含能黏合剂PBAMO的间接法合成与表征

以成本较低的BCMO(3,3-双氯甲基氧丁环)为单体、BF3·THF(三氟化硼四氢呋喃络合物)为催化剂和BDO(1,4-丁二醇)为引发剂,合成了PBCMO(聚3,3-双氯甲基氧丁环);以溶度参数与PBCMO相近的DMAC(N,N-二甲基乙酰胺)为溶剂,对PBCMO进行叠氮化反应,采用间接法得到PBAMO(聚3,3-双叠氮甲基氧丁环)。研究结果表明:叠氮化反应的转化率随反应温度升高或时间延长而提高,叠氮取代率在120℃反应60 h后达到99%;产物的Mn(为5 897)与设计值接近;PBAMO的热稳定性较好,其Tg(玻璃化转变温度)为-38.25℃、热分解温度为255.1℃。     

3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环的合成

以三羟甲基乙烷与碳酸二乙酯为原料,经环化反应合成了3-羟甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(HMM O)。在低温下,HMM O与对甲苯磺酰氯反应生成3-磺酸酯甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(M TM O)。M TM O和叠氮化钠发生叠氮化反应形成叠氮单体3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(AMM O)。三步反应收率分别为76%,96%,85%。用核磁、红外、元素分析和DSC表征了化合物的结构与性能。结构鉴定表明为目标化合物AMM O。     

3,3-双叠氮甲基氧丁环及其均聚物的合成与性能

以1,1,1-三溴甲基-1-羟甲基甲烷为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂,在NaOH的作用下经关环反应合成了3,3-二溴甲基氧丁环(BBMO)。BBMO经叠氮基取代反应制备出3,3-二叠氮甲基氧丁环(BAMO)。BAMO单体经阳离子开环聚合即可制备出固态含能黏合剂PBAMO。用核磁、红外、DSC和GPC表征了聚合物的结构,测试了PBAMO的理化性质。结果表明,PBAMO具有感度较低．熔融温度适中,熔融黏度较低等特点,可以作为含能热塑性弹性体的硬段成分。     

聚5-乙烯基四唑的热行为及其与含能组分的相容性研究

采用DSC、TG-DTG程序升温法研究了聚5-乙烯基四唑(PVT)的热行为,并采用DSC法和真空安定性法考察了PVT与推进剂主要组分RDX、HMX、CL-20、DNTF、ADN、AP、A1和Mg的相容性.结果表明,PVT的热分解分2个阶段进行,第一阶段分解峰温为237.2℃,第二阶段分解峰温为281.2℃;PVT与RD...     

凝胶渗透色谱法测定3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环均聚物相对分子质量及其分布

用聚乙二醇(PEG)作标准样建立了凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)试验法,测定了3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧丁环均聚物(PAMMO)的相对分子质量及其分布。研究了柱温和样品浓度对测试结果的影响,测试了不同批次样品的相对分子质量,比较了GPC试验法与凝胶渗透色谱-十八角度激光散射仪联用(GPC-MALLS)法、蒸汽压渗透(VPO)法和羟端基滴定法所得结果。结果表明,GPC试验法的重复性良好,数均分子量(Mn)、重均分子量(Mw)和分子量分布指数(PD)的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,显示传统GPC试验法可用于测定PAMMO的相对分子质量及其分布,对PAMMO合成工艺的改进和后处理方法的选择具有参考价值。     

3-叠氮甲基-3-硝酸酯甲基氧丁环及其聚合物的合成及其性能

以2，2-二溴甲基-1，3-丙二醇为基础原料，经关环、取代、硝化三步反应合成3-叠氮甲基-3-硝酸酯甲基氧丁环(AMNMO),后者经阳离子开环聚合，制备出液态高能粘合剂PolyAMNMO，探讨了用作推进剂增塑剂、粘合剂的可能性。     

3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷与四氢呋喃共聚醚的合成与表征

以1,4-丁二醇(BDO)为引发剂,三氟化硼·乙醚(BF3·Et2O)为催化剂,使3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷(AMMO)与四氢呋喃进行本体法阳离子开环聚合,得到3-叠氮甲基-3-甲基氧杂环丁烷与四氢呋喃的共聚醚(PAT).通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、碳谱和凝胶渗透色谱对共聚醚进行表征.结果表明,合成的共聚醚中两种不同结构单元的摩尔比与投料比基本吻合,共聚醚的相对分子质量可控、分布较窄.差热扫描量热法测得PAT的玻璃化转变温度为-59.2℃,分解峰温为264.1℃,表明其具有良好的低温性能和热稳定性.     

