中小河流山洪预警预报系统开发设计及应用

我国中小河流众多,山洪频发,洪灾损失严重,是造成人员伤亡的主要灾种。目前,我国中小河流山洪预报预警技术研究还处于初步阶段,山洪监测预警系统尚在试点建设中。介绍水利部公益性项目"中小河流突发性洪水监测与预警预报技术研究"开发的中小河流山洪预警预报原型系统,包括基于分布式水文模型、动态临界雨量的山洪预警预报方法,山洪预警预报原型系统的总体结构、软件设计与功能实现,以及在其中一个示范区江西遂川江的试运行情况,并对其实际应用进行了分析,以期为当前所开展的中小河流洪水易发区水文监测预警项目及全国山洪灾害防御非工程措施建设等工作提供参考。     

中小河流洪水预报研究进展

中小河流洪水预报是当前国际水文科学中亟待研究的重大科学问题之一。由于中小河流存在分布广、降水及下垫面空间异致性强、产汇流时间短、突发性强、水文资料欠缺等特点,因此预报精度较低,预见期短,预报难度大。目前国内外学者对中小河流洪水预报开展了一定的研究,主要集中在中小河流洪水形成机理、洪水预报模型、缺资料中小河流水文模型参数确定方法、洪水预报耦合降水预报等方面。对中小河流洪水预报相关研究进展和存在的问题进行了总结,并指出未来在多源信息高效融合、精细化洪水模拟、高精度降水预报等方面还应进行更深入的研究。     

广西河流预报新模式及关键技术研究与应用

随着全国中小河流水文监测工程项目的实施以及国家、广西水情预警发布管理办法的出台,在洪涝频繁、中小河流站点点多面广的新形势下,如何实现广西河流预报任务由传统的预报增加至预警、预报双重要求成为近年来工作中迫切要解决的问题.基于水量平衡原理及洪水水位涨率变化规律分析研究,根据"预测-预警-预报"河流预报模式,研究开发了适应此...     

浙江省无资料流域洪水预报方法研究

无资料或资料不足是任意流域开展洪水预报面,临的难题和挑战。在浙江全省适用水文预报模型筛选基础上,利用自动寻优技术对浙江省39个代表流域978场暴雨洪水进行逐流域、逐场洪水产、汇流参数率定,并根据参数变幅、敏感性,分别采用均值、等值线空间内插、结合流域特征运用投影寻踪回归分析等方法进行产、汇流参数的地区综合,提出了全省无资料流域洪水预报方法,并经预报模型检验,精度可以满足防洪预警要求。     

TOPMODEL模型在新疆伊犁河流域水文计算中的应用研究

水文模型对于分析水文活动具有重要的参考意义。TOPMODEL模型是水文模型中应用最广泛的模型之一,本文对TOPMODEL模型的基本理论、基本方程、模型参数以及应用步骤进行阐述,并基于TOPMODEL模型对伊犁河流域进行径流模拟、洪水预报及水文计算模拟研究,模拟结果显示:TOPMODEL模型能够很好的再现伊犁河流域的洪水径流过程,有8个场的测定系数达到丙级以上精度,洪峰相对误差小于20%,合格率为88.9%,研究结果能够为伊犁河流域及相似流域水文活动的预报预警提供一定的理论和技术参考。     

山洪影响调查评价与预警体系建设方法研究——以昌江芦溪河段为例

以山洪影响调查成果为基础,评价了昌江芦溪河段受洪水影响的程度,建立了水位预警指标体系和水文预报模型。得出的主要结论有:昌江芦溪河段洪水影响机率不到5年一遇,罗村最典型,个别年份重复受灾,属典型的山洪影响威胁区;以既有水文站点为基础,建立了水文站点的水位与上下游村落淹没基础信息的量化关联,形成"1对N"的预警关联体系,标定了集合对象的成灾水位(75.50m),分析结论与实际调查结果吻合;研究了昌江流域产汇流规律,建立了预报模型。本文的评价思路与预警体系构架方法可以作为完善山洪灾害非工程措施、中小河流水文监测系统实际应用的参考,对各地正在开展的山洪灾害调查评价工作具有参考意义。     

无资料地区水文预报研究的方法与出路

无资料地区的水文研究是最近国际上水资源水环境研究的热点.总结了中国过去在流域洪水预报和设计洪水计算中针对无资料地区研究所取得的相关成果,指出现代水文学应该充分运用新的系统理论和方法,依靠计算机技术和遥感手段,在水文数值模拟方向上寻找无资料地区水文预报的新出路.对无资料地区的水文研究要从有充分实测资料的流域开始,人为隐去部分站点的实测数据以检验依靠剩余少量数据而建成的水文模型的适用性和精度.最后分析了流域分布式水文模型、空间插值、四维同化技术等方法在无资料地区水文预报中的意义和作用.     

TOKASIDE模型及其在洪水预报中的应用

分布式物理水文模型是当前国际水文研究中的热点和难点问题,是解决资料短缺流域水文预报问题的有效途径.以正交网格降雨径流模型研究为基础,针对分布式TOPKAPI(托普卡匹)模型中存在的汇流方向概化、产流模式单一、水库调蓄影响等问题,提出了基于地形运动和蓄满超渗产流模式的网格化分布式物理水文模型TOKASIDE.本文描述了T...     

基于深度学习的流域洪水预报模型研究

随着水文信息系统的普及,水文数据的采集越来越方便。传统上依靠各类水文模型及参数率定以刻画水文数据和预报成果间的复杂关联,如何实现水文数据驱动的水文自动预报是当前面临的问题。近年来,人工智能技术蓬勃发展,深度学习技术开始应用于水文学领域,试图解决这一问题。本文以沮漳河西支峡口至远安区间流域为研究对象,结合分布式水文模型的原理及深度学习理论方法,基于流域多维度数据对流域产汇流特性进行提取,利用特征网络进行流域径流预报,构建基于卷积神经网络（CNN,Convolutional Neural Networks）的流域降雨径流预报模型。研究将模型模拟结果与前期影响雨量模型（API, Antecedent Precipitation Index）结果进行对比分析,结果表明,基于卷积神经网络的流域降雨径流预报模型模拟精度为90%,模型可靠,能满足大部分的降雨洪水预报,为流域降雨径流预报提供一种新的方法。     

洮河流域岷县水文站洪水预报研究

洮河是黄河上游一条重要河流。岷县水文站是洮河中游控制站,担负着水文资料收集和为当地防汛提供水文情报预报的工作,同时对下游城市及河道水库有洪水预警预报责任。本文结合洮河上、中游流域特性,经过大量实测水文资料分析研究,根据上下游相应水位(流量)预报法建立了流量线性回归关系,由上游下巴沟水文站及区间入流得出关系式为Q岷县=Q上合+3. 91 Q多坝+41用于洮河岷县站洪水预报,经模型精度评定和实际作业预报,取得了令人满意的效果,具有较广的实用价值。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with