Temperature dependence of piezoelectric properties on Nd and V co-substituted Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics for ceramic resonator applications

The temperature dependences of the piezoelectric properties of (Bi_4−yNd_y)_1−(x/12)(Ti_3−xV_x)O₁₂ [BNTV-x, y (x = 0.01, y = 0.00–1.00)] were investigated for environmentally friendly lead-free piezoelectric ceramic resonators with low-temperature coefficients of resonance frequency, TC-f. The |TC-f| in the (33) mode improved with increasing concentration of modified Nd ions, y, and exhibited the smallest |TC-f| value of 77.4 ppm/°C at y = 0.75 (BNTV-0.75). The |TC-f| in the other vibration mode (t), was also investigated for the BNTV-0.75 ceramic, and a smaller value of 42 ppm/°C was obtained. The (t) mode of the BNTV-0.75 ceramic showed excellent piezoelectric properties: Q_m = 4200, Q_e max = 31 and TC-f = −49.8 ppm/°C. These properties are very similar to those of commercialized hard PZT ceramics for resonator applications. The BNTV-0.75 ceramic seems to be a superior candidate material for lead-free piezoelectric applications of ceramic resonators.     

Structural and electrochemical behaviors of metastable Li2/3[Ni1/3Mn2/3]O2 modified by metal element substitution

Layered metastable lithium manganese oxides, Li_2/3[Ni_1/3−xMn_2/3−yM_x+y]O₂ (x = y = 1/36 for M = Al, Co, and Fe and x = 2/36, y = 0 for M = Mg) were prepared by the ion exchange of Li for Na in P2-Na_2/3[Ni_1/3−xMn_2/3−yM_x+y]O₂ precursors. The Al and Co doping produced the T^#2 structure with the space group Cmca. On the other hand, the Fe and Mg doped samples had the O6 structure with space group R-3m. Electron diffraction revealed the 1:2 type ordering within the Ni_1/3−xMn_2/3−yM_x+yO₂ slab. It was found that the stacking sequence and electrochemical performance of the Li cells containing T^#2-Li_2/3[Ni_1/3Mn_2/3]O₂ were affected by the doping with small amounts of Al, Co, Fe, and Mg. The discharge capacity of the Al doped sample was around 200 mAh g⁻¹ in the voltage range between 2.0 and 4.7 V at the current density of 14.4 mA g⁻¹ along with a good capacity retention. Moreover, for the Al and Co doped and undoped oxides, the irreversible phase transition of the T^#2 into the O2 structure was observed during the initial lithium deintercalation.     

Simultaneously enhanced piezoelectricity and curie temperature in BiFeO3-based high temperature piezoelectrics

We report the structure, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of Cr-Mn co-doped (1-y)BiFe_1-xCr_xO₃-yBaTi_1-xMn_xO₃ (0≤x≤0.04, 0.2≤y≤0.27) ceramics. By varying both x and y, a series of samples near morphotropic phase boundaries exhibiting both high ferroelectric Curie temperature T_C (∼580−643 °C) and relatively large piezoelectric constant d₃₃ are constructed. Especially, the sample with y = 0.24 and x = 0.02 is found to show coexistence of high depolarization temperature T_d (∼551 °C) and relatively large d₃₃∼116 pC/N, superior to most of those of BiFeO₃ based high-temperature piezoceramics reported previously. The enhanced ferroelectric T_C in the Cr-Mn modified samples can be ascribed to the combined effects of large lattice distortion and high tetragonal phase content. These results demonstrate that constructing morphotropic phase boundaries via considering simultaneously the role of lattice distortion might be effective route to realize high-temperature and high piezoelectricity in BiFeO₃-based systems.     

