Supercritical carbon dioxide containing a cationic perfluoropolyether surfactant for dyeing wool

The phase behaviour of a cationic perfluoropolyether surfactant in supercritical carbon dioxide and its ability to solubilise ionic dyes has been investigated. This cationic surfactant was found to dissolve satisfactorily in supercritical carbon dioxide and was able to form micellar aggregates incorporating a small amount of water in their interior. Conventional anionic dyes such as acid and reactive dyes were solubilised satisfactorily in the cationic surfactant/water/supercritical carbon dioxide system. The surfactant was more effective in this respect than its anionic analogue.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of supercritical CO2 microemulsion with ionic liquid domains: Structures and properties

Supercritical carbon dioxide microemulsions are great medium to combine two immiscible substances through forming nanoscale polar cores in nonpolar continuous phase with the help of proper surfactants. The properties of microemulsions could be significantly affected by their constituents and structures. In this work, molecular dynamics simulation was implemented to study supercritical carbon dioxide microemulsions containing ionic liquid[bmim] [PF₆] and water by adding surfactant Ls-36. Results showed that the above components could form spherical aggregates in CO₂ bulk phase with[bmim] [PF₆] and some water as the inner core, surfactant headgroups and water as the intermediate shell, and surfactant tails as the outer shell. The microstructure information about the outer shell was further investigated by defining an angle between the surfactant tail and the normal direction of the aggregate outer surface, which ranged from 78° to 125°. The influence of the ionic liquid content on the size and structure of microemulsions was explored and the best molar ratio between the ionic liquid and surfactant was around 1.25 for getting maximum water solubility.     

Measurement and correlation of supercritical CO2 and ionic liquid systems for design of advanced unit operations

Ionicliquids combined with supercritical fluid technology hold great promise as working solvents for developing compact processes. Ionic liquids, which are organic molten salts, typically have extremely low volatility and high functionality, but possess high viscosities, surface tensions and low diffusion coefficients, which can limit their applicability. CO₂, on the other hand, especially in its supercritical state, is a green solvent that can be used advantageously when combined with the ionic liquid to provide viscosity and surface tension reduction and to promote mass transfer. The solubility of CO₂ in the ionic liquid is key to estimating the important physical properties that include partition coefficients, viscosities, densities, interfacial tensions, thermal conductivities and heat capacities needed in contactor design. In this work, we examine a subset of available high pressure pure component ionic liquid PVT data and high pressure CO₂ - ionic liquid solubility data and report new correlations for CO₂-ionic liquid systems with equations of state that have some industrial applications including: (1) general, (2) fuel desulfurization, (3) CO₂ capture, and (4) chiral separation. New measurements of solubility data for the CO₂ and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate, [bmim][OcSO₄] system are reported and correlated. In the correlation of the CO₂ ionic liquid phase behavior, the Peng-Robinson and the Sanchez-Lacombe equations of state were considered and are compared. It is shown that excellent correlation of CO₂ solubility can be obtained with either equation and they share some common characteristics regarding interaction parameters. In the Sanchez-Lacombe equation, parameters that are derived from the supercritical region were found to be important for obtaining good correlation of the CO₂-ionic liquid solubility data.     

Micellar catalysis for partial oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid in supercritical CO2: effects of fluorinated surfactants

One of the key hindrances on development of solid catalysts containing cobalt species for partial oxidation of organic molecules at mild conditions in conventional liquid phase is the severe metal leaching. The leached soluble Co species with a higher degree of freedom always out-performs those of solid supported Co species in oxidation catalysis. However, the homogeneous Co species concomitantly introduces separation problems. We have recently reported for the first time, a new oxidation catalyst system for the oxidation of organic molecules in supercritical CO₂ using the principle of micellar catalysis. [CF₃(CF₂)₈COO]₂Co·xH₂O (the fluorinated anionic moiety forms aqueous reverse micelles carrying water-soluble Co²⁺ cations in scCO₂) was previously shown to be extremely active for the oxidation of toluene in the presence of sodium bromide in water–CO₂ mixture, giving 98% conversion and 99% selectivity to benzoic acid at 120 °C. In this study, we show that the effects of varying the type of surfactant counterions and the length of the surfactant chains on catalysis. It is found that the use of [CF₃(CF₂)₈COO]₂Mg·yH₂O/Co(II) acetate is as effective as the [CF₃(CF₂)₈COO]₂Co·xH₂O and the fluorinated chain length used has a subtle effect on the catalytic rate measured. It is also demonstrated that this new type of micellar catalyst in scCO₂ can be easily separated via CO₂ depressurisation and be reused without noticeable deactivation.     