3-叠氮甲基-3-乙基氧杂环丁烷及其均聚物的合成与性能

为开发新型含能黏合剂,以三羟甲基丙烷、碳酸二乙酯、对甲苯磺酰氯、叠氮化钠为原料,合成出一种新型叠氮类氧杂环单体3-叠氮甲基-3-乙基氧杂环丁烷（AMEO）。用核磁、红外、元素分析和DSC表征了AMEO的结构与性能。以1,4-丁二醇为起始剂,三氟化硼乙醚络合物为催化剂,二氯甲烷为溶剂,AMMO为单体,借助于阳离子开环聚合,合成出聚3-叠氮甲基-3-乙基氧杂环丁烷（PAMEO）。用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析、羟值、数均分子质量表征和测定了聚合物的结构和性能。     

硝酸酯聚醚推进剂的能量特性

采用凝胶色谱(GPC)、DSC、密度计等方法研究了端羟基聚3-硝酸酯甲基-3-甲基氧丁环(PNMMO)的分子结构、理化和安全等性能,其密度(ρ)、生成焓(ΔHf)、玻璃化温度(Tg)和摩擦/撞击感度(H50)分别为1.26g/cm3、-1933.74kJ/kg、-30℃、0%和109.6cm,PNMMO弹性体的最大抗拉强度(σm)和最大延伸率(εm)分别为3.54～7.72MPa和253%～279%.用推进剂能量计算程序计算了PNMMO推进剂与NEPE和GAP推进剂的理论比冲.结果表明,PNMMO推进剂的理论比冲(6.86MPa)比NEPE推进剂的值68～140N·s·kg-1,比GAP推进剂的理论比冲低3～7N·s·kg-1.     

热分析法研究AlH_3与固体推进剂组分的相容性

用DSC研究了三氢化铝(AlH3)与固体推进剂常用黏合剂、增塑剂、固化剂和固体填料的相容性。结果表明,根据DSC曲线的结果和评价相容性的标准,AlH3与硝化棉(NC)、硝化甘油(NG)、硝化甘油-1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯混合物(NG-BTTN)、二缩三乙二醇二硝酸酯(TEGDN)、丁基硝氧乙基硝胺(BuNENA)和双2,2-二硝基丙醇缩甲醛-缩乙醛(BDNPA-F)的二元混合物分解反应峰温比各单独化合物的分解反应峰温降低5.5~15.8℃,显示AlH3与上述组分的相容性较差。AlH3与常用黏合剂聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)、3,3-二叠氮甲基氧丁环-四氢呋喃共聚醚(PBT)、聚乙二醇(PEG)和聚环氧乙烷-四氢呋喃共聚醚(PET)、固化剂异佛二酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、六次甲基二异氰酸酯水合物(N-100)和甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、固体填料铝粉(Al)、奥克托金(HMX)、高氯酸铵(AP)和二硝酰胺铵(ADN)均相容。     

Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Some Energetic Materials

To find an effective laser source to ignite energetic materials, the absorption spectra of some energetic materials are obtained by means of a photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). In this experiment, PAS covers the wavelength region of 400 nm-1600 nm in which no other conventional method can take absorption spectra for powdered energetic materials. Photoacoustic spectra of 18 energetic materials are reported. In general, energetic materials tested showed peaks in 600 nm–800 nm and 1400 nm–1600 nm ranges. It is found that the energy required to initiate explosives in the case of ruby laser initiation were correlated with their photoacoustic signal intensities.     

Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 83. Comparison of the Pyrolysis of Energetic Materials in Air versus Argon

T‐Jump/FTIR spectroscopy was employed to flash pyrolyze a series of energetic compounds in an air atmosphere for comparison with an argon atmosphere. The O‐NO₂ compounds (NG, NC, and PETN), N‐NO₂ compounds (RDX and HMX), and C‐NO₂ compounds (DNT, TNT, and NTO) were studied. The effect of the surrounding atmosphere on the pyrolysis gases roughly correlates with the trend in the vapor pressure of the parent energetic material (i. e. DNT>NG>TNT>NTO>PETN≈RDX>NC≈HMX). For high vapor pressure compounds, the gaseous phase reactions dominate and the dependence on the surrounding atmosphere is strong. For low vapor pressure compounds, the condensed phase decomposition dominates and the dependence on the surrounding atmosphere is weak. That is, the extent of condensed phase vs. gas phase decomposition is the major factor in the effect of the surrounding atmosphere on the decomposition gases. The main reactions in the air are CO with O₂ which is fast, and NO with O₂, which is slow. However, these pyrolysis products for the nitrate esters, the nitramines, and the C‐NO₂ compounds behave differently suggesting that a common process, such as surface catalysis, is not responsible for the behavior seen. There is little effect of the relative humidity (0–60% range) except in the case of HMX.     

Study on the Compatibility of Tetraethylammonium Decahydrodecaborate (BHN) with some Energetic Components and Inert Materials