Structure,microstructure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of (1-x-y)BiFeO3-xPbFe0.5Nb0.5O3-yPbTiO3 ceramics

Ceramics of seven quasi-binary concentration sections of the ternary solid solution system (1-x-y)BiFeO₃-xPbFe_0.5Nb_0.5O₃-yPbTiO₃ were prepared by the conventional solid-phase reaction method in the range of 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.325; 0.05 ≤ y ≤ 0.325. By using x-ray diffraction technique, the phase diagram of the system was constructed which was shown to contain the regions of tetragonal and rhombohedral symmetry and the morphotropic phase boundary between them. Grain morphology, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of selected solid solutions were investigated. The highest piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ = 50 pC/N was obtained. Dielectric characteristics of ceramics revealed ferroelectric relaxor behavior and region of diffuse phase transition from the paraelectric to ferroelectric phase in the temperature range of 600–800 K.     

Relationships between crystal structure and electrical properties of Li0.055[Agx(K0.5Na0.5)1−x]0.945(Nb1−yTay)O3 ceramics

Electrical properties of perovskite Li_0.055[Ag_x(K_0.5Na_0.5)_1?x]_0.945(Nb_1?yTa_y)O₃ (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.04, 0.01 ≤ y ≤ 0.09) ceramics were investigated based on the structural characteristics. A morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between orthorhombic and tetragonal phase was detected through the entire range of compositions. With increasing of Ta⁵⁺ content, the dielectric constant (?_r), piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃) and electromechanical coupling factor (k_p) of Li_0.055(K_0.5Na_0.5)_0.945(Nb_1?yTa_y)O₃ ceramics were increased up to y = 0.07 and then decreased, while mechanical quality factor (Q_m) was increased. However, the ?_r, d₃₃, k_p and Q_m of Li_0.055[Ag_x(K_0.5Na_0.5)_1?x]_0.945(Nb_0.07Ta_0.03)O₃ ceramics were not changed remarkably with Ag⁺ content. The dependence of temperature coefficient of k_p (TCk_p) on the oxygen octahedral distortion was also discussed by Raman-active vibrations modes.     

Kinetic Study of the Photoexcited Triplet State of Free Base Porphyrins by EPR

An electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study of the photoexcited triplet state of four free base porphyrins is presented. The zero field splitting parameters (ZFS) |D| and |E| were calculated from the EPR spectra of the porphyrins dissolved in n-octane matrices at 80°K. |D| = 0.0359 cm^?1, |E| = 0.0079 cm^?1 for tetra phenyl porphyrin (H₂ TPP), |D| = 0.0432 cm^?1, |E| = 0.0037 cm^?1 for tetra (per-fluoro) phenyl porphyrin H₂T (per-F) PP, |D| = 0.0366 cm^?1, |E| = 0.0078 cm^?1 for tetra (para-chloro) phenyl porphyrin H₂T(P-Cl)PP, |D| = 0.0369 cm^?1, |E| = 0.0076 cm^?1 for tetra (para-methyl) phenyl porphyrin H₂T(P-Me)PP. The transient behavior of the EPR signal intensities in the last two porphyrins is discussed. The depopulation rate constants of the triplet sublevels k_p, the ratio between the population rate constants A_p (at zero field, p = x,y,z), and the spin lattice relaxation rate W within the triplet manifold, were calculated. k_x = (12 ± 2) × 10² sec^?1, k_y = (0.5 ± 0.1) × 10² sec^?1, k_z = (1.2 ± 0.4) × 10² sec^?1, A_x:A_y:A_z ? 0.63:0.01:0.33, W = (0.4 ± 0.1) × 10⁴ sec^?1 for H₂T(P-Cl)PP, k_x = (7 ± 2) × 10² sec^?1, k_y = (4 ± 1) × 10² sec^?1, k_z = (1.5 ± 0.5) × 10² sec^?1, A_x:A_y:A_z ? 0.56:0.31:0.13, W = (1.7 ± 0.4) × 10³ sec^?1 for H₂T(P-Me)PP.     

Layered perovskite-like compounds Y1 − x CaxBa2Cu3 − y ZnyO7 − δ: Physicochemical and electrical properties

Two series of yttrium cuprates Y_0.8Ca_0.2Ba₂Cu_{3 ? y} Zn_yO_{7 ? δ} (0 ≤ y ≤ 0.25) with isovalent substitutions and Y_{1 ? x} Ca_xBa₂Cu_2.8Zn_0.2O_{7 ? δ} (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) with heterovalent substitutions are investigated. It is demonstrated that these compounds have an YBa₂Cu₃O_{7 ? δ}-type structure in the orthorhombic crystal system. The isomorphous miscibility ranges and the concentration dependences of the unit cell parameters are determined for the solid solutions based on yttrium cuprates. The temperature dependences of the resistivity and the dependences of the critical temperature on the dopant concentration are analyzed.     