超临界CO2压裂液增黏剂的长管实验评价及增黏机制探讨

针对超临界CO₂压裂中CO₂黏度低、携砂困难等问题,开展6种超临界CO₂压裂液增黏剂的性能研究。分析增黏剂聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚苯乙烯、氟化丙烯酸酯、聚甲基倍半硅氧烷、聚甲基倍半硅氧烷-乙酸乙烯酯以及氟化丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯的分子结构,测试其增黏效果及热稳定性,评价温度、压力、增黏剂注入量对超临界CO₂压裂液黏度的影响,测试不同管径中压裂液的阻力系数,并探讨超临界CO₂增黏的机制。实验结果表明,在温度为50℃、压力为12MPa、注入增黏剂质量分数为3%时,氟化丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯对超临界CO₂的增黏效果最好,增黏倍数为316.7倍,黏度值为15.202mPa·s;改善增黏剂在CO₂中的溶解性可以有效提高超临界CO₂压裂液的黏度;具备两亲特性、具有无定形、无规则结构特征以及分子上既存在路易斯酸又有路易斯碱的共聚物能有效提高其在CO₂中的溶解性,并形成大分子相互缠绕的空间网络结构,达到增黏的效果。该研究对超临界CO₂增黏剂的研制以及超临界CO₂压裂施工具有重要的现实意义。     

多孔介质内超临界CO2流体及泡沫驱油特性的比较实验研究

CO₂混相驱替可以提高原油采收率,因此近年来得到研究者们的广泛关注。使用高温高压驱替设备,利用超临界CO₂流体、超临界CO₂泡沫及N₂泡沫作为驱替介质,对油水饱和孔隙介质中的油相驱替特性开展了比较实验研究。通过对驱替过程沿程压力及对驱替增采油量的测量,对不同驱替手段在孔隙介质内的油相增采特性进行深入研究和探讨。研究发现在温度为50℃、压力为13 MPa时,超临界CO₂流体对多孔介质内的油相驱替效果有显著提升,当压力进一步升高到23 MPa时,油相增采效果不明显。说明在本实验条件下超临界CO₂流体与油相在50℃、13 MPa时可达到混相驱替状态;而采用超临界CO₂泡沫及N₂泡沫注入工艺未能进一步提高出油量。沿程压差测量结果则显示,与N₂泡沫相比,超临界CO₂泡沫在多孔介质试样内的驱替压差较小,起泡性能较差。实验结果对于筛选及评价超临界CO₂驱油工艺具有一定的指导意义。     

肉桂酸型离子液体的合成及其二氧化碳吸收

合成了一系列肉桂酸型功能化离子液体,研究了其CO₂ 吸收性能。结果表明,肉桂酸型功能化离子液体吸收二氧化碳性能良好,其阴离子苯环上的取代基会影响CO₂ 吸收性能。随着温度的升高和压力的降低,其CO₂吸收性能都会降低。同时,该离子液体具有很好的循环稳定性,经过5 次吸收脱附循环,该离子液体仍能保持较高的CO₂ 吸收量。结合红外光谱和其低浓度下CO₂ 的吸收研究发现肉桂酸型离子液体吸收CO₂ 存在着化学作用。     

Dyeing of natural fibres from perfluoro-polyether reverse micelles in supercritical carbon dioxide

The dyeing of natural fibres from a reverse-micellar system in supercritical carbon dioxide has been investigated using ammonium carboxylate perfluoropolyether as surfactant. Protein fibres such as silk and wool were satisfactorily dyed in deep shades with conventional acid dyes without special pretreatment. Exhaustion was excellent. It was however found that on these fibres the performance of acid dyes was strongly influenced by temperature and carbon dioxide density. Conventional reactive dyes in this system were adsorbed on cotton, even in the absence of dyeing auxiliaries, but the fixation of the dye was not satisfactory. Compared with supercritical dyeing methods reported previously, it was found in this study that the temperature and pressure required were significantly lower.     

