四川乌头属的修订：四川乌头属的系统排列 亚属2.乌头亚属 系3.保山乌头系

块根2。茎直立。基生叶卜3,或不存在;叶片掌状全裂,一回裂片浅裂或细裂。小苞片宽,椭圆形或长圆形。上萼片船状盔形或盔形。花瓣的瓣片较大。距不存在或很短。种子有横膜翅。     

论文中统计学符号书写规则

统计学符号一般用斜体。本刊常用统计学符号介绍如下,希望作者参照执行。样本的算术平均数用英文小写x,不用大写X,也不用Mean。标准差用英文小写s,不用SD。标准误用英文小写s x,不用S E。t检验用英文小写t。F检验用英文大写F。卡方检验用希文小写χ2。相关系数用英文小写r。样本数用英文小写n。概率用英文大写P。     

《实验医学期刊》：新疗法有望攻克败血症

败血症是严重威胁人类生命安全的一种疑难杂症。经过两年半的实验研究。宁波大学、浙江大学医学院等机构的科研人员发现。败血症小白鼠接受LECT2激活巨噬细胞的治疗后，存活率从原先的12．5％提高到75％。该生物疗法有望攻克败血症这一国际难题。该成果已于近日在线发表在美国《实验医学杂志》上。并引起了国际专家的关注。以色列魏茨曼科学研究院干细胞研究中心主席TsveeLapidot对这一研究成果给予了高度评价。     

《科学-转化医学》：新外科手术刀可判断细胞是否癌变

当外科医生不能确定肿瘤的边缘时。问题出现了。切除过多。他们面临伤害病人的风险;切除过少。他们可能会留下一些癌细胞。现在,研究人员开发出一种外科手术刀,可以在切除组织时根据产生的烟,立即断定该细胞是癌变的还是健康的。     

研究发现过量饮酒致癌基因根源

中新网消息：据星岛日报报道。治疗H5N1禽流感研究有新突破。香港大学医学院微生物系主任袁国勇领导的专家组。在美国《国家科学院院刊》（PNAS）发表研究报告。透过混合三种药物的鸡尾酒疗法。成功令感染H5N1禽流感的白老鼠存活率增加三倍。达到53％。     

小叶锦鸡儿防风固沙林稳定性研究

针对科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿固沙林在持续高温干旱条件下出现稳定性波动的问题。选择2、5、15、35a人工群落和天然群落进行对比研究。探讨了人工小叶锦鸡儿防风固沙林物种多样性在35a间的变化以及对大气持续干旱的抵抗力和对外界干扰的恢复能力。流动沙丘固定后,固沙林内草本植物迅速侵入。其后则缓慢发展并处于相对稳定状态。植物种类数保持在20～23种。但在人工固沙群落中1年生植物在种类数和数量上始终处于优势地位。而天然群落则是多年生植物占优势。人工固沙群落物种多样性指数逐年提高。但明显低于天然群落。在受到大气持续高温干旱的干扰时。人工群落土壤条件极度恶化。出现了明显的干沙层。最深达140cm。叶片含水量极度降低。植物生长停止。沙地植物群落对牲畜取食均具有一定的补偿的能力。在啃食较轻时表现为超补偿现象。通过建立数学模型分析。人工群落个体的补偿点和超补偿点明显低于天然群落。采用冗余理论对植物群落稳定性机制进行了论述。认为冗余结构的变化是导致群落稳定性变化的内在原因。对现有人工小叶锦鸡儿固沙林的稳定性进行了评价。并认为15a左右人工固沙林正处于相对稳定并缓慢发展状态。对于稳定的人工固沙群落应具备以下条件：(1)适于当地环境条件;(2)对外界干扰具有一定的抵抗性和恢复性;(3)具有正常生长发育和自我更新能力;(4)有较为完善的种群结构。     

幻想星球

<正>酷想大晒台去年圣诞节,小老鼠和跳蚤的表演没有让各位小酷想家过足瘾。大家纷纷发来申请,要看更多更精彩的节目。大拇哥已经把他们的愿望全部记下,下次一定会加倍努力,邀请这些动物登上舞台。我的要求也不算太高,只是想看一些微生物的表演而已。淄博黄羿舒我想让小猪表演跳火圈。大拇哥,加油!北京张偲艺我最想看动物园里所有的动物一起表演。相信看着所有的动物同时互动,我们一定会乐翻天。郴州张子盈马年我当然希望看到马儿们表演节目啦,它们的潇洒劲儿别提有多酷了。乌鲁木齐戴佳桐今天,我收到了一张优惠券。上面写着:大拇哥耍猴团,成人票50元,儿童票20元。凭此券半价。看到这么给     

