等过程所适应的物料特性、工艺特征和生产实践。对铂族金属在加压浸出过程中的行为进行了讨论。     

Review of Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Copper Leach Residues and Other Resources

Porphyry copper and mixed copper-gold sulfide deposits contain varying amounts of precious (gold and silver) and platinum group metals (PGMs). Currently, milling and froth flotation is the most common processing route for the treatment of high-grade base metal sulfide ores. During this process, the precious metals and PGMs are also concentrated and represent a possible opportunity for the beneficiation of these metals to increase the overall economic value of the ore. Although not yet commercialized, the high temperature pressure oxidation (POX) of copper concentrates provides an alternative processing route to traditional smelting technology. With increasingly aggressive air quality standards and rising upstream processing costs for smelting, hydrometallurgical processing options become progressively attractive. The treatment of POX residues for the recovery of precious metals has seen significant attention and multiple processing routes have been developed on various scales. Extraction and beneficiation of PGMs from copper concentrate POX residue has garnered significantly less attention and mechanistic questions remain to be answered. Based on a review of the processing options for PGM ores and concentrates, hydrometallurgical processing routes for the extraction of PGMs from copper concentrate POX residues are envisioned.     

锌粉置换循环水净化工艺在排山楼金矿的应用

排山楼金矿选矿流程采用全泥氰化-炭浆工艺,其尾矿处理在我国率先使用大规模厢式板框压滤机,其压滤滤液全部循环使用.加上矿山为了增加效益,外构高品位矿石和浮选金精矿,造成了选矿厂生产用水中金属离子含量较高,造成了尾液指标居高不下,影响了炭的活性.进行了相关的净化研究,为循环水的净化提供了一个新的思路.     

Enhanced Dissolution of Platinum Group Metals Using Electroless Iron Deposition Pretreatment

In order to develop a new method for efficiently recovering platinum group metals (PGMs) from catalyst scraps, the authors investigated an efficient dissolution process where the material was pretreated by electroless Fe deposition. When Rh-loaded alumina powder was kept in aqua regia at 313 K (40 °C) for 30 to 60 minutes, the Rh hardly dissolved. Meanwhile, after electroless Fe plating using a bath containing sodium borohydride and potassium sodium tartrate as the reducing and complexing agents, respectively, approximately 60 pct of Rh was extracted by aqua regia at 313 K (40 °C) after 30 minutes. Furthermore, when heat treatment was performed at 1200 K (927 °C) for 60 minutes in vacuum after electroless plating, the extraction of Rh approached 100 pct for the same leaching conditions. The authors also confirmed that the Fe deposition pretreatment enhanced the dissolution of Pt and Pd. These results indicate that an effective and environmentally friendly process for the separation and extraction of PGMs from catalyst scraps can be developed utilizing this Fe deposition pretreatment.     

Molybdenum Metallurgy Review: Hydrometallurgical Routes to Recovery of Molybdenum from Ores and Mineral Raw Materials

With the vigorously growing demand of the steel industry, oil and gas industry, corrosion resistance alloys, cast iron, and catalyst industries, high-grade molybdenum ores are being exhausted gradually in the world. Thus, much attention have been drawn to the recovery of molybdenum from low-grade molybdenum ores in recent years. With the increasingly stringent environmental requirements, the shortcomings due to SO₂ emission in the roasting process of traditional technology becomes obvious. This review outlines metallurgical processes for molybdenum production from various resources, particularly focusing on recent developments in direct hydrometallurgical and recovery processes to identify potential sources of molybdenum products and by-products such as uranium which can be economically produced.

Several methods have been extensively reviewed for molybdenum separation and purification from solution which are potentially applicable to leach solutions of molybdenum ores and raw materials. The main methods include solvent extraction, ion exchange, membrane-based separation, and precipitation. Solvent extraction is highly selective for recovery of molybdenum and the most promising method recommended for future research and development. Membrane-based separation is the next preferred method for selective extraction of molybdenum, purification of molybdenum solutions, or co-recovery of other valuable metals. Ion exchange offers useful means for purification and/or co-recovery of other base metal impurities, although the scale of application of ion exchange in the industry is limited.     

活化-溶剂萃取技术分离铑的研究进展

铑在氯化物溶液中的化学性质十分复杂，它的分离与纯化一直是贵金属提取冶炼中的难题。概述了近十年来国内外活化．溶剂萃取技术分离铑的研究进展。指出含铑料液经某些试剂活化处理后，能提高铑的被萃取性能，并讨论了溶剂萃取体系中加入SnCl2，SCN^-，l^-，Br^-等不同试剂的活化条件及铑的分离回收情况。指出了活化．溶剂萃取技术分离回收铑的应用发展前景。