英语翻译技巧（13）

英语翻译技巧（１３）涂学忠（化工部北京橡胶工业研究设计院１０００３９）２．６ＣＯＮＶＥＲＳＩＯＮＯＦＭＡＳＴＥＲＢＡＴＣＨＥＳＭａｓｔｅｒｂａｔｃｈｅｓＣａｎｂｅｃｏｎｖｅｒｔｅｄｔｏｃｏｍｐｏｔｌｎｄｓｂｙｔｈｅａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｕｒａｔｌｖｅ...     

CALIXE［4］ARENE AS A TEMPLATE FOR CONTROLLING REGIOCHEMISTRY OF PHOTODIMERIZATION OF 9－SUBSTITUTED AN

ＣＡＬＩＸＥ［４］ＡＲＥＮＥＡＳＡＴＥＭＰＬＡＴＥＦＯＲＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＬＩＮＧＲＥＧＩＯＣＨＥＭＩＳＴＲＹＯＦＰＨＯＴＯＤＩＭＥＲＩＺＡＴＩＯＮＯＦ９－ＳＵＢＳＴＩＴＵＴＥＤＡＮＴＨＲＡＣＥＮＥＬＩＹＩ；ＴＯＮＧＺＨＥＮ－ＨＥ（ＣＨＥＮ－ＨＯＴＵＮＧ...     

1—2折流换热器流体温度沿程变化及其LMTD的计算

１－２折流换热器流体温度沿程变化及其ＬＭＴＤ的计算梁日忠ＴＨＥＶＡＲＩＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＦＬＵＩＤＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＬＯＮＧＳＩＤＰＡＳＳＡＮＤＴＨＥＣＡＬＵＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＬＭＴＤＩＮ１－２ＢＡＦＦＬＥＨＥＡＴＥＸＣＨＡＮＧＥＲ１前言换热器设计中，...     

ALC-CH系统在水热处理过程中的物理化学变化Ⅰ水热处理温度的影响

采用ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ，ＩＲ，ＸＲＤ和ＮＭＲ对ＡＬＣ（压蒸轻质混凝土）废渣中添加氢氧化钙后的ＡＬＣ－ＣＨ系统，在水热处理过程中的物理化学变化进行了分析，同时用ＢＥＴ方法测定了不同温度水热处理物的比表面积。结果表明，ＡＬＣ渣添加适量氢氧化钙，经１４０～２００℃下水热处理３ｈ的水热处理物理中形成了新的水化硅酸钙α－Ｃ２ＳＨ．α－Ｃ２ＳＨ的形成量随水热处理温度的提高而增加。水热处理物的比表面积波动于１２～２２     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF KINETIC AND TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN A WALL－COOLED FIXED－BED REACTOR

ＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＡＬＩＮＶＥＳＴＩＧＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＫＩＮＥＴＩＣＡＮＤＴＲＡＮＳＰＯＲＴＰＡＲＡＭＥＴＥＲＳＩＮＡＷＡＬＬ－ＣＯＯＬＥＤＦＩＸＥＤ－ＢＥＤＲＥＡＣＴＯＲＺｈｅｎ－ＭｉｎＣＨＥＮＧａｎｄＷｅｉ－ＫａｎｇＹＵＡＮ（ＵＮＩＬＡＢＲｅｓｅ...     

THE PREPARATION OF HIGH－PURITY，ULTRAFINE AND MONODISPERSED TITANIUM DIOXIDE POWDER FROM TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE BY HYDROLYSIS OF TITANIUM ALKOXIDES

ＴＨＥＰＲＥＰＡＲＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＨＩＧＨ－ＰＵＲＩＴＹ，ＵＬＴＲＡＦＩＮＥＡＮＤＭＯＮＯＤＩＳＰＥＲＳＥＤＴＩＴＡＮＩＵＭＤＩＯＸＩＤＥＰＯＷＤＥＲＦＲＯＭＴＩＴＡＮＩＵＭＴＥＴＲＡＣＨＬＯＲＩＤＥＢＹＨＹＤＲＯＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＴＩＴＡＮＩＵＭＡＬＫＯ...     