Prediction of the viscosity reduction due to dissolved CO2 of and an elementary approach in the supercritical CO2 assisted continuous particle production of a polyester resin

The dissolution of CO₂ in a polymer causes plasticization of the polymer and hence, its viscosity is reduced. A model based on the free volume theory has been used for a polyester resin, which shows a considerable reduction in the viscosity due to dissolved CO₂. Therefore, supercritical CO₂ has been used as a processing solvent in the continuous production of micron size particles of the resin. Despite the viscosity reduction caused by the dissolved CO₂, an excess quantity of CO₂ with respect to its solubility limit has been used for micronisation of the polymer due to its high viscosity. The mixing of CO₂ and the polymer has not been possible in an extruder at high gas to polymer mass ratios and consequently, a simplified Kenics type static mixer has been used for the mixing purpose. In this study, the effect of various parameters such as temperature, pressure, nozzle diameter and gas to polymer mass ratio on the particle morphology and size has been studied. The experimental results manifest the technological as well as the theoretical insight into the particles production from a high viscosity material.     

工业规模CO2管道泄放过程中的压力响应及相态变化

基于CO₂相态分别进行了气相、气液两相和超临界状态的3组工业规模CO₂管道(长256 m,内径233 mm)泄放实验,分析了CO₂管道泄放过程中的压力响应和相态转变过程。研究表明:在管道内,气相CO₂泄放开始时压力发生突降,而后压降停滞或减慢;管内相态主要为气态,但管道末端温度大幅下降使该处形成气液均相CO₂。泄放口位于气液界面之上的气液两相CO₂泄放中,减压波多次反射并导致多次压力突降和反弹;管内相态由气液分层向气液均相转变,管道顶部和底部气液均相CO₂先后向气相CO₂转变。超临界CO₂泄放中的压力突降和反弹发生在临界区域附近,且压力穿过临界压力时,压变速率会停滞或减慢;管内相态经历了超临界、气液均相和气相泄放3个过程。     

Adsorption equilibrium of citric acid from supercritical carbon dioxide/ethanol on cyano column

Supercritical adsorption equilibrium has a significant role in defining supercritical adsorption behavior. In this paper, the adsorption equilibrium of citric acid from supercritical CO2/ethanol on a cyano column was systemat-ical y investigated with the elution by characteristic point method. Equilibrium loading was obtained at 313.15 K and 321.15 K with supercritical CO2/ethanol densities varying from 0.7068 g·cm?3 to 0.8019 g·cm?3. The exper-imental results showed that the adsorption capacity of citric acid decreased with increasing temperature and in-creasing density of the supercritical CO2/ethanol mobile phase. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted wel by the Quadratic Hill isotherm model and the isotherms showed anti-Langmuir behavior. The monolayer satura-tion adsorption capacity of citric acid is in the range of 44.54 mg·cm?3 to 64.66 mg·cm?3 with an average value of 56.86 mg·cm?3.     

光照条件下Na2CO3/H2O2协同降解偶氮染料研究

本研究主要在光照条件下,利用Na₂CO₃/H₂O₂反应体系降解偶氮染料酸性橙8(AO 8),考察了光照条件对AO 8降解的影响,探究了不同活性基团对AO 8降解的贡献。结果表明,在光照条件下Na₂CO₃和H₂O₂可以产生协同效应,与单独加入Na₂CO₃或H₂O₂相比,能够有效促进偶氮染料AO 8的降解。在优化条件下,该体系中AO 8的降解率达到73.83%。同时研究分析了不同活性基团在AO 8降解过程中的作用,其中贡献率表现依次为CO₃·^->HO·>O₂·^->¹O₂。本研究结果可为偶氮染料废水的处理提供了一条新的途径。     

