多数据库系统中的模式映射方法

多数据库系统一般具有四级模式结构，全局用户只能访问全局模式，而最终的数据必须从各局部数据库系统中获得，因此必须建立多数据库系统的模式映射，它表示了局部模式通过输出模式集成为全局模式的相应转换。本文给出了一种多数据库系统中的模式映射方法，并使用 模式映射树来存储和表达这种模式映射。     

基于CORBA／XML的多数据库系统的研究与实现

多数据库系统是实现多个分布的异构数据源数据共享和互操作的有效途径。首先介绍了一种基于CORBA的多数据库系统体系结构模型，然后提出了一种面向XML的公共数据模型XIDM，这些模型能很好适应多数据库系统分布性，自治性和异构性等特点，还对基于这些模型所实现的一个多数据库原型系统Panorama进行了介绍。     

实现异构数据库集成的一种方法——元数据库法

本文提出的元数据库系统ＭＤＢＳ是一个基于知识库的联邦数据库系统，通过集中管理各异构数据库中的元数据，支持多库间的数据共享、交互操作及自治。在整个集成系统中无全局模式，异构数据库模式间的结构和语义冲突，由ＭＤＢＭＳ通过访问元数据库中有关各局部库的模式信息和模式转换规则来解决。ＭＤＢＳ利用知识来描述应用系统的数据流信息和控制信息支持集成应用系统的实现。本文着重论述了ＭＤＢＳ的数据模型、数据库模式和ＭＤＢＳ实现的技术问题。     

多数据库系统中查询分解算法的研究

多数据库系统允许用户使用一个集成模式和简单的全局查询语言同时访问多个异构的、自治的数据库系统。全局查询分解处理是多数据库系统中的一个很重要的问题。本文给出了一种多数据库环境中的模式信息管理方法,基于这些模式信息,我们提出一种易于实现的查询分解算法。由于多数据库查询分解处理与模式集成的实现紧密相关,所以本文对多数据库系统的模式集成作了一些描述。     

IMDBS系统中的多源数据模型、语言及查询处理

ＩＭＤＢＳ是一个集成式的多数据库系统，该系统是通过对已有的局部异构数据库进行信息和数据的集成，为全局用户提供共享的集成信息；同时每个局部应用仍能在被集成后的数据上运行，这样就保证了局部数据库的自治性．ＩＭＤＢＳ系统主要是基于源标签集成机制，并与非一范式（ＮＦ²）模型相结合作为多源数据模型，多源数据语言为ＰＳＱＬ／ＮＦ，它是一个类ＳＱＬ语言，非常方便于用户的使用．该系统具有自下而上集成关系、网状和层次数据库以及自上而下地进行分布数据管理的功能，较好地解决了异构分布库系统的全局分布透明性     

基于Web服务的电力信息集成系统

电力信息是包含多种数据模型的典型异构数据库,电力信息的集成对电力系统的运行决策具有重要的意义.文中采用中介器饱装器结构,基于Web服务技术,提出了一种异构信息集成方法.该方法采用GAV方式定义全局模式到局部模式的映射关系,并用关系表来存储映射关系,从而简化了模式映射算法.将该方法应用到电力信息的集成上,实现了电力信息中气象数据、网供负荷数据、电厂负荷数据的集成.实际应用表明,文中所提出的方法可以有效地实现异构信息的集成.     

STEP模型映射技术及其在开发环境中的应用

针对互操作所导致的异构系统间数据交换构造STEP模型映射算法，为基于不同STEP应用协议的CAX系统集成提供了一种方法讨论，首先对STEP/EXPRESS数据模型作出形式化定义，在此基础上提出了两种STEP模型映射技术-静态映射与动态映射，并阐述了基于EXPRESS-X的实现及其在开放式环境中的一种典型应用，提出了模型映技术独立于具体系统，为异构系统提供透明的集成方式，从而降低了信息集成在系统开发中的开销。     

异构信息源集成系统的模式集成研究

随着社会的发展,越来越多的企业开始将工作重心向集成体系结构转移。因此,对异构信息源集成的要求是非常迫切并会长期存在下去。本文提出了一种基于Java的关系数据模型(JIDM)作为集成系统的公共数据模型。在该模型的基础上,介绍了全局模式、输出模式以及局部模式之间的映射关系,解决了JIDM模型与关系模型、XML文件以及面向对象模型之间的映射问题。     

SUPERBASE：一个CIM环境下面向对象的多数据库集成系统

ＳＵＰＥＲＢＡＳＥ是一个ＣＩＭ环境下面向对象的多数据库集成系统，其目标是有效地集成分布在多个已存在的自治和异构的局部数据库中的信息，以实现各系统间的信息共享。本文首先介绍了ＳＵＰＥＲＢＡＳＥ的体系结构、模式集成机制；然后讨论了全局数据库和局部数据库间的数据副本问题，提出了相应的解决方法；最后给出了集成数据模型ＩＤＭ和集成数据语言ＩＤＬ。     

基于并行及异构数据库联合系统

用PowerBuilder开发异构数据库的联合使用是一种好方法，然而它不支持数据库服务器间的并行工作。本文提出了在PowerBuilder应用程序与数据库接口之间通过构造“并行桥”的策略解决这一问题的思想，并由此设计实现了一个“异构数据库联合使用系统”。该系统将分布在网络不同节点上的ORACLE、SYBAS及MSSQLSERVER数据库服务器中的局部库集成为一个全局库并提供全局事务管理和并行查询处理的异构数据库系统。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).