Ultralow dielectric loss of BiScO3-PbTiO3 ceramics by Bi(Mn1/2Zr1/2)O3 modification

BiScO₃-PbTiO₃ ceramics are attractive for high-temperature piezoelectric applications while their high dielectric loss has to be substantially reduced. In this paper, a ternary perovskite system of xBi(Mn_1/2Zr_1/2)O₃-(1-x-y)BiScO₃-yPbTiO₃ (abbreviated as xBMZ-BS-yPT) with x = 0.02, 0.04 and y = 0.62–0.67 were fabricated by conventional solid-phase method, and their ceramics were systematically studied with regards to phase structure, microstructure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties. X-ray diffraction results indicate a gradual change from rhombohedral to tetragonal phase with increasing PT composition. Morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) is revealed for the system with x = 0.02, y = 0.64, at which ultralow dielectric loss factor (0.58 %), almost unchanged Curie temperature (449 °C), high electromechanical properties (d₃₃ = 360 pC/N, k_p = 0.53), and stable strain output below 200 °C are observed. With such excellent piezoelectric properties and high-temperature stability, BMZ modified BS-PT ceramics are promising candidates for power electromechanical devices, especially operating in high-temperature environments.     

Novel S,N co-doped Ba2In2-xCrxO5+y oxides: Synthesis and optical properties

The (S, N) co-doped Ba₂In_2-xCr_xO_5+y (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) oxides are successfully obtained by mixing the Ba₂In_2-xCr_xO_5+y oxides and thiourea through a simple ball milling method followed by sintering at 400 °C for 3 h. The colors of the compounds change from orange-brown to yellow-green after reacting with thiourea. When Cr amount is small (x = 0.1), the crystal structure of (S, N) co-doped Ba₂In_2-xCr_xO_5+y is orthorhombic Ba₂In₂O₅ phase. When x ≥ 0.3, the crystal structure of the sample is cubic BaInO_2.5 phase. And this phase transition is the same as Ba₂In_2-xCr_xO_5+y. XPS results reveal that Cr⁶⁺ in Ba₂In_2-xCr_xO_5+y (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) oxides are reduced to Cr³⁺ after sintering. S exists in both cation and anion forms, and N exists in substitutional forms. UV–Vis analysis indicates that the yellow-green hue comes from the d-d transition of Cr³⁺, and the doping of S, N ions leads to a red shift of the absorption edge of the samples.     

Multiphase coexistence and enhanced electrical properties in (1-x-y)BaTiO3-xCaTiO3-yBaZrO3 lead-free ceramics

In this work, the multiphase coexistence of rhombohedral-orthorhombic and orthorhombic-tetragonal (R-O/O-T) was constructed in (1-x-y)BaTiO₃-xCaTiO₃-yBaZrO₃ ceramics with 0.14 ≤ x ≤ 0.16 and 0.10 ≤ y ≤ 0.12, and thus a large piezoelectric constant (d₃₃) of 600 pC/N was attained in the ternary (1-x-y)BaTiO₃-xCaTiO₃-yBaZrO₃ ceramics using the optimization of x and y. The R-O/O-T multiphase coexistence as well as the enhancement of dielectric and ferroelectric properties can be responsible for the high d₃₃ of this work. In addition, a high strain of 0.15% was observed in the multiphase coexistence. As a result, electrical properties of BaTiO₃ can be optimized by the construction of multiphase coexistence through the co-doping of CaTiO₃ and BaZrO₃.     