《中国真菌学杂志》统计学符号著录规范

按GB3358—82《统计学名词及符号》的有关规定书写,常用如下：①样本的算术平均数用英文小写互（中位数仍用M）。②标准差用英文小写s。③标准误用英文小写Si。④t检验用英文小写t。⑤F检验用英文大写F。⑥卡方检验用希文小写x2。⑦相关系数用英文小写r。⑧自由度用希文小写口。⑨概率用英文大写P（P值前应给出具体检验值,如t值、x2值、q值等）。以上符号均用斜体。     

署名

论文的作者应在发表的作品上署名。署名者可以是个人作者、合作作者或团体作者。1署名是拥有著作权的声明。《中华人民共和国著作权法》规定：著作权属于作者。著作权包括发表权、署名权、修改权、保护作品完整权等。署名权即表明作者在作品上署名的权利;署名表明作者的劳动成果及作者本人都得到了社会的承认和尊重,即作者向社会声明,作者对该作品拥有了著作权。2署名是表示文责自负的承诺。署名即表明作者愿意承担责任。3署名便于读者与作者联系。署名即表明作者有同读者联系的意愿。     

署名

<正>论文的作者应在发表的作品上署名。署名者可以是个人作者、合作作者或团体作者。1署名是拥有著作权的声明。《中华人民共和国著作权法》规定:著作权属于作者。著作权包括发表权、署名权、修改权、保护作品完整权等。署名权即表明作者在作品上署名的权利;署名表明作者的劳动成果及作者本人都得到了社会的承认和尊重,即作者向社会声明,作者对该作品拥有了著作权。2署名是表示文责自负的承诺。署名即表明作者愿意承担责任。     

Removal of oil by walnut shell media

Studies were conducted to evaluate the oil sorption capacities of walnut shell media. Sorption capacity is the weight of oil picked up by unit weight of a sorbent. Initial oil pick-up by walnut shell media on pure oil and oil on aqueous medium was evaluated. Batch kinetic studies were conducted to evaluate the equilibrium time required by walnut shell media for sorbing oil. For pure oil medium, sorption capacities of 0.30g/g, 0.51g/g and 0.58g/g were obtained for standard mineral oil, vegetable oil and DoALL Bright-Edge oil, respectively. The results showed sorption capacities of 0.56g/g, 0.58g/g and 0.74g/g for standard mineral oil, vegetable oil and DoALL Bright-Edge oil, respectively, for oil on aqueous medium. It was found that sorbed oil could be recovered from walnut shell media by applying pressure. The study showed that walnut shell media can be used as a sorbent for oil removal.     

饲料氧化鱼油引起草鱼肠道结构损伤、通透性增加

为了探讨饲料氧化鱼油对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肠道组织结构及其通透性的影响, 本实验以豆油、鱼油及氧化鱼油作为饲料脂肪源, 分别设计鱼油组(6F)、豆油组(6S)、2%氧化鱼油(4S2OF)、4%氧化鱼油(2S4OF)及6%氧化鱼油(6OF) 5组等氮、等能的半纯化饲料。经72d池塘网箱养殖后, 实验结果显示: (1)氧化鱼油显著增加(P0.05)草鱼血清和肠道MDA含量、增加肠道GSH含量(P0.05), 但随氧化产物含量上升GSH含量出现下降。(2)氧化鱼油会显著降低肠道内胆汁酸的含量(P0.05)。(3)氧化鱼油会显著增加肠道绒毛中杯状细胞的数量(P0.05), 且随着氧化产物的增加, 肠道微绒毛高度呈现先上升后下降趋势。(4)氧化鱼油会导致肠道紧密连接间隙增大, 增加肠道通透性, 使血清中D-乳酸及内毒素含量显著增加(P0.05)。结果表明, 饲料中鱼油氧化产物损伤了草鱼肠道组织结构, 尤其是肠道上皮细胞紧密连接结构损伤严重, 从而破坏了肠道黏膜的机械屏障功能, 使肠道通透性显著增加, 肠道细菌内毒素等发生转移。鱼油氧化产物会引起草鱼肠道氧化与抗氧化应激反应, 干扰草鱼肝-肠正常胆汁酸循环, 致使草鱼肠道胆汁酸不足。     

Process optimization for extraction of carotenoids from shrimp waste with vegetable oils

