肺动脉闭锁伴室间隔缺损的肺血管解剖类型探讨

目的:分析肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损的肺动脉解剖形态与肺循环血供来源,探讨其适宜的肺血管造影方法.方法:回顾研究了38例肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损的心血管造影结果,重点分析了肺动脉的起源、分布与解剖形态.所有病例均常规予以右室或左室造影和降主动脉上部造影,其中11例行选择性动脉导管造影,6例行选择性侧支血管造影.结果:全部38例患者中,肺循环血供主要来自于由动脉导管24例(63%),大型体-肺侧支7例(18%),动脉导管与大型体-肺侧支共存3例(8%),细小侧支4例(11%);其中8例显示肺动脉总干,27例显示中心肺动脉及共汇(71%).结论:合并室间隔缺损的肺动脉闭锁可发生在不同部位,肺动脉的血供来源及解剖形态复杂多样化,心血管造影仍是定义其解剖分型的重要手段.     

肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损的侧支血管造影分析

目的 研究肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损的体肺侧支血管和肺动脉的发育情况及其临床意义。方法 回顾研究９８例肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损的右心室和主动脉（弓降部及降部上段包括６３例选择性侧支血管）造影所见,着重分析体肺动脉侧支血管的类型和左、右肺动脉的发育情况,有无融合等。结果 ９８例中由未闭的动脉导管供血者１４例（１４％）,其中婴幼儿１１例。直接主－肺动脉侧支供血４３例（４４％）,多种侧支供血４１例（４２％     

Pre-operative evaluation with MR in tetralogy of fallot and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect

Purpose: To assess whether MR imaging could replace angiography in pre-operative evaluation of patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (VSD), especially since the surgical correction was done earlier than was previously the rule.Material and Methods: Fourteen patients with tetralogy of Fallot (n=10) or pulmonary atresia with VSD (n=4), mean age 7.5±4.4 months, were evaluated with angiocardiography and MR before definitive surgical correction.Results: There was good diagnostic agreement between the two modalities when evaluating right ventricular outflow obstruction; 86% for valvular and 93% for supravalvular stenosis, but the agreement was somewhat lower for the subvalvular obstruction (57%). Surgery findings, however, were in favour of MR in 5 patients concerning the subvalvular right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. MR images identified all stenoses in the right and left pulmonary arteries, but overlooked one stenosis in the main pulmonary artery. MR could evaluate patency in all palliative shunts.Conclusion: Even in this young age group, MR imaging offers a good alternative to angiocardiography for the pre-operative evaluation of the right ventricular outflow tract, the main pulmonary artery and the proximal right and left pulmonary arteries, before definitive surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia with VSD.     

Digital cine angiographic evaluation of pulmonary blood flow velocity in ventricular septal defect

Forty-one routine right ventricular cineangiograms of children with ventricular septal defect (VSD) were evaluated with a digital image processing system. The purpose was to extract from the cineangiogram functional images that would provide information about pulmonary blood flow in these patients. The time delay of the contrast bolus between the main pulmonary artery and peripheral lung fields was measured and called “arrival time”. By measuring the arrival time in three different points of each lung (apex, horizontal, basis), it was possible to express the mean arrival time for both lungs in a single figure. A group of patients without heart disease showed an arrival time of 1.3±0.3 seconds. In VSD with increased pulmonary blood flow from the left to right shunt, the arrival time decreased to 0.76±0.2 seconds. An increase in pulmonary vascular resistance with reduced L-R shunt led to an increased arrival time of 1.4±0.4 seconds.     

动脉干下型室间隔缺损的临床特点及外科治疗

目的:探讨动脉干下型室间隔缺损(SAVSD)的特点及外科处理方法.方法:回顾分析我院手术治疗SAVSD 219例的临床资料,其中合并主动脉瓣脱垂(AVP)128例,主动脉瓣关闭不全(AI)83例.均以补片修补缺损,同时主动脉瓣成形17例,瓣膜置换(AVR)10例.结果:手术死亡率0.5%(1/219),术后低心排综合征3.7%(8/219),残余分流1.4%(3/219).结论:SAVSD易并发主动脉瓣损害或肺动脉高压,应及早手术修补.若已出现AI,需根据其程度采取相应的手术方法矫正瓣膜关闭不全.     

