HPLC法测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷与连翘苷的含量研究

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定双黄连口服液中黄芩苷与连翘苷的含量。方法黄芩苷:色谱柱为Kromasil ODS柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);柱温:40℃;检测波长280nm;流动相:甲醇-水-磷酸(55∶45∶0.2);流速:1.0mL·min-1。连翘苷:色谱柱为Kromasil ODS柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);检测波长277nm;流动相:乙腈-水(25∶75);流速:0.8mL·min-1。结果黄芩苷在24.85~198.8mg·L-1间与峰面积有良好的线性关系,连翘苷进样量在0.496~3.472μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系;加样回收率黄芩苷为101.1%,RSD=1.83%(n=5),连翘苷为98.71%,RSD=1.61%(n=5)。结论该方法简单迅速,结果准确,精密度好,对黄芩苷和连翘苷的含量测定能更好的控制双黄连口服液的质量。     

HPLC法同时测定黄芩、白芍药对提取物中8种指标成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定黄芩、白芍药对提取物中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、没食子酸和12,,3,4,6-五没食子酰葡萄糖8种成分含量的HPLC方法。方法:Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm5,μm),流动相组成A:乙腈,B:0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长:230 nm,柱温:30℃。结果:黄芩苷线性范围为186.4～932.0μg,定量下限为186.4μg(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=2.0%,n=6);黄芩素线性范围为19.12～95.60μg,定量下限为19.12μg(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为99.3%(RSD=2.5%,n=6);汉黄芩苷线性范围为44.20～221.0μg,定量下限为44.20μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.6%(RSD=2.5%,n=6);汉黄芩素线性范围为10.30～51.50μg,定量下限为10.30μg(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.5%(RSD=1.4%,n=6);芍药苷线性范围为4.312～43.12μg,定量下限为4.312μg(r=0.999 6),平均回收率为98.4%(RSD=2.4%,n=6);芍药内酯苷线性范围为3.060～30.60μg,定量下限为3.060μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.2%(RSD=2.0%,n=6);没食子酸线性范围为9.994～199.9μg,定量下限为9.994μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.8%(RSD=2.1%,n=6);1,2,3,4,6-五没食子葡萄糖线性范围为8.800～44.00μg,定量下限为8.800μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.0%(RSD=2.2%,n=6)。结论:本方法可应用于黄芩、白芍药对提取物中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、没食子酸和1,2,3,4,6-五没食子酰葡萄糖8种成分含量的同时测定。     

HPLC-DAD法测定参桂鹿茸丸中7个成分的含量和转移率研究

目的 建立同时测定参桂鹿茸丸中马钱苷、黄芩苷、莫诺苷、橙皮苷、川续断皂苷Ⅵ、芍药苷、龙胆苦苷含量的方法,并考察各成分在药材至制剂过程中的转移率。方法 以高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Ultimate XB-C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),流动相：乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速1 mL·min^-1,柱温30℃,切换波长测定。结果 7个成分分离度良好,马钱苷、黄芩苷、莫诺苷、橙皮苷、川续断皂苷Ⅵ、芍药苷、龙胆苦苷进样量分别在0.0612～0.4896μg(r=0.9995);0.2839～2.2709μg(r=0.9996);0.0434～0.3469μg(r=0.9993);0.6254～5.0034μg(r=0.9997);0.0558～0.4466μg(r=0.9992);0.1208～0.9665μg(r=0.9993);0.0690～0.5519μg(r=0.9998)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率(n=6)为96.93%～101.1%(RSD<2%)。从药材至制剂中,马钱苷、黄芩苷、莫诺苷、橙皮苷、...     

高效液相色谱法同时测定痔特佳片中柚皮苷和黄芩苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定痔特佳片中柚皮苷和黄芩苷的含量。方法采用Hypersil ODS2(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相:乙腈-水(20∶80)(用磷酸调节pH值至3.0);流速:1.0mL.min-1;检测波长:283nm;柱温:35℃。结果柚皮苷进样量在0.0540μg~0.540μg(r=0.9998),黄芩苷进样量在0.0626μg~0.626μg(r=0.9999),与峰面积线性关系良好;柚皮苷平均回收率为99.28%,RSD为1.45%(n=9);黄芩苷平均回收率为100.33%,RSD为1.27%(n=9)。结论该方法简便,快速,结果可靠,可用于痔特佳片的质量控制。     