超临界二氧化碳-共溶剂体系与聚醋酸乙烯酯相互作用

采用多尺度模拟和实验结合研究了乙醇、丙酮、正庚烷等共溶剂的加入对超临界二氧化碳（CO₂）溶剂体系的影响,通过改善溶剂-溶剂和溶剂-溶质相互作用增强聚醋酸乙烯酯（PVAc）与CO₂的相容性。量子力学从头算结果表明,3种共溶剂中乙醇与CO₂的相互作用最强,丙酮次之,正庚烷最弱。分子动力学模拟也表明在相同共溶剂含量下,乙醇对溶剂体系溶解度参数的改善最为明显,超临界CO₂-乙醇体系与PVAc链的相互作用更强,有助于提高PVAc与溶剂的相容性。这是由于乙醇本身的溶解度参数较大,且与CO₂形成氢键作用,从而大幅增强了其与CO₂的相互作用。浊点压力实验证实了共溶剂的加入增强了超临界CO₂体系与PVAc的相容性,乙醇的加入对PVAc浊点压力的降低最为有效,且随着共溶剂含量的增加,PVAc在溶剂中的溶解能力增强。     

离子液体支撑液膜的CO2/CH4分离性能

由于离子液体对CO₂具有较好的溶解选择性,离子液体支撑液膜分离CO₂越来越受到关注。比较了含3种不同阴离子的常规离子液体([bmim][BF₄]、[bmim][PF₆]、[bmim][Tf₂N])作为支撑液膜的液膜相分离CO₂/CH₄的性能,考察了咪唑环上烷基链长对离子液体支撑液膜性能的影响。考虑向离子液体中引入胺基和羧基等亲CO₂基团,制备了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑丙氨酸离子液体([bmim][β-Ala]),考察了 [bmim][β-Ala]支撑液膜分离CO₂/CH₄的性能,并对在CO₂渗透测试前后的支撑液膜进行了FT-IR分析,发现氨基酸离子液体中的-NH₂和CO₂的较强作用以及该离子液体的高黏性影响了CO₂的透过性,使[Bmim][β-Ala]支撑液膜的CO₂透过率低。     

Molecular dynamics simulation for the binary mixtures of high pressure carbon dioxide and ionic liquids简

Molecular dynamics simulation with an all-atom force field has been carded out on the two binary sys- tems of [bmim][PF6]-CO2 and [bmim][NO3]-CO2 to study the transport properties, volume expansion and micro- structures. It was found that addition of CO2 in the liquid phase can greatly decrease the viscosity of ionic liquids （ILs） and increase their diffusion coefficient obviously. Furthermore, the volume expansion of ionic liquids was found to increase with the increase of the mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase but less than 35% for the two simulated systems, which had a significant difference with CO2 expanded organic solvents. The main reason was that there were some void spaces inter and intra the molecules of ionic liquids. Finally, site to site radial distribution functions and corresponding number integrals were investigated and it was found that the change of microstructures of ILs bv addition CO2 had a great influence on the orooerties of ILs.     

氨基功能型离子液体吸收CO2的性能

氨基功能型离子液体在常温常压下对CO₂具有较强的吸收选择性能,在分离固定CO₂方面具有较好的应用前景。合成了4种氨基功能型离子液体,对产物进行了IR和¹H NMR表征,探究了这些功能型离子液体的CO₂吸收性能及再生性能。结果表明,4种氨基功能型离子液体均具有强于常规型离子液体的CO₂吸收性能,再生性能良好,可循环使用;离子液体的CO₂溶解度受黏度影响显著,随吸收温度的升高而降低,随吸收压力的升高,吸收剂浓度的增加而增大;强化传质能提高再生效率,多次的再生对离子液体的吸收性能没有明显影响。     

