洮河流域土地利用／覆被变化的水文过程响应

土地利用/覆被变化是导致流域水资源发生变化的重要原因.以中国西北地区的洮河流域为研究区,构建适宜于洮河流域的分布式水文模型(SWAT),在综合考虑流域1985-2000年间土地利用/覆被变化特征的基础上建立多种土地利用/覆被情景,并对不同情景下的水文过程进行模拟,得到以下结论:(1)经校准后的SWAT模型,其验证期的相关系数R~2、相对误差R_e和效率系数E_(ns)分别为0.83、-8%和0.68,说明SWAT模型在洮河流域径流量模拟中具有较高的适用性.(2)草地、林地和耕地是洮河流域的主要土地利用类型.林地的壤中流、土壤湿度和产水量最大,耕地的地表径流和蒸散量最大.与1985年相比,2000年土地利用/覆被情景下地表径流增加了1.72%,地下径流和产水量降低了0.8%和0.4%;耕地扩张和城镇建设用地情景下流域地表径流明显增加,生态恢复情景下流域地表径流和产水量均有所降低.(3)从月径流量来看,林草地可以减小最大与最小流量的变幅,而耕地的作用正好相反.与1985年相比,2000年土地利用/覆被情景下汛期地表径流增加1.67%,地下径流减少0.83%,产水量减少0.36%;非汛期地表径流增加1.86%,地下径流减少0.63%,产水量减少0.46%.说明林草地减少对非汛期的影响更大.     

气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化及CO_2浓度升高对滦河流域径流的影响

在构建分布式水文模型与生物地球化学模型的耦合模型(DTVGM-CASACNP)及应用元胞自动机-马尔科夫(CA-Markov)土地利用预测模型基础上,以滦河流域为例分析气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)及CO2浓度升高对径流的影响。研究结果表明:DTVGM-CASACNP耦合模型以及CA-Markov模型在滦河流域均具有较好的适用性;气候变化与土地利用/植被覆盖变化对滦河流域径流的影响较CO2浓度升高的影响程度大;未来不同情景下滦河流域2020—2049年径流呈减小趋势,大部分情景下年径流较基准年减少,与非汛期相比,滦河流域未来汛期径流对不同情景更敏感,总体上在汛期径流相对基准年减少,而在非汛期径流相对基准年增加。     

气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化及CO2浓度升高对滦河流域径流的影响

在构建分布式水文模型与生物地球化学模型的耦合模型（DTVGM-CASACNP）及应用元胞自动机-马尔科夫（CA-Markov）土地利用预测模型基础上,以滦河流域为例分析气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）及CO₂浓度升高对径流的影响。研究结果表明: DTVGM-CASACNP耦合模型以及CA-Markov模型在滦河流域均具有较好的适用性;气候变化与土地利用/植被覆盖变化对滦河流域径流的影响较CO₂浓度升高的影响程度大;未来不同情景下滦河流域2020—2049年径流呈减小趋势,大部分情景下年径流较基准年减少,与非汛期相比,滦河流域未来汛期径流对不同情景更敏感,总体上在汛期径流相对基准年减少,而在非汛期径流相对基准年增加。     

不同土地利用模式对大洋河流域径流的影响研究

基于分布式水文模型SWAT模型,以大洋河沙里寨水文站以上为研究流域,利用沙里寨水文站2000-2010年水文数据、研究流域分辨率为1 km×1 km土地利用数据以及1:100 000土壤类型数据,定量模拟大城子以上流域2000-2010年径流量,通过设定三种土地利用模式情景,定量分析不同土地利用模式情景下对大洋河流域径流量的影响。研究结果表明:SWAT模型在大洋河流域径流模拟具有较好的适用性,模拟相对误差小于10%,确定性系数0.7以上;在三种土地利用模式情景,其中情景II(林地减少10%,城镇用地增加10%)径流深增加7.7mm,径流系数增加0.16,情景I(林地增加10%,旱地减少10%)以及情景III(林地增加10%,城镇用地减少10%)使得径流深分别减少14.1 mm和16.2 mm,城镇用地对径流影响大于旱地。研究成果对于大洋河水资源规划和保护提供参考价值。     

土地利用变化对海河流域典型区域的径流影响

为研究海河流域径流对土地利用变化的响应,以阜平流域、匡门口流域和界河铺流域为研究区,利用1970—2011年的水文气象资料,分析了不同土地利用的时空转移特征,然后结合SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,设置4种土地利用情景,评价了土地利用变化对径流的影响。结果表明:模型能够较好地模拟全年及汛期月流量过程;多年径流量呈下降趋势,20世纪80年代到90年代中期呈波动性变化;不同的土地利用类型在时空上的转化呈现可逆性,主要是林地增加,草地减少,耕地略有增加;林地的增加和草地的减少会降低汛期径流量以及最大月径流量;汛期径流系数随着林地面积的增加而减小。合理地规划土地利用格局,对控制流域水文事件具有重要意义。     

