VVER机组燃料破损导致放射性碘危害的评估与防护探讨

压水堆核电厂运行过程中可能发生燃料棒破损。燃料棒一旦破损,所包容的高水平放射性碘等裂变气体将释放至一回路,并可能进一步释放到厂房导致较高的空气污染,增加工作人员受到内照射的风险。对VVER机组燃料棒破损可能导致的碘危害进行了估算和分析,结果表明:即使1根燃料棒破损也可导致大修期间堆厂房放射性碘空气污染水平高达84DAC(derived air concentration)。结合电厂实践从一回路净化除碘、控制碘向厂房空气释放和扩散、空气净化和个人防护等方面探讨了放射性碘危害的控制和防护措施,并提出了后续应对类似情况的建议。     

核电站燃料棒破损在线探测系统研制

采用在线检测方法对现役核电站燃料棒的破损情况进行监测可以克服传统化学取样方法不能连续探测和不能及时报告堆内燃料破损情况的不足.本工作研制出核电站燃料棒破损在线探测系统(FDDS-1),通过检测一回路核燃料裂变产物的活度,根据燃料破损性状分析程序FUDAC-1计算出燃料棒的破损根数等参数,给出在线探测报告.     

破损燃料棒二次氢化行为观察与分析

燃料棒在堆内运行时,由于初次破口会导致包壳发生二次氢化现象,二次氢化是导致燃料棒发生严重破损的重要因素。针对实际工况下的破损燃料棒,在中国原子能科学研究院燃料与材料检验设施（303热室）上开展了相关辐照后检验,并采用热室金相手段,对燃料棒二次氢化行为进行了观察分析。结果表明：二次氢化破口有明显的氢化肿胀现象;氢化物分阶段从内壁扩散到外壁,并形成“日爆”现象;二次氢化部位芯块温度明显升高,并会导致芯块气孔迁移、芯块晶粒长大、柱状晶生长等现象发生;相比未破损棒,破损棒二次氢化部位水侧氧化膜厚度有增加现象,但仍处于正常范围内。     

破损燃料棒二次氢化行为观察与分析

燃料棒在堆内运行时,由于初次破口会导致包壳发生二次氢化现象,二次氢化是导致燃料棒发生严重破损的重要因素。针对实际工况下的破损燃料棒,在中国原子能科学研究院燃料与材料检验设施(303热室)上开展了相关辐照后检验,并采用热室金相手段,对燃料棒二次氢化行为进行了观察分析。结果表明:二次氢化破口有明显的氢化肿胀现象;氢化物分阶段从内壁扩散到外壁,并形成"日爆"现象;二次氢化部位芯块温度明显升高,并会导致芯块气孔迁移、芯块晶粒长大、柱状晶生长等现象发生;相比未破损棒,破损棒二次氢化部位水侧氧化膜厚度有增加现象,但仍处于正常范围内。     

核电站燃料棒破损在线探测系统FDD-1

核电站燃料棒破损在线探测系统FDD-1由γ射线探头、γ谱仪、计算机和燃料棒破损状况分析程序组成。将探头对准化容系统管道,测量一回路内水中放射性核素γ剂量变化,监测燃料棒是否发生破损,如破损发生,分析破损性状,给出破损燃料棒的根数、破口大小和破损燃料棒的燃耗(以判断破     

破损燃料定位检测方法

本发明提供一种破损燃料定位检测方法。其棒束对定位，实时监测卸料池间的伽玛剂量变化趋势，判断是否符合特征曲线。符合特征曲线，则表明破损燃料还在该通道内，继续对该通道内的剩余乏燃料棒束进行换料。反之，则表明该对燃料棒束含有破损，确定出破损燃料棒束对所在位置。     

AP1000燃料组件锆屑产生原因及处理措施探讨

根据AP1000燃料组件结构特点,分析认为燃料组件中锆屑(锆细丝及锆屑积瘤)产生的原因是燃料棒在拉棒过程中,燃料棒与格架中的格架弹簧、刚凸相互挤压刮擦燃料棒产生的。锆细丝或锆屑积瘤如果在燃料组件入堆前无法清除干净,这些锆细丝或锆屑积瘤存留在燃料组件上,燃料组件在堆内运行过程中,由于冷却剂的高速横流使燃料棒过分振动可能造成锆屑磨蚀燃料棒,导致燃料棒破损。针对燃料棒拉棒产生的锆屑,调研了国内外减少拉棒过程中锆屑的产生和处理措施,提出了解决方案建议。     

压水堆核电厂燃料包壳破损诊断方法研究和改进

分析了国内外压水堆核电厂燃料包壳破损诊断方法以及存在的问题，从燃料棒破损数量、破损尺寸和燃耗3个方面对压水堆核电厂燃料包壳破损的诊断方法进行了改进，并对可能影响诊断结果的因素进行了探讨。应用我国在役核电厂实际的运行数据对诊断方法进行了验证，结果表明，改进后的燃料包壳破损诊断方法可准确地诊断燃料包壳破损情况，且有更广泛的适用性。      