桔贝合剂中5种成分的含量测定

目的建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC)同时测定桔贝合剂中甘草苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素含量的方法。方法采用超高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸(梯度洗脱),流速为0.3 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为276 nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为2μL。结果甘草苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素检测质量浓度线性范围分别为1.09～21.74μg·m L-1(r=0.9998),11.99～239.89μg·m L-1(r=0.9995),2.95～58.90μg·m L-1(r=0.9997),0.52～10.30μg·m L-1(r=0.9998),0.57～11.32μg·m L-1(r=0.9997);加样回收率分别为99.0%(RSD=1.2%),99.4%(RSD=0.94%),100.4%(RSD=0.77%),98.4(RSD=1.4%),97.4%(RSD=1.4%)。结论该方法快捷、准确,重复性好,为提高桔贝合剂的质量标准提供了科学依据。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定双黄消炎片中黄芩苷和黄芩素含量

目的 建立同时测定双黄消炎片中黄芩苷和黄芩素含量的反相高效液相色谱法.方法 色谱柱采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18柱(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相(梯度洗脱),检测波长为277 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,进样量10μL,柱温35℃.结果 黄芩苷质量浓度在5.678~141.95μg/mL范围内与峰面积有良好线性关系,r=1.000 0(n=7);黄芩素质量浓度在2.122~53.05 μg/mL范围内与峰面积有良好线性关系,r=1.000 0(n=7).黄芩苷平均回收率为99.32%,RSD为0.63%(n=6);黄芩素平均回收率为99.27%,RSD为0.48%(n=6).结论该法操作简便、快速、结果准确,可用于双黄消炎片的质量控制.     

HPLC切换波长法同时测定金蝉止痒颗粒中5个成分的含量

目的 建立同时测定金蝉止痒颗粒中绿原酸、连翘苷、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、栀子苷含量的方法。方法 以高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Unitary C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),流动相：乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B),梯度洗脱,流速1 mL·min^-1,柱温25℃,检测波长(0～11 min, 327 nm,绿原酸;11～16 min, 238 nm,栀子苷;16～34 min, 280 nm,黄芩苷;34～37 min, 205 nm,连翘苷;37～55 min, 265 nm,盐酸小檗碱)。结果 5个成分分离度良好,绿原酸、连翘苷、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、栀子苷进样量分别在0.01752～0.1752μg(r=0.9991);0.01829～0.1829μg(r=0.9999);0.1206～1.206μg(r=1.000);0.1872～1.872μg(r=1.000);0.09012～0.9012μg(r=0.9995)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率(n=6)分别为97.67%;99.18%;99.86%;100.3%;98.04...     

高效液相色谱法测定耳聋丸中栀子苷和黄芩苷含量

目的 建立一种同时测定耳聋丸中栀子苷和黄芩苷含量的高效液相色谱法.方法 采用Agilent Extend-C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速0.8 mL/min;检测波长240 nm;进样量10μL;柱温:室温.结果 栀子苷和黄芩苷与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,栀子苷进样量在0.0544~0.5440μg,内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,r=0.9997(n=5);黄芩苷进样量在0.313 6~3.1360 μg内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,r=1.000 0(n=5);栀子苷和黄芩苷平均回收率分别为97.38%和97.86%.RSD分另q为1.14%和0.62%(n=6).结论 所用方法简便、快速、准确,一种方法能同时测定两种成分,可用于耳聋丸的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定胃复舒中盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定胃复舒胶囊中盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷的含量。方法采用KromasilC18色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(34∶60∶6∶0.2);流速:1.0mL.min-1,检测波长:270nm,柱温:30℃。结果盐酸小檗碱的线性范围0.01756μg～0.1756μg,r=0.9999;黄芩苷线性范围0.04696μg～0.4696μg,r=0.9999;平均回收率盐酸小檗碱为99.76%,RSD为1.26%(n=9);黄芩苷为100.66%,RSD为1.10%(n=9)。结论该法简便,快速,结果可靠,可用于胃复舒胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定木蝴蝶中黄芩苷含量

用高效液相色谱法测定木蝴碟中黄芩苷的含量.采用Kromasil C18柱分离黄芩苷,甲醇-水-冰醋酸(50:50:1)为流动相,检测波长为280nm.线性范围0.4～2.0μg(r=0.99999);平均回收率为97.77%,RSD=0.70%(n=5).本方法简便、快速,可用于木蝴蝶中黄芩苷的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.