腰交感神经射频热凝术与化学毁损术治疗下肢缺血性疾病的疗效对比

目的:随着腰交感神经化学毁损术在临床上的大量应用,其术后频发的并发症也引起了很大的关注。近来射频热凝技术的进步使腰交感神经射频热凝术得到了广泛应用,但是对于两者疗效与并发症发生率的对比研究尚且较少。本文通过与化学毁损术对比,评估腰交感神经射频热凝术治疗下肢缺血性疾病的疗效与并发症发生率。方法:选取2013年10月至2015年2月我院收治的40例下肢缺血性疾病病人,随机分为两组。均在CT引导下穿刺,到达目标位置后A组行腰交感神经射频热凝术治疗,B组行化学毁损术治疗。测量术前及术后下肢皮温、观察术后临床疗效及并发症发生情况。结果:40例病人在CT引导下均穿刺成功,治疗后疼痛缓解明显。两组治疗1周及1个月后组间视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分及皮温升高均无统计学差异(P>0.05);术后并发症A组0例,B组20例中出现3例(15%),差异有统计学意义。结论:腰交感神经射频热凝术治疗下肢缺血性疾病可改善下肢组织血运及营养供给,较化学毁损术并发症少,是下肢缺血性疾病的有效治疗方法。     

腰交感神经节射频热凝治疗下肢神经病理性疼痛的临床观察

目的:评估射频热凝毁损腰交感神经节治疗下肢神经病理性疼痛的疗效.方法:选择下肢神经病理性疼痛的患者23例,在CT引导下行L2椎旁交感神经节穿刺,穿刺成功后采用射频疼痛治疗系统行射频热凝治疗,射频温度定位80℃,持续60s,连续3次.观察并记录术前、术后下肢皮肤温度和VAS评分.结果:射频术后皮肤温度明显高于术前(P<0.05),治疗后VAS评分明显低于治疗前(P<0.05).结论:腰交感神经节射频热凝治疗下肢神经病理性疼痛效果安全有效.     

腰交感神经毁损术治疗下肢慢性疼痛类疾病进展

近年来,腰交感神经毁损术被越来越多的应用于多种下肢疼痛性疾病的治疗,其适应证包括神经病理性疼痛、血管痉挛性疼痛、慢性运动疾病引起的腰腿痛、以及不明原因的关节和肌肉痛等。腰交感神经毁损后,血管扩张、微循环改善,阻断痛觉信号的传导,加快致痛物质的清除,进而起到治疗下肢疼痛性疾病的作用。由于腰交感神经的解剖位置,临床常选择腰2交感神经进行毁损。腰交感神经毁损的方法包括:手术切除、化学性腰交感神经毁损和物理毁损法;目前最常用的方法是化学性腰交感神经毁损。交感神经是否被成功阻滞可以通过测量皮肤温度,激光多普勒血流成像技术,脉搏血氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,Sp O2)监测,以及红外热敏成像技术等方法进行评估。自从腰交感神经毁损术在临床应用以来,学者们对它的临床疗效进行了多方面的研究与探讨,包括神经病理性疼痛、缺血性下肢痛、关节疼痛等。本文就该技术的解剖基础、毁损方法、血流检测手段和临床疗效等方面的最新进展作一综述。     

腰丛、坐骨神经旁置管分次阻滞用于单侧下肢骨折手术的麻醉和术后镇痛

目的:观察腰丛、坐骨神经旁置管分次阻滞用于单侧下肢骨折手术的麻醉和术后镇痛的临床效果,并与腰硬联合麻醉进行比较。方法:择期行单侧下肢骨折手术患者60例,随机分为腰丛-坐骨神经阻滞+置管术后镇痛组(N组)和腰硬联合麻醉+硬膜外术后自控镇痛组(E组),每组30人。N组均行腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞,根据相应手术部位在腰丛或坐骨神经旁留置导管行分次阻滞术后镇痛。E组施以腰硬联合麻醉并行硬膜外术后自控镇痛。记录两组患者围手术期和术后的VAS评分、平均动脉压、心率和呼吸次数,患者术后开始进食的时间,术后并发症及患者满意度。结果:两组患者术后VAS评分无显著差异。E组麻醉后30min和术后4h平均动脉压显著降低(P<0.01)。N组术后并发症发生率显著低于E组(P<0.05),术后开始进食时间显著短于E组(P<0.001)。结论:单侧下肢骨折手术采用腰丛、坐骨神经旁置管分次阻滞可以提供完善的术后镇痛,并且对全身各系统影响轻微。     

CT引导下腰交感神经毁损性阻滞治疗血栓闭塞性脉管炎引起的下肢疼痛15例分析

目的：观察CT引导下腰交感神经毁损性阻滞对下肢因血栓闭塞性脉管炎引起的缺血性疼痛的疗效。方法：15例因下肢动脉血栓闭塞性脉管炎引起的下肢疼痛患者,在CT引导监视下经背侧入路经皮穿刺,行腰交感神经无水乙醇阻滞治疗。结果：治疗4周后大多数患者疼痛减轻或消失,患者的疼痛评分、疼痛缓解率、生活质量均明显改善。结论：CT引导下腰交感神经阻滞操作简单、时间短、损伤小、不良反应少、费用合理、易于被患者所接受,值得推广。     

