国有自然资源资产管理体制改革的建议与思考

自然资源产权管理和专业监管的分立可充分发挥市场作用,进一步促进简政放权,实现对山水林田湖草的综合管理,克服监管盲点,提升综合保护绩效,促进绿水青山转化为金山银山。设立专门机构开展自然资源资产管理,《生态文明体制改革总体方案》等规定了改革依据;自然资源统一确权登记试点取得积极进展,奠定了工作基础;与自然资源资产负债表、绿色GDP核算、生态文明建设目标评价考核等结合起来,促进改革的系统化和连贯化;建议在国家和省、市成立三级国有自然资源资产管理机构,在部分区域和流域派驻机构。为保障改革的实施,需界定国有自然资源资产的范围及所有权、监管权的角色和权限;改革生态补偿、排污权有偿使用、资源有偿利用等制度;明晰流域与属地的权力(利)关系;明确自然资源资产管理职责和生态环保党政同责的关系;重构环境保护税、资源税和自然资源资产使用费的关系;规定自然资源资产管理的原则、体制、制度和责任;建立自然资源资产清单、权利清单和管理信息平台;厘清各方权利边界和监管边界,建立评价考核和奖惩机制。     

自然资源资产及其负债表编制与审计

自然资源资产仍然是一个新概念,还需要在理论和方法层面进行系统的研究。就当今及今后一个时期看,自然资源资产负债表的编制和自然资源资产审计,是亟需研究的理论和现实问题。在此,重点对自然资源资产的概念、属性、分类进行探讨,并就自然资源资产负债表及编制的重点与基础,自然资源资产审计及其重点与方式等,进行系统讨论。     

国内外自然资源资产证券化的经验与启示

以卡塔尔石油总公司液化石油气项目资产证券化、墨西哥石油公司石油出口应收款资产证券化和海南三亚地产开发项目证券化为案例,分析了国内外自然资源资产证券化运作问题.在总结经验的基础之上,提出了我国西部地区探索自然资源资产证券化的构想.     

自然资源资产负债表编制的理论与实践

自然资源资产负债表在国内外都是一个全新的课题,然而学术界关于自然资源核算、环境经济核算、国家资产负债表编制和生态系统服务评估等方向的研究由来已久,为我国自然资源资产负债表的编制提供了大量可资借鉴的学术成果。本文在综述相关领域研究进展的基础上,基于会计学、经济学、资源环境科学等学科视角论述了自然资源资产负债表编制的理论基础,辨析了自然资源资产、负债和净资产等核心概念的内涵,从基本假设、表式结构、数据来源等方面探讨了自然资源资产负债表的框架体系,并回顾了当前自然资源资产负债表编制的实践经验,以期为深化自然资源资产负债表研究提供科学参考。     

基于 SEEA 的自然资源资产核算指标的国际比较

本文从实物型、价值型自然资源资产账户及自然资源资产流量账户三方面对参照环境经济综合核算体系(SEEA)开展自然资源和环境经济核算的海外典型国家的核算指标进行比较分析,为编制我国自然资源资产核算框架提供参考借鉴。从五个典型国家的实践上看,各国的自然资源资产核算体系趋向与国民经济核算相对接;核算资源类别注重资源对社会经济的贡献度、资源数据可获得性以及资源核算的难易程度;核算账户及指标设置突出统计的实现,缺乏核算分析。基于此,本文提出,我国在开展自然资源资产核算时可借鉴国民经济核算的做法及已出台的各类资源分类标准,编制分类与综合资源核算账户、全国与地区专项资源核算账户;突出设置资源变化类指标,注重核算资源的流;探索编制自然资源资产生态账户,考虑实现资源核算指标与负债表指标的衔接,为自然资源资产负债表编制提供信息。     

三江源生态保护建设工作的回顾与展望

为保护好三江源地区的生态环境,多年来,国家对三江源生态保护和建设给予了政策、资金、项目等方面的支持,使工程建设取得了显著成效。文章对青海省实施三江源生态保护建设工程实施情况的主要做法和经验进行了分析总结,提出了存在的问题,并对未来三江源生态环境保护进行了展望。     