水堆燃料元件的破损监测、定位和处理（续）

4在燃料组件内鉴别破损的燃料棒 一旦某束燃料组件用上述方法己判定为破损组件，如果条件不具备可将其放入专门容器贮存。在正常情况下就要从这束燃料组件中找出破损的燃料棒，然后抽出换上新棒。鉴别破损燃料棒的第一项技术就是外观检查超声检验。     

破损燃料组件修复后的物理特性分析

破损燃料组件修复后再次入堆使用是必须进行安全评估,以确保核安全。本文以采用AFA3G燃料组件的CPR1000机组为研究对象,对装入反应堆后的正常燃料组件和修复燃料组件的核物理和功率分布进行分析评估。结果表明:燃料组件内更换一根燃料棒对燃料组件反应性的影响很小,该影响可以忽略。更换不锈钢棒的数量越大,燃料组件反应性变化幅度越大。随着燃耗的加深,燃料组件反应性变化幅度也增大。修复的燃料组件虽然在换棒位置局部区域发生功率畸变,相对功率略微的升高,但离换棒位置较远的燃料棒的相对功率没有变化,换棒不会导致组件内功率峰发生象限的偏移。     

反应堆燃料棒~(131)I泄漏危害与防护

反应堆如发生燃料破损,~(131)I等裂变气体会通过破损包壳释放到厂房中增加人员内照射风险。以CPR1000机组为例分析表明:即使1根燃料棒破损也会对工作人员带来内照射风险,破损达运行限值0.25%时,即使投运净化系统,也需对人员采取防护措施。本文结合实际核电厂运行经验探讨了放射性碘危害的控制和防护措施。     

钠冷快堆乏燃料组件自然循环冷却瞬态过程的数值模拟研究

应用Fluent程序,对处于氩气中的钠冷快堆乏燃料组件自然循环冷却瞬态过程进行了三维数值模拟。计算获得了乏燃料组件内部冷却剂通道和外部区域的热工水力学现象及变化规律。结果表明:利用标记区域分割方法,将燃料棒间隙网格划分为绕丝网格和绕丝周边流体域网格,能在棒束区生成高质量结构化网格;在氩气自然循环冷却瞬态过程中,棒束区内子通道氩气流量增加速度落后于边子通道,内子通道升温更快;乏燃料组件棒束区温度在轴向呈现中心高、边缘低的分布特征;为避免包壳温度超过设计值,乏燃料组件处于氩气中的时间不宜超过6min。     

Diametral strain of fast reactor MOX fuel pins with austenitic stainless steel cladding irradiated to high burnup

The C3M irradiation test, which was conducted in the experimental fast reactor, “Joyo”, demonstrated that mixed oxide (MOX) fuel pins with austenitic steel cladding could attain a peak pellet burnup of about 130 GWd/t safely. The test fuel assembly consisted of 61 fuel pins, whose design specifications were similar to those of driver fuel pins of a prototype fast breeder reactor, “Monju”. The irradiated fuel pins exhibited diametral strain due to cladding void swelling and irradiation creep. The cladding irradiation creep strain were due to the pellet-cladding mechanical interaction (PCMI) as well as the internal gas pressure. From the fuel pin ceramographs and ¹³⁷Cs gamma scanning, it was found that the PCMI was associated with the pellet swelling which was enhanced by the rim structure formation or by cesium uranate formation. The PCMI due to cesium uranate, which occurred near the top of the MOX fuel column, significantly affected cladding hoop stress and thermal creep, and the latter effect tended to increase the cumulative damage fraction (CDF) of the cladding though the CDF indicated that the cladding still had some margin to failure due to the creep damage.     

破损燃料组件热室检查技术研究

燃料组件破损直接影响了反应堆的安全运行,分析燃料组件破损原因是燃料组件研发改进的重要环节。通过破损燃料组件水下解体、破口位置定位、破口试样取样等关键技术的研究,建立了破损燃料组件热室检查方法。研究结果表明,该技术路线合理,检查方法可行,为热室条件下开展燃料元件破损检查提供了技术途径。?      

秦山第二核电厂辐照燃料组件替代中子源的可行性分析

反应堆中子源的作用是提高次临界状态下堆芯的注量水平。在实际运行中,可能发生停堆时间较长致使中子源衰减,或中子源发生破损无法继续使用的情况。本文通过对已辐照燃料组件自发中子源和源量程探测器响应的计算分析,探讨使用已辐照燃料组件替代中子源的可能性。计算结果表明,首组入堆组件燃耗在24 100 MW•d•tU^-1以上即可满足中子计数率监测的要求。本方法可为中子源意外破损提供解决方案。     

CSR1000堆芯流量分配的研究

以中国百万千瓦级超临界水冷堆(CSR1000)堆芯为研究对象,建立热工水力计算模型,计算出冷却剂和慢化剂温度分布、堆芯功率分布、燃料组件出口压力及流量分配等参数。计算结果表明,适当增加堆芯内部燃料组件流量比例,可以有利于径向功率展平,内外燃料组件通道出口压降,呈现"N"型变化,增大内部燃料组件的堆芯入口功率,内部组件内的流量分配也将减少,而外部燃料组件通道中的流量将增加,适当调整堆芯入口流量初始分配比例,可以使各通道功率分布展平。     