Oxygen depletion properties of glucose-grafted polyethylene resins filled with sodium ascorbate/modified iron compounds

Oxygen scavenging plastic can react with oxygen that was trapped in the packaging materials or permeated into the packages, and then, extend the shelf life of food contained in packages. Sodium ascorbate (SA) and modified iron (MFe) compounds were chosen as the main components of oxygen scavengers to prepare the oxygen scavenging LDPE plastics. However, the widely used hydrophobic LDPE packaging material will slow down the oxygen depletion rate of these oxygen scavenger compounds. So glucose was used to modify the hydrophobic property of LDPE to improve the oxygen depletion properties of LDPE oxygen scavenging plastic. The oxygen depletion efficiency of L₉₅[SA_x(MFe)_y]₅ series samples improved initially as the weight ratios of SA/MFe increase, and reached the best as the weight ratios of SA/MFe approach 7/3. After modifying LDPE with glucoses, the oxygen depletion efficiency of each ML₉₅[SA_x(MFe)_y]₅ specimen improved even better than that of the corresponding L₉₅[SA_x(MFe)_y]₅ specimen with the same loading of oxygen scavenger compound, wherein the oxygen depletion efficiency of ML₉₅[SA_x(MFe)_y]₅ series specimens reached the best as the weight ratios of SA/MFe approach 1/9. In consistent with the oxygen depletion properties found in the previous section, the peroxide values of modeled food samples tested in the airtight flask with L₉₅[SA_x(MFe)_y]₅ and ML₉₅[SA_x(MFe)_y]₅ series samples reduce consistently as their oxygen depletion properties improve. In order to understand the interesting oxygen depletion properties of L₉₅[SA_x(MFe)_y]₅ and ML₉₅[SA_x(MFe)_y]₅ series samples, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-rays analysis of these samples were performed.     

Binary interaction coefficients of the Redlich—Kwong equation of state

A direct relationship between the binary interaction coefficients, k_ij and c_ij proposed by Chueh and Prausnitz, and Zudkevitch, for modifying the original mixing rules of the Redlich—Kwong equation of state is presented. Values of k_ij are evaluated by means of two methods for binary vapor—liquid equilibrium data for five systems at a total of thirty-two isothermal conditions. The calculated results from k_ij value obtained by minimizing Σ|ΔP| values are preferable to those obtained by minimizing Σ|Δy| values. The effect of temperature on k_ij for the systems investigated is shown and discussed.     

Realizing the invariant electrostrain response and low hysteresis via multicomponent coordination in Pb-based ceramics

High-performance piezoelectric materials are essential in many piezoelectric devices. However, the composition of piezoelectric materials usually has a great influence on their performance. In this work, xBi(Mg_1/2Ti_1/2)O₃–yPbZrO₃–zPbTiO₃ (xBMT–yPZ–zPT; 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.4, 0.25 ≤ y ≤ 0.4, and 0.35 ≤ z ≤ 0.4) ternary ceramics with different compositions were synthesized and it was found that the strain response was not sensitive to the composition. The crystal structure, strain response, ferroelectric properties, and temperature stability of xBMT–yPZ–zPT ceramics were investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction patterns show that all the as-prepared xBMT–yPZ–zPT ceramics with x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 possess a perovskite structure. Under an external electric field of 6 kV mm⁻¹, the strain values of xBMT–yPZ–zPT ternary ceramics with x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 were 0.30%, 0.31%, 0.30%, and 0.27%, respectively. In addition, the strain hysteresis of these ternary ceramics is also almost the same and low. These merits make xBMT–yPZ–zPT piezoelectric ceramics have broad application prospects in the field of commercial actuators.     

Kinetic study of the polymerization of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride and acrylamide