The compatibility of tetraethylammonium decahydrodecaborate (BHN) with some energetic components and inert materials of solid propellants was studied by DSC method, where glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine (HMX), lead 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐onate (NTO‐Pb), hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20), 3,4‐dinitrofurzanfuroxan (DNTF), N‐guanylurea‐dinitramide (GUDN), aluminum powder (Al, particle size=12.18 μm) and magnesium powder (Mg, particle size: 44–74 μm) were used as energetic components and polyoxytetramethylene‐co‐oxyethylene (PET), polyethylene glycol (PEG), addition product of hexamethylene diisocyanate and water (N‐100), hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), cupric adipate (AD‐Cu), cupric 2,4‐dihydroxy‐benzoate (β‐Cu), lead phthalate (ϕ‐Pb), carbon black (C. B.), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), 1,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐diphenyl urea (C₂), di‐2‐ethylhexyl sebacate (DOS) and potassium perchlorate (KP), were used as inert materials. It was concluded that the binary systems of BHN with NTO‐Pb, CL‐20, aluminum powder, magnesium powder, PET, PEG, N‐100, AD‐Cu, β‐Cu, ϕ‐Pb, C. B., Al₂O₃, C₂, DOS, and KP are compatible, and systems of BHN with GAP and HMX are slightly sensitive, and with RDX, DNTF, and GUDN are incompatible. The impact and friction sensitivity data of BHN and BHN in combination with the energetic materials under present study were obtained, and there was no consequential affiliation between sensitivity and compatibility.     

含能材料热安定性及热安全性评价方法研究进展

概述含能材料热安定性及热安全性的 3类评价方法在操作过程及试验结果上的局限性。介绍了一种将基本安定性试验评价法与自加速分解温度 (SADT)评价法相结合 ,从而实现对含能材料热安定性及热安全性进行评价的新方法。对该方法的先进性和应用前景进行了论述。     

热动力学软件在含能材料老化方面的应用研究

利用热动力学软件对含能材料的热流信号进行分析处理,得到2种小口径半球形基座推进剂和一种EI推进剂的动力学参数,并通过高温段的实验数据,推测低温段的反应速率及参数。利用动力学参数预测50～100℃的分解机理,并模拟得到了50℃恒温情况下,推进剂储存7年的热流数据曲线。这使准确推测含能材料在各种温度情况下的老化情况成为可能,并且能够对任意气候条件下含能材料的老化反应情况进行精确模拟。     

三(4-异氰酸酯基苯)硫代磷酸酯与含能材料相容性研究

用高压差示扫描量热法(PDSC)研究了三(4-异氰酸酯基苯)硫代磷酸酯(TPTI)与含能材料的相容性。研究结果表明:TPTI与2-NPBA、C2、CL-20、DINA、HMX、FOX-7、FOX-7K以及RDX相容;TPTI/FOX-12混合体系轻微敏感;而TPTI/DNTF混合体系危险。     

含能材料燃烧过程中热分解化学的研究进展

从模拟燃烧条件、组分相互作用、组分物理状态、分析测试技术等几方面介绍了含能材料燃烧过程中热分解化学研究近几年来的最新进展。着重介绍燃烧热分解中的基元反应对建立推进剂燃烧新型模型的重要性、氧化剂和黏合剂及催化剂之间的相互作用、氧化剂的黏度和相态变化对燃烧和热分解过程的影响。     

Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 56. On the fast thermolysis mechanism of ammonium nitrate and its mixtures with mangnesium and carbon

Fast thermolysis studies of ammonium nitrate (AN) and its mixtures with magnesium and activated charcoal have been carried out by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/temperature profiling technique. When subjected to rapid heating (ca. 80°C/s), AN Sublimes/decomposes around 300°. Sublimation dominates at ambient pressures. The IR-active products of decomposition are NH₃, NO₂, N₂O and H₂O. Reaction schemes accounting for the products are proposed which involve proton transfer leading to NH₃ by the decomposition products of HNO₃. The decomposition of AN is significantly enhanced when AN is mixed with magnesium powder or charcoal, and occurs at as low a temperature as 135°C. Whereas NH₃ is the major product of decomposition of AN Mg mixtures, no NH₃ is observed from AN C mixtures. The results are explained by the reaction of HNO₃ and NH₃ with Mg or C.     

Understanding the Compatibility of the Energetic Binder PolyNIMMO with Energetic Plasticizers: Experimental and DFT Studies

The development of energetic binders with suitable energetic plasticizers is required to enhance the mechanical properties and to reduce the glass transition temperature of propellant and explosive formulations. The compatibility of the energetic binder poly(3‐nitratomethyl‐3‐methyloxetane) (polyNIMMO) with five different energetic plasticizers viz. bis(2,2‐dinitro propyl)acetal (BDNPA), dinitro‐diaza‐alkanes (DNDA‐57), 1,2,4‐butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), N‐N‐butyl‐N ‘(2‐nitroxy‐ethyl) nitramine (BuNENA) and diethyleneglycoldinitrate (DEGDN) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, and DFT methods. The results obtained for the pure binder were compared with the results obtained for the binder/plasticizer blend in regard of the decomposition temperature and the format of the peak indicated the compatibility of polyNIMMO with the plasticizers. The glass transition temperatures of the blends were determined by low temperature DSC and showed desirable lowering of glass transition temperature with single peak. The rheological evaluation revealed that the viscosity of the binder is considerably lowered by means of flow behavior upon addition of 20 % (w/w) plasticizer. The addition of BuNENA and DEGDN has maximum effect on the lowering of viscosity of polyNIMMO. The predicted relative trend of interaction energies between plasticizer and binder is well correlated with the corresponding trend of viscosity of binder/plasticizer blends. These experimental studies verified by theoretical methods are valuable to design practical blends of new plasticizers and binders.