国内外汽车玻璃钢市场的现状与展望

国内外汽车玻璃钢市场的现状与展望李湘洲（长春建筑材料工业学校１３００２２）ＣＵＲＲＥＮＴＳＩＴＵＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＰＲＯＳＰＥＣＴＯＦＭＡＲＫＥＴＦＯＲＡＵＴＯＭＯＢＩＬＥＦＲＰＡＴＨＯＭＥＡＮＤＡＢＲＯＡＤ￥ＬｉＸｉｓｌｉｇｚｈｏｕ（Ｃｈａｎｇｃｈｕ...     

RSI独具特色的DMTAIV

ＲＳＩ独具特色的ＤＭＴＡＩＶ温特美国流变仪科学有限公司美国流变仪科学有限公司（ＲｈｅｏｍｅｔｒｉｃＳｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃＩｎｃ．）带有高级操作和分析软件的热分析仪如：ＤＳＣ，ＴＧＡ，ＤＭＴＡ，ＴＭＡ，ＳＴＡ，ＤＥＴＡ等，流变仪如ＡＲＥＳ，ＳＲ２００／５...     

观测日全食发现的元素——“太阳”—氦

观测日全食发现的元素“太阳”──氦叶蕊ＥＬＥＭＥＮＴＷＡＳＤＩＳＣＯＶＥＲＥＤＢＹＯＢＳＥＲＶＩＮＧＴＨＥＴＯＴＡＬＳＯＬＡＲＥＣＬＩＰＳＥ＂ＨＥＬＩＯＳ＂－ＨＥＬＩＵＭ日全食是难得的天象奇观。１８６８年，法国天文学家严森［１］特地赶到印度观测研究８...     

LARGE SCALE PURIFICATION OF PHOSPHOGLYCERATE KINASE（PGK） AND GLYCERALDEHYDE 3－PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE（GAPDH） FROMYELLOW PEAS BY PEG／REPPAL PES AQUEOUS TWO PHASE SYSTEM AND ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY

ＬＡＲＧＥＳＣＡＬＥＰＵＲＩＦＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＰＨＯＳＰＨＯＧＬＹＣＥＲＡＴＥＫＩＮＡＳＥ（ＰＧＫ）ＡＮＤＧＬＹＣＥＲＡＬＤＥＨＹＤＥ３－ＰＨＯＳＰＨＡＴＥＤＥＨＹＤＲＯＧＥＮＡＳＥ（ＧＡＰＤＨ）ＦＲＯＭＹＥＬＬＯＷＰＥＡＳＢＹＰＥＧ／ＲＥＰＰＡＬ...     

Hydrodynamic model for controlled cycling in tray columns

The paper describes a model for controlled cycling in tray columns. Gas phase dynamics and hydrodynamic relations are included in the proposed model. The model has been simulated on a digital computer.Gas phase dynamics is found to play an important role for cyclic operation of distillation columns, while as the effect of gas phase dynamics can be ignored for absorption columns.In a 5-tray distillation column reasonable separation between liquid and vapour flow periods can be achieved, but with increasing number of trays the switch-over from one period to another becomes less ideal. For a ten tray column the flow situation is unacceptable.The simulations also show that the plug flow condition in the liquid flow period is most difficult to satisfy in the top and bottom of the column. The risk of flooding on some trays and other trays running dry increases when the numbers of trays increases.Finally it is shown that the hydrodynamic behaviour may be improved by changing the geometry of some of the trays.     

Overall efficiency evaluation of commercial distillation columns with valve and dualflow trays

The main objective of this work is to establish appropriated ways for estimating the overall efficiencies of industrial distillation columns with valve trays with downcomer and dualflow trays. The knowledge of efficiencies has fundamental importance in the design and performance evaluation of distillation columns. Searching in the literature, a tree of alternatives was identified to compose the tray efficiency model, depending on the mass transfer models, the liquid distribution and vapor flow models on the tray, the liquid entrainment model, the multicomponent mixture equilibrium model, the physical properties models, the height of froth on the tray model and the efficiency definition. In this work, different methods to predict the overall efficiency of distillation columns with valve and dualflow trays were composed and compared with data from three commercial distillation columns under different operating conditions. The models were inserted in the Aspen Plus 12.1 simulator, in Fortran language, together with tray geometrical data, fluid properties and operating data of the distillation columns. For each column, the best thermodynamic package was chosen by checking the temperature profile and overhead and bottom compositions obtained via simulation against the corresponding actual data of industrial columns. A modification in the fraction of holes evaluation that is jetting parameter of the Garcia's hydraulic model of dispersion above the tray was proposed. This modification produced better results than the original model to predict the fraction of holes that are jetting and in the efficiency of dualflow trays and similar results to Garcia model in the efficiency evaluation of valve trays. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Dynamic simulation of multicomponent distillation