The kinetics of the polymerization of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) and acrylamide (AM) with different monomer molar ratios initiated by an ammonium persulfate–sodium bisulfate redox complex in an aqueous solution were studied. The polymerization rate (R_p) equation, the activation energy (E_a), and the reactivity ratio were measured. The results show that when the n_DMDAAC:n_AM values were 1 : 9, 2 : 8, 3 : 7, 4 : 6, and 5 : 5, the copolymerization rate equation were R_p1 = k[M]^2.61[I_O]^0.51[I_R]^0.52, R_p2 = k[M]^2.70[I_O]^0.50[I_R]^0.53, R_p3 = k[M]^2.73[I_O]^0.50[I_R]^0.56, R_p4 = k[M]^2.77[I_O]^0.51[I_R]^0.59, and R_p5 = k[M]^2.84[I_O]^0.51[I_R]^0.61 (where [M] is the total monomer concentration, [I_O] is the oxidant concentration, and [I_R] is the reductant concentration), respectively when the temperature was 45°C. The E_a values were E_a1 = 79.10 kJ/mol, E_a2 = 81.39 kJ/mol, E_a3 = 85.15 kJ/mol, E_a4 = 88.88 kJ/mol, and E_a5 = 90.61 kJ/mol in the temperature range 35–55°C, respectively. The reactivity ratios of DMDAAC and AM were r_DMDAAC = 0.14 and r_AM = 6.11 when the temperature was 45°C. The structure of PDA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H-NMR. The results of the kinetic parameters explained the differences in the copolymerization rate and intrinsic viscosity of PDA with different cationicities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Enhancing high power performances of Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ceramics by Bi(Ni1/2Ti1/2)O3 modification

High power piezoelectric ceramics 0.04Bi(Ni_1/2Ti_1/2)O₃-xPb(Mn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-(0.96-x)Pb(Zr_yTi_1-y)O₃ (BNT-xPMnN-PZ_yT) with various contents of PMnN from 0 to 12 mol% (keep y = 0.50) and Zr/Ti ratio gradually increasing from 48/52 to 52/48 (keep x = 0.06) were prepared by solid-state method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show a single phase of polycrystalline perovskite and indicate that the phase structure transforms from tetragonal phase to rhombohedral with x and y increasing. The optimal comprehensive properties of BNT-xPMnN-PZ_yT ceramic, d₃₃ (355 pC/N), k_p (0.58), ε_r (1512), tanδ (0.40%), T_c (336 °C) and Q_m (2010), are obtained at x = 0.06 and y = 0.50, which are apparently superior to typical or commercial Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ (PZT) based power ceramics. Within the range from room temperature to 200 °C, the variation of electric-field induced strains is less than 8.3%, indicating its good temperature stability. The maximum vibration velocity of the ceramic at temperature rise of 20 °C is measured to be 0.92 m/s, which is about 2 times higher than that of commercial hard PZT ceramics, suggesting the BNT-xPMnN-PZ_yT ceramic is a competitive and potential candidate for power piezoelectric transduction and actuation applications.     

Crystal structure,microstructure and electrical properties of (1−x−y)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–xBi0.5K0.5TiO3–yBiFeO3 ceramics near MPB prepared via the combustion technique

(1?x?y)Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃–xBi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃–yBiFeO₃ (BNKFT-x/y with 0.12≤x≤0.24, 0≤y≤0.07) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been prepared by the combustion technique. The effects of amounts of x and y on structures and electrical properties were examined. Powders and ceramics can be well calcined and sintered at 750 °C for 2 h and 1025–1050 °C, respectively. The results indicated that the crystalline structure and microstructure changed with the increase of x and y concentrations. XRD results of BNKFT-x/0.03 and BNKFT-0.18/y ceramics with 0.12≤x≤0.24 and 0≤y≤0.07 showed the rhombohedral–tetragonal morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The addition of y caused a promoted grain growth while the addition of x suppressed the grain growth. The highest density (ρ=5.85 g/cm³), superior dielectric properties at T_c (ε_r=7846 and tan δ=0.02), remnant polarization measured at 40 kV/cm (P_r = 20.1 μC/cm²) and piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃=213 pC/N) were obtained for x=0.18 and y=0.03.     