Optimization of seed-blanket type fuel assembly for reduced-moderation water reactor

Parametric studies have been performed for a PWR-type reduced-moderation water reactor (RMWR) with the seed-blanket type fuel assembles to achieve a high conversion ratio, negative void reactivity coefficient and a high burnup by using MOX fuel. From the viewpoint of reactor safety analysis, the fuel temperature coefficients were also studied.From the result of the burnup calculation, it has been seen that ratio of 40–50% of outer blanket in a seed-blanket assembly gives higher conversion ratio compared to the other combination of seed-blanket assembly. And the recommended number of (seed+blanket) layers is 20, in which the number of seed (S) layers is 15 (S15) and blanket (B) layers is 5 (B5). It was found that the conversion ratio of seed-blanket assembly decreases, when they are arranged looks like a flower shape (Hanagara).By the optimization of different parameters, S15B5 fuel assembly with the height of seed of 1000 mm×2, internal blanket of 150 mm and axial blanket of 400 mm×2 is recommended for a reactor of high conversion ratio. In this assembly, the gap of seed fuel rod is 1.0 mm and blanket fuel rod is 0.4 mm. In S15B5 assembly, the conversion ratio is 1.0 and the burnup is 38.18 GWd/t in (seed+internalblanket+outer blanket) region. However, the burnup is 57.45 GWd/t in (seed+internal blanket) region. The cycle length of the core is 16.46 effective full power in month (EFPM) by six batches and the enrichment of fissile Pu is 14.64 wt.%. The void coefficient is +21.82 pcm/%void, however, it is expected that the void coefficient will be negative if the radial neutron leakage is taken into account in the calculation.It is also possible to use S15B5 fuel assembly as a high burnup reactor 45 GWd/t in (seed+internal blanket+outer blanket) region, however, it is necessary to decrease the height of seed to 500 mm×2 to improve the void coefficient. In this reactor, the conversion ratio is 0.97 and void coefficient is +20.81 pcm/%void. The fuel temperature coefficient is negative for both of cases.     

中国先进研究堆标准燃料组件堆外水力稳定性试验

中国先进研究堆（CARR）标准燃料组件由滚压在两块侧板上的21块燃料板组成。堆外水力试验的目的是考验在水力冲刷条件下燃料组件的结构稳定性。试验件是按照正式产品制造工艺制造的贫铀组件,试验平均流速为12m/s,是满功率运行流速的120％。先后试验了2个组件,第1个组件试验60d,是满功率运行时间的120％,试验后观察到固定下定位梳的销钉松动,下定位梳严重磨损了燃料板;工艺改进后制造的第2个组件试验120d,是满功率运行时间的240％,试验表明,第2个组件结构完整。试验中对组件结构稳定性和燃料板腐蚀性能,诸如组件的压差、燃料板振动、包壳表面腐蚀深度等进行了研究。     

Containment venting as a mitigation technique for BWR MARK I plant ATWS

Containment venting is studied as a mitigation strategy for preventing or delaying severe fuel damage following hypothetical BWR Anticipated Transient Without Scram (ATWS) accidents initiated by MSIV-closure, and compounded by failure of the Standby Liquid Control (SLC) system injection of sodium pentaborate solution and by the failure of manually initiated control rod insertion. The venting of primary containment after reaching 75 psia (0.52 MPa) is found to result in the release of the vented steam inside the reactor building, and to result in inadequate Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) for any system pumping from the pressure suppression pool. CONTAIN code calculations show that personnel access to large portions of the reactor building would be lost soon after the initiation of venting and that the temperatures reached would be likely to result in independent equipment failures. It is concluded that containment venting would be more likely to cause or to hasten the onset of severe fuel damage than to prevent or to delay it.Two alternative strategies that do not require containment venting, but that could delay or prevent severe fuel damage, are analyzed. BWR-LTAS code results are presented for a successful mitigation strategy in which the reactor vessel is depressurized, and for one in which the reactor vessel remains at pressure. For both cases the operators are assumed to take action to intentionally restrict injected flow such that fuel in the upper part of the core would be steam cooled. Resulting fuel temperatures are estimated with an off-line calculation and found to be acceptable.     

LOCA工况下环形燃料元件外包壳鼓胀爆破试验研究

为获得环形燃料元件外包壳在压水堆冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）工况下鼓胀爆破温度和应变的经验关系式，为设计计算提供必要的输入，并初步评价其LOCA工况下的鼓胀爆破性能，在堆外对其开展了LOCA工况下的鼓胀爆破试验研究。在不同的升温速率和内压下，蒸汽环境中，以外表面红外加热的方式对环形燃料元件外包壳进行了鼓胀爆破试验。总结了试验得到的经验关系式，分析了试验中爆破温度和应变的影响因素，并将试验结果与美国核管理委员会出版的NUREG0630中的结果进行对比，验证了试验结果的合理性。获得的试验数据可用于环形燃料的设计、计算和改进。