SWAT模型在密赛流域的应用与比较研究

为对比分布式水文模型SWAT与典型集总式水文模型新安江模型的径流模拟能力,以钱塘江支流密赛流域为实验流域,以CRU气象数据集为气象输入资料,分别进行SWAT日、月径流模拟与验证,并与新安江模型模拟成果进行对比。结果显示SWAT模型在实验流域的月尺度径流模拟中更具优势,也表明SWAT模型在我国径流模拟中具有良好的适用性。     

大通河流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文响应

以大通河流域为研究区域,利用1985年和2005年土地利用数据,结合SWAT分布式水文模型定量评估了流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应。结果表明：1985-2005年大通河流域的土地利用变化主要表现为草地向耕地、居工地转变,草地所占比例由46.7%骤降至20.9%,而耕地面积由1985年的1065.8km²增加到2005年的3243km²;相较于1985年的土地利用情景,2005年土地利用情景下的模拟的多年平均径流增加了1.92×10⁸m³,由于上中下游主要的土地利用/覆被变化不同,导致流域径流变化增加程度由西北至东南逐渐增大;大通河流域年径流的增加主要表现为汛期径流增加,讯期月平均径流增幅达到了0.40×10⁸m³·mon^-1;非汛期径流则呈不明显减小趋势,平均降幅为0.024×10⁸m³·mon^-1。合理规划大通河流域土地利用方式,提高水源区涵养能力,对流域水资源可持续发展具有重要意义。     

基于SWAT模型的资水流域径流模拟

以资水流域柘溪水库以下区域为研究对象,基于构建的分布式水文模型SWAT对水文过程进行模拟。在地面高程、土地利用、土壤、气象等数据预处理的基础上,采用2010~2011年实测径流数据进行参数率定,采用2012年实测径流数据进行模型验证,对模型在研究区的适用性进行研究。通过对径流模拟值和实测值的比较,月径流率定期和验证期的相关系数R~2和Nash系数Ens分别在0.93以上和0.91以上,日径流率定期和验证期的相关系数R~2和Nash系数Ens分别在0.78以上和0.70以上。基于这两个评价标准可知SWAT模型在资水游流域有良好的适用性,可为流域内拟建桃花江核电厂的取水安全分析和水环境影响评价提供技术支持。     

SWAT模型在海拉尔河流域径流模拟中的应用研究

以海拉尔河上游流域作为研究区域,基于Arc GIS构建SWAT分布式水文模型对流域水文过程进行模拟,通过对流域的基础数据整合,模型采用1999~2003年实测径流数据进行参数率定,将2004~2010年实测径流数据作为模型的验证期,对模型在海拉尔河上游的适用性进行研究。通过对月和年径流模拟值和实测值的比较,率定期和验证期的Nash系数Ens和相关系数R2分别在0.861~0.873和0.877~0.899之间。基于这两个评价标准可知:SWAT模型在海拉尔河上游流域有良好的适用性,可以为该流域的水资源管理提供依据。     

土地利用/覆被变化对典型流域径流的影响研究

土地利用/覆被变化是地球环境变化的重要组成部分,环境变化会引起水文循环过程的改变。以王快水库以上流域为典型流域,利用SWAT模型模拟不同土地利用/覆被变化对流域径流的影响。结果显示:随着流域土地覆被的增加,年径流量减小,和大规模水利建设和水土保持对汛期径流影响更大。模拟径流量由大到小依次为裸岩覆盖、现状植被、森林覆盖、未来最佳植被。     

一种可用于表征土地利用变化水文效应的水文模型探讨--SWAT模型在云州水库流域的应用研究

基于对SWAT模型的发展和运行流程的概述，以云州水库流域为例，模拟了20世纪80年代土地覆被状况下的1985年的流量过程。从结果来看，云州水库流域日径流模拟值与实测值曲线拟合度较好，其模拟结果的确定性系数为0．79，达到了乙等方案的要求，取得了较好的模拟效果。由此可以看出，SWAT模型在云州水库流域的应用是比较成功的，从而为该流域不同土地利用变化和土地覆被变化(LUCC)下的水文效应研究奠定了较好的基础。     