基于GA-BP神经网络的超临界CO2传热特性预测研究

超临界二氧化碳（S-CO₂）动力循环在能源利用领域中拥有广阔的应用前景,其中超临界CO₂的传热特性对其能量转换效率至关重要。开展了超临界CO₂在水平小圆管内对流传热实验研究,并通过建立遗传算法优化的BP神经网络模型（GA-BP）,对其在不同工况下的传热特性进行预测分析。实验参数范围：系统压力7.5~9.5 MPa,质量流速1100~2100 kg/（m²?s）,热通量120~560 kW/m²。实验结果表明,超临界CO₂传热系数随流体温度的升高先增大后减小,在拟临界温度附近达到最大值。GA-BP神经网络模型能有效地预测超临界CO₂的传热系数,预测数据的决定系数R²为0.99662,超过95%的数据误差位于±10%范围内,平均误差为3.55%,为超临界流体传热预测提供新的思路。     

2-甲基咪唑/乙二醇体系常温脱除天然气中的二氧化碳

将2-甲基咪唑溶于乙二醇中形成混合溶液体系,利用该体系常温下实现对天然气中二氧化碳的脱除。首先分别测定单组分甲烷和二氧化碳在体系中的吸收容量,在0.1 MPa下,CO₂在2-甲基咪唑/乙二醇混合溶液中溶解度约为0.87 mol·L^-1,高于同等条件下CO₂在大部分离子液体中的溶解度,二氧化碳的吸收容量远大于甲烷的;然后对混合气CH₄/CO₂进行分离,发现该体系能较好吸收分离CH₄/CO₂。最后考察了体系的再生性和重复利用性,得出2-甲基咪唑/乙二醇溶液体系能完全再生并且能重复使用。     

Feasibility analysis and process simulation of CO2 dehydration using triethylene glycol for CO2 pipeline transportation

The operation of dehydration is very important in the process of gas transportation. This study aims to evaluate the application feasibility of CO₂ dehydration using triethylene glycol, which is also called TEG for short. Aspen Plus software was used to simulate the dehydration process system of CO₂ gas transportation using TEG dehydration. Parameter analysis and process improvement were carried out for the simulation of dehydration process. At first, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to analyze and optimize operating conditions of conventional CO₂-TEG dehydration process system. Subsequently, a recycle unit was introduced into the conventional CO₂-TEG dehydration process system, it can be found that the improved process system with the recycle unit has a higher CO₂ recovery rate which was about 9.8% than the conventional one. Moreover, the improved process system showed excellent operation stability through the comparison of simulation results of several processes with various water contents in their feed gases. Although the energy consumption is increased by about 2%, the improved process was economically and technically feasible for the long-term availability of CO₂ pipeline transportation. The simulated results showed that the improved CO₂-TEG process system has promising application prospects in CO₂ dehydration of CO₂ gas transportation with high stability.     

New process development and process evaluation for capturing CO2 in flue gas from power plants using ionic liquid [emim][Tf2N]

Using the ionic liquid [emim][Tf_2N] as a physical solvent, it was found by Aspen Plus simulation that it was possible to attempt to capture CO_2 from the flue gas discharged from the coal-fired unit of the power plant.Using the combination of model calculation and experimental determination, the density, isostatic heat capacity,viscosity, vapor pressure, thermal conductivity, surface tension and solubility of [emim][Tf_2N] were obtained.Based on the NRTL model, the Henry coefficient and NRTL binary interaction parameters of CO_2 dissolved in[emim][Tf_2N] were obtained by correlating [emim][Tf_2N] with the gas–liquid equilibrium data of CO_2. Firstly,the calculated relevant data is imported into Aspen Plus, and the whole process model of the ionic liquid absorption process is established. Then the absorption process is optimized according to the temperature distribution in the absorption tower to obtain a new absorption process. Finally, the density, constant pressure heat capacity,surface tension, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of [emim][Tf_2N] were changed to investigate the effect of ionic liquid properties on process energy consumption, solvent circulation and heat exchanger design. The results showed that based on the composition of the inlet gas stream to the absorbers, CO_2 with a capture rate of 90% and a mass purity higher than 99.5% was captured. These results indicate that the [emim][Tf_2N] could be used as a physical solvent for CO_2 capture from coal-fired units. In addition, the results will provide a theoretical basis for the design of new ionic liquids for CO_2 capture.