Barium modified lead lanthanum strontium zirconium niobium titanate for dielectric and piezoelectric properties

The isovalent Ba²⁺ modified lead lanthanum strontium zirconium niobium titanate (PLSZNT) solid solutions were prepared by solid-state reaction method with the compositional formula [Pb_{1−x−w−y}La_xSr_wBa_y][(Zr_zTi_1−z)_{(1−(x/4)−(5/4)k)}Nb_k]O₃ where Ba content, y, was varied from 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mol%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that all the samples have ferroelectric tetragonal structure (FE_TET). The presence of multiple ions at Pb-site enhanced grain growth and further addition of Ba concentration resulted in restrained grain growth. Dielectric studies suggested that the ɛ_RT increased up to 1 mol% Ba while T_c has shown a continuous decreasing trend throughout the series. The piezoelectric parameters as a function of grain growth were characterized. The optimum piezoelectric charge coefficient (d₃₃ = 538 pC/N) and piezoelectric planar coupling coefficient (k_p = 0.521) was found to be in 1 mol% Ba modified PLSZNT ceramic, respectively, and this composition may be suitable for possible sensor and actuator applications.     

Fabrication of TaB2/mullite composites by combustion synthesis with excess silicon and B2O3 additions

Preparation of TaB₂/mullite composites from a cost- and energy-effective mixture of reactants was conducted by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The sample stoichiometry of 1.18Ta₂O₅+(2.36x)B₂O₃+6Al+(2y)Si was formulated with x=1.0–1.3 and y=1.0–2.0 for the study of the effects of excess B₂O₃ (x>1.0) and Si (y>1.0) on combustion characteristics and product compositions. The synthesis reaction involved coreduction of Ta₂O₅ and B₂O₃ by Al and Si. The reaction exothermicity and combustion velocity increased slightly with increasing B₂O₃ but decreased considerably with Si. Formation of TaB₂ and mullite was improved by adopting excess B₂O₃ and Si to compensate for their evaporation loss at high combustion temperatures up to about 1600 °C. The sample with x=1.3 and y=1.5 was shown to yield the optimum formation of TaB₂ and mullite. Mullite grains with a tubing-like shape were produced from in situ formed SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ and had an atomic composition close to that of 3:2 mullite (3Al₂O₃·2SiO₂).     

The nature of charge carriers and their transport numbers in glasses of the Ag2O-B2O3 system

The temperature-concentration dependence of the dc electrical conductivity of glasses in the xAg₂O-(1 ? x)B₂O₃ (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) system is investigated using active (amalgam) electrodes. A series of glasses are synthesized with the use of D₂O as an isotope tracer. The analysis of data on the electrolysis of glasses at 0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.225 demonstrates that charge carriers in these glasses involve protons formed upon dissociation of impurity water. The water content is evaluated by IR spectroscopy. The electronic component of the total electrical conductivity is determined by the Liang-Wagner technique. It is shown that the contribution of the electronic component does not exceed the sensitivity of the technique (10^?2—10^?3%). The participation of silver ions in electricity transport processes is studied by the Hittorf method. It is demonstrated that their transport numbers do not exceed 0.53. A comparison of the physicochemical properties of glasses in the Ag₂O-B₂O₃ and Na₂O-B₂O₃ systems shows that sodium and silver ions occupy different positions in the structure.     

Synthesis of cerium oxide-based nanostructures in near- and supercritical fluids

Cerium-oxide based nanostructures attract increasing interest for their use in multiple applications. In particular, the substitution of Ce atoms by other elements with lower oxidation state is used to control oxygen vacancies within the oxide structures, which can greatly enhance the material properties for catalysis applications. Among the synthesis approaches, supercritical water (scH₂O) has been proved to be an extremely efficient media for the fast and facile elaboration of pure CeO₂ nanostructures, although substitution was little investigated with this method (precursors’ reactivity, mechanisms, etc.). Here, the influence of two cerium precursors – Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O and Ce(NO₃)₆(NH₄)₂ – in scH₂O synthesis was first investigated over the CeO₂ nanostructures synthesis process. Cerium ammonium nitrate was later used as precursor for the synthesis of Ce_1−x−yA_xB_yO_2−δ (A, B = Zr, Pr and/or La; 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 0.1). Supported by ICP analysis quantification, this study proposes an overview of the influences of residence time, temperature and precursors’ concentration over the proportion of the substitution element in the CeO₂ NCs. This work demonstrates a fast and simple process to Ce_1−x−yA_xB_yO_2−δ nanostructures synthesis using scH₂O synthesis.