高原地区婴幼儿先天性室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压手术的麻醉处理

目的探讨在高原低氧环境中婴幼儿先天性室间隔缺损(VSD)伴肺动脉高压(PH)、手术的麻醉处理要点.方法分析2000年11月～2006年12月,经彩色多普勒超声心动图、心血管造影检查确诊为先天性室间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压的患儿169例,其中男101例,女68例,年龄9个月～5岁,体重8.8～16 kg.分析术中术后麻醉处理中,注意事项及并发症.结果169例婴幼儿均在体外循环下完成先天性室间隔缺损和伴肺动脉高压修补手术,手术时间187～624 min,平均(250.67±35.787)min.169例中有109例主动脉复跳,60例除颤复跳,其中死于鱼精蛋白过敏和急性心律失常各1例,死于鱼精蛋白过敏和急性心律失常各1例,其余患儿术后早期无肺水肿、房室传导阻滞及气检栓塞均恢复正常生活.2例超声心动图除残余VSD外,其余均痊愈出院.结论 针对高原低氧环境,采取相应严密细致的麻醉管理可维持术中血流动力学稳定,可使患儿平稳地渡过手术期.`     

经导管同期封堵治疗膜周部室间隔缺损合并房间隔缺损

目的　探讨经导管介入同期治疗膜周部室间隔缺损 (VSD)合并房间隔缺损 (ASD)的可行性、方法及疗效。方法　 4例患者 ,年龄为 12～ 2 6岁。术前超声检查提示VSD合并ASD。VSD均为膜周部缺损 ,缺损直径 3～ 6mm ,缺损上缘距主动脉瓣 2～ 6mm。ASD均为继发孔型 ,缺损直径 5～ 8mm。4例患者均于术中先行左心室造影 ,确定VSD适合封堵后 ,先行VSD封堵 ,最后行ASD封堵。结果　 4例患者均经导管一次封堵治疗成功。左心室造影显示VSD呈囊袋型 3例 ,囊袋直径分别为 4、5和 10mm ,封堵器的直径分别为 4、8和 12mm。 1例缺损为管状 ,直径 3.5mm ,用 4mm的封堵器治疗成功。4例患者ASD伸展径为 6～ 10mm ,封堵器直径为 6～ 12mm。所有患者术中及术后无并发症。结论　经导管介入同期封堵治疗膜周部VSD合并ASD具有技术上的可行性、安全性和良好的治疗效果     

40例婴幼儿室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压的术后护理

先天性心脏病室间隔缺损合并中重度肺动脉高压患儿病情严重,这些患儿不论手术还是护理有它不同于儿童和成人心脏病的特殊性[1],许多因素都可以导致病情恶化,而且手术治疗并发症多,如肺动脉高压危象、肺部感染、低心排、心律失常、心衰等,这也是导致患儿死亡的主要原因,加强术后护理是提高手术成功率的有效措施.我科2009年9月~2010年10月共收治室间隔缺损合并重度肺动脉高压患儿40例,现将其术后护理体会报告如下.     

Single perfusion defect and pulmonary embolism: angiographic correlation

One hundred and thirty-three ventilation-perfusion scans (V-P) with angiographic correlation were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the frequency of pulmonary emboli (PE) in single perfusion defects (SPD), regardless of ventilation or radiographic findings. By angiography, 15 of 30 SPD cases had PE. Demographic data and clinical presentation were similar for PE and non-PE patients. However, 9 out of 15 patients with PE had recent surgery compared to none of the non-PE patients. SPD were seen in areas of ventilation and chest x-ray abnormalities in 12 of 15 PE and 11 of 19 non-PE cases. Size of the actual lesion was underestimated by scintigraphy in most cases. In 7 of 15 PE cases, the perfusion defect was larger than the corresponding ventilation abnormality. Most SPD were located at the bases. Twelve of 15 SPD in the PE group were at the posterior basilar segment. In the appropriate clinical setting, SPD carries at least a moderate probability for PE. When the clinical suspicion is high, a pulmonary angiography will be needed to confirm the diagnosis.     