遥感和GIS支持下浙江省自然资源资产负债表编制研究

自然资源资产负债表的编制是生态文明建设制度创新的一项重大举措。本文依据"先实物后价值、先存量后流量、先有形后无形"的原则构建自然资源资产负债表框架结构，在遥感和GIS技术支持下探索自然资源资产负债表编制核算路径，确定土地资源、矿产资源、水资源、林木资源、土壤资源、大气资源等六类有形资产核算指标，以及生物多样性维持功能、碳固定功能、水源涵养功能、土壤保持功能等四类无形资产核算指标，并以浙江省为例，完成了浙江省自然资源资产负债表的编制与其核算过程。研究结果表明：①浙江省2014年自然资源资产存量价值约为126 800亿元，相当于当年浙江省GDP的3倍，是浙江省可持续发展的重要基础；② 2000-2014年浙江省自然资源资产存量价值总体呈上升趋势，固定资产存量价值增加900亿元，无形资产存量价值增加200亿元；③ 2000-2014年浙江省自然资源资产负债累计2100亿元，大气资源负债占比最高，达39.07%，其次是水资源负债，达27.07%。本文提出的自然资源资产负债表编制与核算经验，可为全国自然资源资产负债表编制提供有益探索。     

浅谈自然资源及其开发与保护

本文从自然资源的含义谈起，说明了不仅自然资源的有用性对人类很重要，而且其所具有的生态环境功能更重要。提出了摆脱生态环境危机，首先要转变人们对自然资源根深蒂固的认识，坚持自然资源的开发与保护并重，走可持续利用自然资源之路。     

生态资产核算与生态补偿机制研究

生态资产是实现人类可持续发展的重要基础,如何科学评估和核算生态资产并建立生态补偿机制具有重要的学术价值与现实意义。本文从厘清生态资产的概念与范畴出发,梳理了有关生态资产核算方法与生态补偿机制的研究进展,并对下一步研究的重点提出了相关建议。本文认为,加强城市群生态资产相关研究很有必要,建议从生态资产空间流转与代谢的视角出发,综合考虑宏观方法与微观方法相结合,定量化评估生态资产的存量和流量,刻画生态资产的空间流转路径与代谢网络关系,深入分析关键利益相关方的价值偏好,构建市场化生态资产补偿机制,为实现生态资产合理利用提供重要的理论参考与实证参照。     

乌苏里江国家森林公园开发建设探讨

介绍了乌苏里江国家森林公园旅游资源概况 ,在确定公园开发建设原则的基础上 ,评价了公园的开发建设条件 ,并提出了公园开发建设措施。     

Title 16 united states code §55 and its implications for management of concession facilities in Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park is one of the nation's most scenic and ecologically/geologically important parks. Unfortunately, the park is subject to extensive development of concession facilities and associated high levels of visitor use. Those concerned with preservation of the park's resources have attempted to limit the types and extent of such facilities to reduce adverse impacts. Strictly speaking, resolution of the preservation versus use controversy must be based on whether the National Park Service is adhering to its legislative mandate to regulate development and use in the parks. The common interpretation of legislative mandates for national parks, including Yosemite, is that they call for a difficult balancing between the conflicting goals of preservation and use. Accordingly, although concession developments cause significant impacts, they usually have been interpreted to be within the legal discretion allowed the secretary of the interior. However, the usual interpretations of the meanings of legislative mandates for Yosemite National Park have not considered Title 16 United States Code §55, which is a very restrictive statute limiting concession facilities. Many of the limitations imposed on concession facilities by the plain language of the statute have been exceeded. If it can be shown that 16 United States Code §55 is a valid statute, the policy implications for park management in Yosemite National Park would be considerable — namely, that significant reductions in concession facilities could be required. This article examines whether the statute can reasonably be thought to be valid and encourages others to conduct further examination of this question.     

琅琊山国家森林公园生物资源的保护与开发

本文分析了琅琊山国家森林公园生物资源的生存环境和现状．提出了相应的保护与开发利用对策。     

云蒙山国家森林公园内部旅游解说系统的改善

改进旅游解说系统是全面改善旅游景区管理的重要环节.以云蒙山国家森林公园为例,通过对游客的问卷调查获取一手资料,在简要阐明旅游解说系统概念、原则与目标以及与游客特征的关系的基础上,总结了公园内部旅游解说系统目前存在的问题,并通过对公园游客相关特征的分析,对公园内部旅游解说系统的改进提出了建议.     