Shrimp waste is an important source of natural carotenoid. Studies were carried out to determine the extraction yield of shrimp waste carotenoids in different vegetable oils. Highest yield was obtained by extraction using refined sunflower oil compared to groundnut oil, gingelly oil, mustard oil, soy oil, coconut oil and rice bran oil. The extraction yield of carotenoids in sunflower oil was significantly influenced by level of oil to waste (p < 0.05), time (p < 0.01) and temperature (p < 0.001) of heating waste with oil before centrifugation to separate pigmented oil. A regression equation was derived for carotenoid yield as a function of time of heating, temperature of heating and oil level to waste. The optimized conditions for extraction of shrimp waste carotenoids in sunflower oil were determined to be oil level to waste of 2, temperature of 70 degrees C and heating time of 150 min.     

Characterization of QTL for oil content in maize kernel

Kernel oil content in maize is a complex quantitative trait. Phenotypic variation in kernel oil content can be dissected into its component traits such as oil metabolism and physical characteristics of the kernel, including embryo size and embryo-to-endosperm weight ratio (EEWR). To characterize quantitative trait loci (QTL) for kernel oil content, a recombinant inbred population derived from a cross between normal line B73 and high-oil line By804 was genotyped using 228 molecular markers and phenotyped for kernel oil content and its component traits [embryo oil content, embryo oil concentration, EEWR, embryo volume, embryo width, embryo length, and embryo width-to-length ratio (EWLR)]. A total of 58 QTL were identified for kernel oil content and its component traits in 26 genomic regions across all chromosomes. Eight main-effect QTL were identified for kernel oil content, embryo oil content, embryo oil concentration, EEWR, embryo weight, and EWLR, each accounting for over 10?% of the phenotypic variation in six genomic regions. Over 90?% of QTL identified for kernel oil content co-localized with QTL for component traits, validating their molecular contribution to kernel oil content. On chromosome 1, the QTL that had the largest effect on kernel oil content (qKO1-1) was associated with embryo width; on chromosome 9, the QTL for kernel oil content (qKO9) was related to EEWR (qEEWR9). Embryo oil concentration and embryo width were identified as the most important component traits controlling the second largest QTL for kernel oil content on chromosome 6 (qKO6) and a minor QTL for kernel oil content on chromosome 5 (qKO5-2), respectively. The dissection of kernel oil QTL will facilitate future cloning and/or functional validation of kernel oil content, and help to elucidate the genetic basis of kernel oil content in maize.     

几种典型植物精油的化学成分与其抗菌活性

【目的】植物精油萃取自天然植物, 因具有抗菌活性, 近年来受到广泛关注。论文的目的是分析植物精油的化学成分, 测试其抗菌活性, 并研究其化学成分与抗菌活性之间的联系。【方法】实验选取了肉桂、山苍子、丁香、香茅、迷迭香和大蒜精油等6种典型植物精油, 通过气质联用分析方法研究了其化学组分, 并通过污染食物技术研究了其对黑曲霉和绳状青霉的抗真菌活性, 以及对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗细菌活性。【结果】气质联用分析结果表明, 肉桂、山苍子、香茅和迷迭香等4种植物精油的化学成分主要是醛类和醇类, 丁香精油的主要化学成分是丁香油酚, 大蒜精油化学成分基本上都是含硫的醚类, 其中二烯丙基三硫醚(大蒜素)含量最高。抗菌活性结果显示, 不同植物精油的抗菌活性不同, 6种植物精油的抗真菌活性由强到弱依次为: 肉桂>大蒜>丁香>山苍子=香茅>迷迭香, 抗细菌活性由强到弱依次为: 肉桂>山苍子>丁香>香茅=迷迭香>大蒜。【结论】植物精油的抗真菌、细菌活性与其化学组分密切相关, 肉桂、山苍子、香茅和迷迭香等4种精油的抗菌活性可能主要与其化学成分中的醛类和醇类有关, 丁香精油较高的抗菌活性可能主要源于丁香油酚; 大蒜精油具有高效的抗真菌活性主要源于其化学成分中的含硫醚。不同植物精油化学成分不同, 抗真菌、细菌活性也不同, 表明其可能有不同的抗真菌与抗细菌机制。     

Ultrastructural aspects of the cytoplasmic origin and accumulation of oil in olive fruit (Olea europaea)