A program has been developed for the dynamic simulation of large scale chemical processes. The simulator has a highly modular structure and an explicit integration routine which is capable of handling large systems of stiff ordinary differential equations. The use of an explicit method reduces computer storage requirements and greatly simplifies the writing of new modules. Unit subroutines have been written which are capable of describing multicomponent distillation columns without resorting to conventional thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. The absence of these iterative routines reduces computation time and allows tray efficiencies to be handled in a more natural manner than is possible with Murphee efficiencies. The program also includes an advanced thermodynamic property package based on the Peng Robinson equation of state. An industrial process consisting of two distillation columns with a combined total of seventy-five mass transfer stages, has been successfully simulated and the computed results have been compared with dynamic data collected from plant tests.     

Impact of mass transfer coefficient correlations on prediction of reactive distillation column behaviour

A significant part of the safety analysis of a reactive distillation column is the identification of multiple steady states and their stability. A reliable prediction of multiple steady states in a reactive distillation column is influenced by the selection of an adequate mathematical model.For modelling reactive distillation columns, equilibrium (EQ) and nonequilibrium (NEQ) models are available in the literature. The accuracy of the nonequilibrium stage model seems to be limited mainly by the accuracy of the correlations used to estimate the mass transfer coefficient and interfacial area.The binary mass transfer coefficients obtained from empirical correlations are functions of the tray design and layout, or of the packing type and size, as well as of the operational conditions and physical properties of the vapour and liquid mixtures.In this contribution, the nonequilibrium model was used for the simulation of a reactive distillation column. For prediction of the binary mass transfer coefficient for a sieve tray, four correlations were chosen to show their impact on the prediction of the reactive distillation column behaviour. As a model reactive distillation system, the synthesis of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) was chosen. The steady-state analysis and the dynamic simulation of the model system were done. Qualitative differences between the steady states were predicted using the chosen correlations.     

一种改进的多元精馏塔动态模型

综合了精馏塔的物料及能量平衡、塔板水力学方程、塔板效率及再沸器动态特性,给出一种改进的非理想多元物系精馏塔通用动态数学模型.增加了汽液平衡计算,从而弥补了文献[1]所提出的动态模型的缺陷,提高了其精度和通用性.模型仿真算法采用Gear积分方法,稳定性好,对解刚性比很高的精馏塔微分方程组十分有效.通过对某丙烯腈萃取精馏塔的仿真表明,该动态模型能够较好地反映对象的动态形为.     

Understanding process intensification in cyclic distillation systems

The most effective separation possible in distillation columns takes place in the hydrodynamic regime where there is perfect displacement of the liquid and vapor streams. This can be achieved in distillation equipment with separate phase movement (SPM). Such an innovative route for process intensification in distillation is called cyclic distillation. The required process conditions are the lack of liquid outflow from the tray during vapor admission and the lack of liquid mixing in adjacent trays upon outflow of liquid. Remarkably, the throughput of such a column that operates in a controlled cycle mode is two or more times higher than the throughput reachable with conventional operation, at equivalent separation performance.In this study, a theoretical stage model with perfect displacement is proposed and the theory of the process working lines is developed. An adequate mass transfer model is also described along with the mode of calculation of tray columns operating in the cyclic operation mode. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the effect of the key model parameters. The theoretical developments were implemented at industrial scale and subsequent testing showed an increase in the separation efficiency of 2-3 times as compared to the standard process.     

Simulation of a distillation column with nonequimolar mass transfer in the production of methylamines

Theoretically substantiated expressions are suggested for estimating the tray efficiency in distillation with nonequimolar mass transfer. Binary interaction parameters are presented for the UNIQUAC calculation of the vapor-liquid equilibrium in the six-component system consisting of water, methanol, ammonia, monomethylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine. An approach to simulating the operation of tray columns with nonequimolar mass transfer is proposed.