交感神经毁损术治疗癌性疼痛110例临床观察

目的观察在数字减影血管造影技术(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)引导下交感神经毁损治疗癌性疼痛的临床疗效。方法选择2005年5月至2015年5月陕西中医药大学第二附属医院收治的癌性疼痛患者110例,上腹部癌痛35例,晚期癌性腰腿痛46例,盆腔癌痛29例;在DSA引导下分别行腰交感神经节、腹腔神经丛、上腹下神经丛穿刺,注射95%乙醇损毁治疗,观察毁损治疗前和治疗后1周、1个月各时段的视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、吗啡控释片日用量、生存质量(QOL)评分及并发症。结果110例患者均无穿刺失败,成功率100%;显效92例(83.6%),有效18例(16.4%);患者治疗前后呼吸频次、脉搏、血氧饱和度、体温及收缩压比较,差异均有显著性(P<0.05);治疗后患者VAS评分、QOL评分、吗啡控释片日用量明显降低,差异均有显著性(P<0.05);术中、术后均未发生严重不良反应。术后出现轻度腹泻11例,出现醉酒症状6例,暂时性腰痛4例,生殖股神经痛1例,下肢麻木2例。结论在DSA引导下交感神经毁损治疗癌性疼痛安全可靠,减轻癌性疼痛效果明显,可明显提高患者生活质量。     

腹部手术患者术前焦虑对术后疼痛及镇痛药用量的影响

目的研究全身麻醉腹部手术患者术前焦虑对术后疼痛、镇痛药用量及对术后镇痛满意度的影响。方法选取2009年8月-2010年4月68例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,拟行气管插管全身麻醉的腹部手术患者,术前采用状态-特质焦虑量表和抑郁评分量表进行焦虑程度的测评,术后观察VAS疼痛评分、总的镇痛药用量以及患者对镇痛的满意度,分析术前焦虑与术后VAS评分、镇痛药用量及镇痛满意度的相关性。结果 68例受试者术前STAI为50±13,BDI为16±13,术后VAS评分为4.0±2.1,术后24h镇痛药芬太尼的用量为（0.80±0.21）mg;术后镇痛药用量、患者镇痛满意度评分与术前STAI明显相关（r=0.68和r=-0.88,P〈0.01）。术后VAS评分与术前STAI及BDI也有一定的相关（r=0.35和r=0.3）。结论术前焦虑程度可以影响腹部手术患者对镇痛治疗的满意度,显著增加镇痛药用量。     

腰交感神经微创介入治疗下肢疼痛的研究进展

腰交感神经阻滞对交感神经相关的下肢疾病具有诊断与治疗作用。经皮腰交感神经阻滞与毁损作为一种微创治疗方法在良性缺血性下肢疼痛和神经病理性下肢疼痛的治疗当中发挥重要作用。因其具有安全微创等优点,正在逐渐取代开放手术及腔镜下腰交感神经切除手术,广泛应用于临床。本文就经皮腰交感神经微创介入技术的解剖学基础、作用机制、化学及物理毁损方法、定位及穿刺方法等方面做一综述。     

连续腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞对全膝关节置换术后疼痛及早期疗效的影响

目的 :评价连续腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞在全膝关节置换术后镇痛及早期临床疗效的作用。方法 :2009年10月至2011年6月,60例接受全膝关节置换术的骨性关节炎患者随机分为2组,每组30例,分别采用连续腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞镇痛(continuouspsoasplexusandsciaticnerveblockanalgesia,CPSA)、静脉自控镇痛(patient-controlledintravenousanalgesia,PCIA);比较两组患者术前及术后4、8、12、24、36、48、72 h不同时间点静息时VAS评分(rest visual analog scale,RVAS)和被动活动时VAS评分(passive VAS,PVAS),吗啡类镇痛药物追加使用量及不良反应发生率,术前及术后72 h内下肢肌力Bromage评分,术后0、2和12周膝关节功能美国特种外科医院评分(hospital for special surgery,HSS)以及并发症。结果 :与PCIA组相比,CPSA组术后12 h,24 h,36h的RVAS评分和24 h,36 h,48 h的PVAS评分降低(P<0.05),术后吗啡类镇痛药使用量减少(P<0.05),术后镇痛药物所致不良反应率减少(P<0.05),患侧下肢肌力Bromage评分无差异(P>0.05),不增加术后相关并发症。随访12周,两组患者TKA术后HSS评分均较术前(0 w)有显著性差异(P<0.05),两组术后早期HSS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 :连续腰丛联合坐骨神经阻滞镇痛能显著缓解患者术后疼痛,且不良反应少,有利于患者进行早期功能康复,但是对全膝关节置换术后患者的早期临床疗效无明显影响。     

左旋布比卡因用于矫形外科术后镇痛的临床观察

目的：观察左旋布比卡因用于矫形外科患者术后硬膜外镇痛的临床效果及费用。方法：80例行择期下肢手术患者随机分为左旋布比卡因术后镇痛组与布比卡因术后镇痛组（对照组）,每组40例。手术结束均采用持续硬膜外输注镇痛,观察术后48h内的VAS疼痛评分、患者对镇痛治疗总体印象评分、术后活动能力、不良反应的发生情况及医疗费用情况。结果：两组患者术后5个时段VAS疼痛评分、镇痛结束时对疼痛的总体评估、及不良反应发生情况,组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;左旋布比卡因组费用显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：0.12%左旋布比卡因用于矫形外科术后硬膜外镇痛,可获得满意的镇痛效果,但与对照组相比差异并无统计学意义;布比卡因组药物费用显著低于左旋布比卡因（P〈0.01）,具有较高的效果-费用比值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。