Simulation of spatial and temporal distribution on dissolved non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus load in Jialing River Watershed,China

Jialing River, which covers a basin area of 160,000 km² and a length of 1,280 km, is the largest tributary of the catchment area in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. In recent years, water quality in the reservoir area section of Jialing River has been degraded due to land use and the rural residential area induced by non-point source pollution. Therefore, the semi-distributed land-use runoff process (SLURP) hydrological model has been introduced and used to simulate the integrated hydrological cycle of the Jialing River Watershed (JRW). A coupling watershed model between the SLURP hydrological model and dissolved non-point source pollution model has been proposed in an attempt to evaluate the potential dissolved non-point source pollution load; it enhances the simulation precision of runoff and pollution load which are both based on the same division of land use types in the watershed. The proposed model has been applied in JRW to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of the dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) pollution load for the period 1990–2007. It is shown that both the temporal and spatial distribution of DTN and DTP load are positively correlated to annual rainfall height. Land use is the key factor controlling the distribution of DTN and DTP load. The source compositions of DTN and DTP are different, where average DTN pollution load in descending order is land use 67.2%, livestock and poultry breeding 30.5%, and rural settlements 2.2%; and for DTP, livestock and poultry breeding is 50%, land use 48.8%, and rural settlements 1.2%. The contribution rates of DTN and DTP load in each sub-basin indicate the sensitivity of the results to the temporal and spatial distribution of different pollution sources. These data were of great significance for the prediction and estimation of the future changing trends of dissolved non-point source pollution load carried by rainfall runoff in the JRW and for studies of their transport and influence in the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Assessment of soil erosion risk using SWAT model

Soil erosion is one of the most serious land degradation problems and the primary environmental issue in Mediterranean regions. Estimation of soil erosion loss in these regions is often difficult due to the complex interplay of many factors such as climate, land uses, topography, and human activities. The purpose of this study is to apply the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to predict surface runoff generation patterns and soil erosion hazard and to prioritize most degraded sub-catchment in order to adopt the appropriate management intervention. The study area is the Sarrath river catchment (1,491 km²), north of Tunisia. Based on the estimated soil loss rates, the catchment was divided into four priority categories for conservation intervention. Results showed that a larger part of the watershed (90 %) fell under low and moderate soil erosion risk and only 10 % of the watershed was vulnerable to soil erosion with an estimated sediment loss exceeding 10 t?ha^?1?year^?1. Results indicated that spatial differences in erosion rates within the Sarrath catchment are mainly caused by differences in land cover type and gradient slope. Application of the SWAT model demonstrated that the model provides a useful tool to predict surface runoff and soil erosion hazard and can successfully be used for prioritization of vulnerable areas over semi-arid catchments.     

A comparative study on nitrogen-concentration dynamics in surface water in a heterogeneous landscape

With point-source pollution controlled effectively, nonpoint-source pollution, especially that resulting from agricultural land, has become the main factor affecting surface water. Much attention has been focused on the impact of fertilizer and pesticide application, wastewater irrigation, and land management on pollutant transport. However, landscape pattern also plays an important role in pollutant transport and detention. Landscape types may be classified into two parts: "source" and "sink" landscapes, based on their functions in pollutant transport and detention. As a major contributor to eutrophication of waterbodies, nitrogen loss with runoff has received particular attention when studying nonpoint-source pollution. In this study, four watersheds in the upper parts of the Yuqiao Reservoir Basin, Zuihua, Hebei Province, China, were chosen in order to study the relationship between landscape pattern and nitrogen-concentration dynamics. The results indicate that (1) nitrogen concentration in surface water within different seasons in the rainfall-normal year is higher than that in the rainfall-deficit year and (2) the variation of nitrogen concentration within different seasons in the rainfall-deficit year is smaller compared with that in the rainfall-normal year in which two types of seasonal variation on nitrogen concentration are presented. The first variation occurs when nitrogen concentration is lowest in the dry season, and rises rapidly from the dry season to rainy season and then declines quickly from the rainy season to mean-flow season. This mainly occurs in those areas where most "source" landscapes are close to the monitored waterbody. The second variation occurs when nitrogen concentration is low in the dry season, increases rapidly in the rainy season but does not reach its peak value until the mean flow season. The second variation occurs in those areas where "source" landscape types are spread over the whole watershed. There is no clear relationship between watershed shape, relative importance of landscape types, and nitrogen concentration; however, the spatial distribution of "source" and "sink" landscape types in the watershed has a strong impact on the nitrogen concentration in surface water.     