胡杨资源信息管理系统的设计与实现

新疆塔里木河流域的胡杨资源在维持荒漠生态系统的协调稳定和保障绿洲生态安全等方面意义重大。运用GIS技术、多媒体技术、数据库管理技术的理论与方法,综合胡杨资源及其环境的遥感信息、文字信息及地图信息,建立集图象、图形、声音、文字为一体的计算机信息管理系统,为胡杨资源信息的存贮、查询、检索、更新、分析服务,同时,为胡杨资源合理利用及保护提供科学依据及决策支持。     

Lightning Fires in a Brazilian Savanna National Park: Rethinking Management Strategies

Fire occurrences and their sources were monitored in Emas National Park, Brazil (17°49′–18°28′S; 52°39′–53°10′W) from June 1995 to May 1999. The extent of burned area and weather conditions were registered. Forty-five fires were recorded and mapped on a GIS during this study. Four fires occurred in the dry winter season (June–August; 7,942 ha burned), all caused by humans; 10 fires occurred in the seasonally transitional months (May and September) (33,386 ha burned); 31 fires occurred in the wet season, of which 30 were caused by lightning inside the park (29,326 ha burned), and one started outside the park (866 ha burned). Wet season lightning fires started in the open vegetation (wet field or grassy savanna) at a flat plateau, an area that showed significantly higher fire incidence. On average, winter fires burned larger areas and spread more quickly, compared to lightning fires, and fire suppression was necessary to extinguish them. Most lightning fires were patchy and extinguished primarily by rain. Lightning fires in the wet season, previously considered unimportant episodes, were shown to be very frequent and probably represent the natural fire pattern in the region. Lightning fires should be regarded as ecologically beneficial, as they create natural barriers to the spread of winter fires. The present fire management in the park is based on the burning of preventive firebreaks in the dry season and exclusion of any other fire. This policy does not take advantage of the beneficial effects of the natural fire regime and may in fact reduce biodiversity. The results presented here stress the need for reevaluating present policies and management procedures concerning fire in cerrado conservation areas.     

Benefits-based analysis of visitor use of Sorak-san National Park in Korea

Benefits-based management seeks to provide recreation benefits for recreation participants by managing the physical environments in which recreation occurs. This study investigates the relationship between benefits desired by visitors and the physical, social, and managerial characteristics of settings that facilitate realization of recreation benefits. Data such as perceived benefits from recreation experiences, setting attributes that significantly influenced perceived benefits, and sociodemographic variables were collected from 376 visitors to Sorak-san National Park in the eastern part of the Korean peninsula. Cluster analysis was used to group visitors' desired benefits into 12 domains: relationship with nature/scenery, escaping pressure, learning about nature, family togetherness, introspection, exploration, autonomy/achievement, being with friends, leading others, skills/learning, risk taking, and meeting/observing new people. Multiple regression was used to link benefit domains with the characteristics of settings. The social attribute of recreation settings was linked to eight of the ten benefit domains. There were two statistically strong multiple regression correlations: (1) between domain of “relationship with nature /scenery” and the attributes “forest/water,”“attractive nature,” and “facility/maintenance” and (2) between the domain of “escaping pressure” and the attributes “attractive nature” and “social.” The results of this study are useful to managers in their efforts to provide recreation opportunities for visitors to achieve beneficial outcomes.     

美国路易斯安那州自然资源损害评估制度及其启示

联邦《石油污染条例》、州《溢油预防和应对法案》和《溢油预防和应对条例》共同构成了美国路易斯安那州自然资源损害评估制度体系,确立了评估活动主导者和参与者明确、程序清晰、客观公正、资金来源有保障,且融合了应急、评估、响应行动于一体的评估制度。我国正在建立的生态环境损害赔偿制度,虽然就损害评估已经形成了部分规范性文件,但多重视的是评估机构的资质管理和具体的评估技术方法,有必要借鉴域外经验,从主体构建、程序设计、多方参与、评估资金、融合评估和应急、恢复行动于一体五个方面完善评估管理制度。