Congenital unilateral pulmonary vein atresia: imaging findings

Congenital unilateral pulmonary vein atresia is a very rare anomaly that generally presents during childhood or adolescence as recurrent episodes of pulmonary infections or hemoptysis. Its presentation in adults is highly exceptional. We describe two patients with congenital unilateral pulmonary vein atresia: the first is a 26-year-old woman with recurrent episodes of hemoptysis, and the second is a three-year-old boy with a history of bronchospasm and recurrent pneumonia from the age of three months. Although the diagnosis has classically been reached using cardiac catheterization and pulmonary angiography, we think that the CT and MRI findings can enable the diagnosis of congenital unilateral pulmonary vein atresia in cases with compatible clinical presentation. We emphasize the capacity of MRI for characterizing the vascular anomaly present in these patients.     

经导管封堵术与外科手术治疗室间隔缺损对照试验的Meta分析

目的 对比经导管封堵术和外科手术治疗室间隔缺损(VSD)的疗效、安全性和经济费用,为临床优化治疗提供参考依据.方法 采用Meta分析方法,对国内外有关经导管封堵术和外科手术治疗VSD的临床对比研究进行综合定量分析,采用RevMan5.2软件进行数据处理,比较两组患者的年龄、体重、VSD大小、住院时间、手术费用等,计算两组患者的性别构成比、成功率、并发症、主要并发症、次要并发症等发生率的相对危险度(RR)及其95％可信区间(CI).结果 符合纳入标准共11篇文献,总样本量2 078例.Meta分析结果显示:经导管封堵组和外科手术组性别构成比、体重差异无统计学意义,经导管封堵组患者的年龄较高,治疗的VSD直径较小,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).经导管封堵组的成功率与外科手术组比较,差异无统计学意义(98.3％比98.4％,P=0.99);经导管封堵组总并发症、主要并发症、次要并发症发生率均低于外科手术组,差异有统计学意义(10.29％比25.05％,P＜0.000 01)、(0.56％比2.44％,P=0.002)、(9.91％比22.69％,P＜ 0.000 01);经导管封堵组住院时间低于外科手术组,差异有统计学意义[(6.13±2.05)d比(11.08±3.76)d,P＜ 0.000 01];经导管封堵组的手术费用稍高于外科手术组,差异无统计学意义[(17 793.76±2 196.06)元比(16 919.96±2 647.63)元,P=0.36].结论 经导管封堵VSD成功率、手术费用与传统外科手术比较无明显差别,但并发症发生率、住院时间均明显低于外科手术患者,因此随着封堵器的不断改进和完善,在适应证范围内经导管封堵术可作为VSD外科手术治疗的替代方法.     

介入治疗34例膜部室间隔缺损

目的：评价介入治疗膜部室间隔缺损的临床效果。方法：经胸超声心动图及临床表现诊断为膜部室间隔缺损的患者34例，在局部或全身麻醉下行经导管室间隔缺损的介入治疗，其中31例应用Amplatzer不对称型膜部室间隔缺损封堵器，3例应用国产室间隔缺损封堵器。术中连续经胸超声心动图和X线监测，术后1天、1月、3月、6月行心电图及超声心动图复查。结果：超声测定膜部室间隔缺损直径为3．0～11．6mm(平均4．5mm)，距离主动脉右冠瓣2．7～7．8mm(平均3．6mm)，左心室造影测定膜部室间隔缺损的直径为3．0～8．8mm(平均5．4mm)，所选膜部室间隔缺损封堵器直径为4．0～16mm(平均7．9mm)。技术成功率100％。超声心动图示术后即刻残余分流为17．6％(6／34)，24h后残余分流为8．8％(3／34)，1个月后残余分流为5．9％(2／34)。34例患者术中均有一过性室性心律失常，1例发生一过性心跳骤停。术后1例出现股静脉血栓形成，3例出现了一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞，2例于术后24h内发生溶血，经内科治疗后完全恢复，未见封堵器脱落、主动脉瓣返流等并发症。结论：经导管关闭膜部室间隔缺损的操作简单、方便、并发症少，残余分流少见，值得在临床全面推广。