The development of oil bodies and oil droplets in fruits of olive was examined at the ultrastructural level. Both oil bodies that form in young fruits and oil droplets that develop with fruit maturation are cytoplasmic bodies. The formation of the small oil bodies occurs in localized regions of the cytoplasm. These bodies are closely associated and fuse together, forming a small oil droplet that protruded against and indented the vacuolar membrane. As the fruit matures, new oil bodies appear to form and fuse with the oil droplet, resulting in the formation of a single large oil droplet of about 30 μm in diameter in most mature mesocarp cells. The cytoplasmic region where the oil bodies formed had a granulate, ultrastructural appearance, and cytoplasmic components such as membranes and ribosomes were noticeably absent in these regions. The granulate material coated the oil bodies and oil droplets, and appeared as a thin, compressed band between the round inner surface of the droplets and the indented tonoplast. We suggest that this granulate material is involved in the synthesis of the oil and, with enlargement of the oil bodies, this coat becomes thinner in regions where they are closely associated, resulting in zones where confluence of the oil occurs.     

Feinstrukturelle Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung der Ölzellen bei dem LebermoosRiella

Summary Liverworts are characterized by the possession of typical cell elements, the oil bodies. In the submerse, thalloid liverwortRiella helicophylla (Sphaerocarpales) oil bodies are existing in idioblastic cells only, called oil body cells. Each oil body cell contains only one oil body. The oil body originates from small vacuoles. Their membranes are extremely high in contrast and asymmetric. The lipophilic substances are probably produced inside the oil bodies. At the end of the development of an oil body cell lipophilic and hydrophilic material will be separated from each other inside the oil body. The result is an oil body, consisting of one large spherical oil globule surrounded by a thin layer of hydrophilic matrix.

     

Repellent effect of plant essential oils against Aedes albopictus.

Six essential oils: asteraceae oil, rutaceae oil, mentha piperta oil, carvacryl oil, citronella oil, and eucalyptus oil were tested for evaluation of their repellent effects against Aedes albopictus mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. Only citronella oil and eucalyptus oil were tested with human beings. There was considerable protection for mice. Carvacryl oil (7%) provided 100% protection for mice after 7 h. Eucalyptus oil (15%) gave protection to humans for least 3 h; the protection time was prolonged to 5 h after adding 5% vanillin. The mixture could be developed into a practical product after the field evaluation.     

厌氧产表面活性剂微生物提高原油采收率的研究进展

微生物强化采油(microbial enhanced oil recovery,MEOR)是近年来在国内外发展迅速的一项提高原油采收率技术。微生物在油藏中高效生产表面活性剂等驱油物质是微生物采油技术成功实施的关键之一。然而,油藏的缺/厌氧环境严重影响好氧表面活性剂产生菌在油藏原位的生存与代谢活性;油藏注空气会增加开采成本,且注入空气的作用时效和范围难以确定。因此,开发厌氧产表面活性剂菌种资源并强化其驱油效率对于提高原油采收率具有重要意义。本文综述了国内外近年来利用厌氧产表面活性剂微生物提高原油采收率的研究进展,简述了微生物厌氧产表面活性剂的相关驱油机理、菌种资源开发现状以及油藏原位驱油应用进展,并对当前的研究提出了一些思考。     

Seed Structure Characteristics to Form Ultrahigh Oil Content in Rapeseed

Background

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop in the world, and increasing its oil content is a major breeding goal. The studies on seed structure and characteristics of different oil content rapeseed could help us to understand the biological mechanism of lipid accumulation, and be helpful for rapeseed breeding.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Here we report on the seed ultrastructure of an ultrahigh oil content rapeseed line YN171, whose oil content is 64.8%, and compared with other high and low oil content rapeseed lines. The results indicated that the cytoplasms of cotyledon, radicle, and aleuronic cells were completely filled with oil and protein bodies, and YN171 had a high oil body organelle to cell area ratio for all cell types. In the cotyledon cells, oil body organelles comprised 81% of the total cell area in YN171, but only 53 to 58% in three high oil content lines and 33 to 38% in three low oil content lines. The high oil body organelle to cotyledon cell area ratio and the cotyledon ratio in seed were the main reasons for the ultrahigh oil content of YN171. The correlation analysis indicated that oil content is significantly negatively correlated with protein content, but is not correlated with fatty acid composition.

Conclusions/Significance

Our results indicate that the oil content of YN171 could be enhanced by increasing the oil body organelle to cell ratio for some cell types. The oil body organelle to seed ratio significantly highly positively correlates with oil content, and could be used to predict seed oil content. Based on the structural analysis of different oil content rapeseed lines, we estimate the maximum of rapeseed oil content could reach 75%. Our results will help us to screen and identify high oil content lines in rapeseed breeding.