辽河大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染入库模拟

利用输出系数法和SWAT模型,对大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染(ANSP)进行了入库模拟研究,并用2006—2009年的水文和水质监测数据对模型进行了校准和验证。研究结果表明:汇水区年均输入到水库的泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷分别为82.65×103 t、1 873.49t和81.97t;月入库泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷与径流量有着较强的相关性,ANSP的产生和迁移受降水、径流过程影响很大,每年7、8月份的氮、磷和泥沙流失量达到年内最大值,分别占全年流失总量的42.64%、44.42%和67.91%。水库汇水区各流域对水库氮、磷污染的贡献率由大到小依次为:浑河流域(清原段)、苏子河流域、社河流域和水库周边小流域。     

Integrated assessment of nonpoint source pollution of a drinking water reservoir in a typical acid rain region

Nonpoint source pollution generated by agricultural production and city construction has been studied for decades, but very few researches have been conducted on the regional assessment of nonpoint source pollution in the acid rain regions, particularly relating to the control of pollutant in the drinking water source areas. In this study, an integrated framework was applied to estimate nitrogen and phosphorous load in a typical acid rain influenced reservoir, China. The method comprised three separate steps: (1) a watershed model—soil and water assessment tools—was used to estimate nitrogen and phosphorous load from the upper stream watershed; (2) collection of acid rain samples, together with a GIS-based calculation to estimate the atmospheric deposition flux; (3) introduction of a simple export coefficient method. The case study indicated atmospheric deposition accounted for 56.75 % of total nitrogen load during the year, with the highest level of deposition load taking place during the wet season. Maximum phosphorous (93.37 %) was linked to the upstream runoff, originating from the upper watershed. Further analysis by watershed model and export coefficient method indicated forest exported most total nitrogen (27.72 %) and total phosphorous (58.78 %) in the upstream watershed. Results indicated that in the region influenced by acid rain, the nitrogen management should encompass the management of land use practices and the control of acid rain in catchments feeding into drinking water storage areas. It could be inferred that NOX emissions might cause both globe warming and eutrophication in the drinking water sources. This paper could provide a basis for water quality management in such regions.     

Hydrological situation of a typical watershed in the Loess Tableland Area of China over the past 30 years

Due to deficient water resources in the Loess Plateau, watershed management plays a very important role, not only for ecological and environmental protection but also for the social development of the region. To better understand the hydrological and water resource variations in the typical watershed of the Loess Plateau and the Qinghe River Basin, the influences of land cover and climate change were analysed, and a SWAT model was built to simulate the response of the hydrological situation to land cover changes that have occurred over the past 30 years. The results demonstrated that the main land cover change occurring in the Qinghe River Basin was the conversion of land cover from grassland to woodland and farmland from the late 1980s to 2010. Woodland and farmland took 87.36 and 10.55%, respectively, from the overall area transferred over 20 years and more than 18% of the total watershed area. Hydrological simulation results indicated that land cover played a predominant role in the hydrological variation of the Qinghe River Basin, although the effects of climate change should not be discounted. The significant changes in land cover could be superimposed by policy orientation and economic requirements. Although it is hard to evaluate the land cover changes and the corresponding hydrological responses in a simple language, related analyses have demonstrated an increasing trend of runoff in the dry season, while there is a somewhat decreasing trend during the flood season in the river basin. There results could be significant and provide a positive influence on both future flood control and the conservation of water and soil.     

水文响应单元空间离散化及SWAT模型改进

水文响应单元(Hydrological Response Units,HRU)是SWAT模型模拟的基本单元,传统方法划分的水文响应单元在空间分布上不连续且难以确定其明确的空间位置,不能反映HRU间的相互作用和进行精确空间分析。利用GIS工具对土地利用和土壤类型数据进行概化处理,提出了HRU空间离散化的方法,实现了水文响应单元在空间上的准确定位。在此基础上,针对SWAT模型中同一子流域所有HRU采取相同延迟的弱点进行改进,并选择太湖地区西苕溪流域对改进的SWAT模型进行水文模拟验证。改进后,校正期港口站Nash效率系数E_NS(Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency)从0.64提高到0.67,验证期E_NS系数从0.70提高到0.76。研究表明:修正后的SWAT模型更能反映流域的水文特征,可以达到非常好的效果,考虑到HRU距离因素的径流延迟更为准确地刻画径流过程。实现HRU空间离散化将为模型改进和更小尺度的空间分析提供数据基础。     

Relationship between the variation of water quality in rivers and the characteristics of watershed at Miyun,Beijing, China

Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Res-ervoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed, The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the fiver water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of ni-trogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitro-gen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape, the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils.