基于数学形态学滤波的漏磁信号预处理方法研究

漏磁检测是一种广泛应用于铁磁材料表面裂纹检测的磁性无损检测技术,漏磁信号的质量直接关系到裂纹定量识别的准确性和精度。针对漏磁信号的噪声特性,提出一种基于数学形态学滤波的漏磁信号预处理方法,即利用改进的中值滤波法剔除信号中的奇异点,采用多项式拟合法消除信号趋势项,使用形态滤波法对漏磁信号进行消噪处理。结果表明:该方法对漏磁信号中的干扰噪声具有较强的抑制能力,不仅剔除了漏磁信号中的干扰噪声,而且完整地保留原始信号的具体细节,提高降噪速度。     

拉伸情况下含裂纹16MnR钢的磁记忆检测实验

利用磁记忆方法检测压力容器用钢裂纹扩展和塑性变形的可行性.利用压力容器常用材料16MnR制作拉伸试件,在其上预制垂直于试件长度方向的不同几何尺寸的裂纹,在材料试验机上进行拉伸实验.利用磁记忆传感器检测试件表面裂纹尖端磁场强度法向分量信号,研究不同拉伸阶段裂纹尖端磁信号的变化规律,利用铁磁学基本理论研究和解释复杂实验现象.在对拉伸载荷变化和磁信号变化规律进行分析的基础上,提出了载荷梯度参数的概念,实验表明:利用该参数可以较好地表征压力容器用钢的弹塑性应变.     

一种多提离值的金属磁记忆检测方法

金属磁记忆检测技术是一种新型的无损检测技术,它利用金属的磁记忆效应来确定构件的缺陷区域.检测中由于一些构件表面感应磁场信号不平滑,存在与缺陷信号相似的磁场特征和梯度表现,容易造成漏判或误判.为了区分这两种信号,通过建立磁偶极子模型,分析了缺陷在材料表面或近表面的情况下检测提离值对磁信号的影响,发现在提离值改变时感应磁场和缺陷漏磁场存在不同的表现.根据这一现象,提出多提离值检测方法进行精确定位.通过对钢板进行实验验证了该方法的有效性.     

金属磁记忆检测技术定量评估构件疲劳损伤研究

对18CrNi4A钢缺口试件在三级应力水平下进行疲劳试验和磁记忆信号检测,研究金属磁记忆信号在疲劳过程中的变化规律和磁记忆检测技术对构件疲劳损伤的定量估评.结果表明:在稳定循环阶段,磁信号随疲劳循环周次增加无显著改变,疲劳裂纹萌生后,磁信号逐渐增加,并在断裂后发生激变;磁信号特征参量Kmax,Hp(y)max,Hp(y)min和Hp(y)sub值与应力水平和疲劳损伤程度存在强烈的相关性,特征参量绝对值随应力水平或疲劳损伤程度的增加而逐渐增加;磁信号特征参量Kmax平均值法可较准确地定量评估构件疲劳损伤,该方法判据为:当m(m=Kmax/KAVmax)＞1,试件存在严重的疲劳损伤.     

基于漏磁原理的火炮零部件裂纹检测装置的设计与实现

为解决火炮零部件上裂纹等缺陷的检测问题,依据漏磁检测原理及缺陷漏磁场偶极子模型,设计了火炮零部件漏磁检测装置并进行了工程化实现.考虑到火炮零部件结构多样性,采用霍尔器件和磁阻传感器设计了多种结构的检测装置;针对漏磁信号中存在干扰信号和系统噪声的问题,采用自适应滤波和MORET-P小波变换技术,进行了信号的预处理.应用结果表明:该装置原理可行,多种结构的检测装置满足了不同火炮零部件的检测需要,自适应滤波和MORET-P小波变换技术较好地剔除了干扰信号和系统噪声,有效提取出缺陷信号.     

交变磁场测量法在表面裂纹无损检测中的应用

为了分析交变磁场测量法在无损检测中的应用及检测金属表面裂纹长度和深度的影响因素,本文根据交变磁场测量法基本原理,设计了新型的传感器探头和相关硬件电路,可以实现全方位检测金属表面缺陷,抑制噪声并提取缺陷信号的微小变化量。结果表明:探头型号和激励频率对漏磁场的检测影响很大,正交矩形激励线圈方法更方便直观;当霍尔传感器扫过表面裂纹时脉冲漏磁信号急剧降为零后又剧增到最大时,各个深度的表面裂纹信号到峰时间近似呈线性关系,这两个特点能用来对表面缺陷进行定位和定量。     

再制造抽油杆疲劳寿命评估的磁记忆检测实验研究

废旧零部件寿命评估一直是再制造工程的技术难点之一。通过对预制沟槽抽油杆试件的拉-拉疲劳实验,利用磁记忆检测仪在线测量试件表面在不同循环次数下的磁记忆信号,研究抽油杆疲劳损伤演化的切向幅值和法向峰峰值变化规律。通过引入李萨如图,表明随着循环的进行所围成的面积由变大到最大后又逐步减小,而非闭合图形面积达到最大时正好对应着宏观裂纹即将发生失稳扩展的临界状态。在此基础上,提出切向法向合成磁场梯度最大值作为预测疲劳寿命的指标,结果表明该特征参数与疲劳循环发展的不同阶段相对应,基于高斯函数拟合建立了其与归一化寿命之间的定量关系模型,可用于抽油杆的疲劳寿命预测。     

碳素钢在不同应力作用下的漏磁场分布特征

选取45#钢平板缺口试样进行拉伸实验,在线测量各组试样在不同拉伸载荷时的试样表面漏磁场分布;同时利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对各组试样在不同拉伸载荷下的应力分布进行有限元分析,并提取应力分布结果.分析了试样表面漏磁场分布与应力分布之间的关系以及应力对磁记忆信号的影响;在磁记忆特征值提取方面,利用传统的磁场梯度K值可以有效检验应力集中部位,同时本文提出一种新的基于磁记忆信号能量的检测特征值,实验证明可以通过此特征值对试样的安全性做出检测及评估.     

铁磁性材料的力磁效应机理探讨与实验研究

基于sablik-jiles-atherton模型和材料的自发磁化规律,在理论上探讨了更为简洁的力磁关系模型,分析了铁磁性材料在外应力和地磁场作用下的漏磁测量机理,获得了试件表面漏磁场信号切向最大、法向过零的特点.结合试件的弹塑性分析,得到在出现应力集中的缺陷位置漏磁信号变化剧烈,即梯度突然变大.利用Q235A钢材为实例,测量了试件在不同应力状态下的漏磁信号,得出在弹性范围内漏磁信号随拉力增大而增大,实验结果与理论有较好的符合,该工作为深入探讨铁磁性材料的力磁关系奠定了一定的理论基础,为检测铁磁试件的潜在缺陷提供了实验依据.     

基于磁记忆方法的抽油杆裂纹扩展监测

基于拉-拉疲劳实验,利用磁记忆检测仪监测了抽油杆试件疲劳裂纹扩展的整个过程,提取了表征应力集中程度的磁信号合成梯度极限状态系数指标;并结合有限元方法计算了裂纹尖端的断裂力学参量,得到不同裂纹长度所对应的应力强度因子。结果表明:基于实验数据和仿真结果所建立的磁记忆信号特征指标与应力强度因子之间具有很好的一致性,可以有效反映疲劳裂纹的扩展过程以及累积损伤,为再制造前的毛坯筛选提供理论依据。     

基于水平集算法的扩展比例边界有限元法研究

扩展比例边界有限元法在裂纹贯穿单元采用Heaviside阶跃函数描述裂纹面两侧的不连续位移,在裂尖则采用半解析的比例边界有限元描述奇异应力场。该方法具有无需预先知道裂尖渐进场的形式,无需采用特殊的数值积分技术直接生成裂尖刚度阵,对多种应力奇异类型可根据定义直接求解广义应力强度因子的特点。该文将扩展比例边界有限元法与水平集方法相结合,进一步发展了扩展比例边界有限元法,并将其应用于解决裂纹扩展的问题。在数值算例中,通过编写完整的MATLAB分析计算程序,求解了单边缺口的三点弯曲梁和四点剪切梁的裂纹扩展问题,计算结果显示扩展比例边界有限元法能有效地预测裂纹轨迹和荷载-位移曲线。通过参数敏感性分析,还可得出该方法具有较低的网格依赖性,且对裂纹扩展步长不敏感。     

飞机多层金属板隐藏缺陷远场涡流探头设计及试验研究

由于飞机多层金属板结构厚度大、复杂等特性,现有检测方法无法发现原位内部缺陷,对于多层板金属缺陷的检测一直都是航空无损检测的难题。远场涡流检测技术因打破趋肤效应的限制,涡流能量可穿透较厚的被测试件,对金属板结构中隐藏缺陷的检测具有潜在优势。该文针对飞机多层金属板隐藏裂纹的原位检测,建立多层金属板构件隐藏裂纹平面远场涡流检测有限元仿真模型,研究不同角度、不同深度裂纹检测幅值、相位的变化规律。为验证该仿真模型的正确性,开展远场涡流检测多层金属板的试验。试验结果表明:设计开发的远场涡流探头可检测埋深13 mm的裂纹缺陷,当裂纹倾斜角度为0°时,检测灵敏度最高,当裂纹倾斜角度为90°时,检测灵敏度最低,与仿真结果保持一致,且能够对缺陷进行精准定位,可为飞机多层金属板构件隐藏裂纹的定量检测提供依据。     

Influence of Wall Thickness on the Ultrasonic Evaluation of Small Closed Surface Cracks and Quantitative NDE

A new ultrasonic evaluation method has been developed for the quantitative characterization of smaller tight cracks under no load condition. In this approach, the ultrasonic testing is considered as an inverse problem to determine simultaneously the crack size and the extent of crack closure. The present paper is on the analysis of the influence of wall thickness on the evaluation of closed surface cracks from the inaccessible side of the wall. Based on experimental observation, the evaluation algorithm has been extended for the characterization of cracks with different wall thickness from the measured angle beam response. Evaluated results of both open and tightly closed small cracks with different wall thicknesses verify the method as a powerful tool for detecting and characterizing small surface cracks quantitatively.     

On damage accumulations in the cyclic cohesive zone model for XFEM analysis of mixed-mode fatigue crack growth

Predicting mixed-mode fatigue crack propagation is an important and troublesome issue in structure assessment for decades. In the present paper an extended finite element method (XFEM) combined with a new cyclic cohesive zone model (CCZM) is introduced for simulating fatigue crack propagation under mixed-mode loading conditions, which has been implemented in the commercial general purpose software ABAQUS. The algorithm allows introducing a new crack surface at arbitrary locations and directions in a finite element mesh, without re-meshing. The cyclic cohesive zone model is based on the known S–N curves and Goodman diagram for metallic materials and validated by uniaxial tension results. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the model parameter is investigated for mixed-mode fatigue. The virtual crack closure technique has been extended to the cohesive zone model and proposed to calculate the energy release rate for the generalized Paris’ law. Finally, the crack propagation rate and direction under mixed-mode fatigue loading conditions are studied.     

基于激光超声二次谐波技术检测纤维增强树脂复合材料加固混凝土结构剥离损伤

纤维增强树脂(FRP)复合材料加固混凝土结构的早期剥离损伤往往趋向于闭合状态,传统线性超声技术对这种剥离损伤不敏感.本文提出了基于连续激光激发窄带超声波技术结合非线性超声二次谐波法检测FRP复合材料加固混凝土剥离损伤的方法,该方法通过强度调制激光技术在加固结构的表面激励窄带超声表面波,在超声波的扰动下,依据弹簧模型的接...     

Microwave Detection of Stress-Induced Fatigue Cracks in Steel and Potential for Crack Opening Determination

Fatigue crack detection in metals is an important practical issue in many industries. In this paper the results of detecting fatigue cracks, using the dominant mode approach, employing flange-mounted, open-ended, rectangular waveguides at several microwave frequencies are presented. The goal of this investigation has been to demonstrate the capability of this approach for detecting stress-induced cracks under various static loads. In addition, a correlation between the features of the measured crack characteristic signals and crack opening has been sought. The results show that at all of the investigated frequencies, cracks from being nearly closed to having openings of up to 0.0508 mm are detected effectively. Furthermore, it is found that the interaction of the flange edge with a crack results in features that can be used to enhance crack detection robustness significantly (i.e., increased probability of detection). Several features associated with these measured crack characteristic signals are shown to correlate linearly with crack opening. Such simple correlations may then be used to estimate a crack opening closely after it has been detected using this approach. A complete discussion of the results is also provided in this paper.     

Microwave Detection of Stress-Induced Fatigue Cracks in Steel and Potential for Crack Opening Determination

Abstract

Fatigue crack detection in metals is an important practical issue in many industries. In this paper the results of detecting fatigue cracks, using the dominant mode approach, employing flange-mounted, open-ended, rectangular waveguides at several microwave frequencies are presented. The goal of this investigation has been to demonstrate the capability of this approach for detecting stress-induced cracks under various static loads. In addition, a correlation between the features of the measured crack characteristic signals and crack opening has been sought. The results show that at all of the investigated frequencies, cracks from being nearly closed to having openings of up to 0.0508 mm are detected effectively. Furthermore, it is found that the interaction of the flange edge with a crack results in features that can be used to enhance crack detection robustness significantly (i.e., increased probability of detection). Several features associated with these measured crack characteristic signals are shown to correlate linearly with crack opening. Such simple correlations may then be used to estimate a crack opening closely after it has been detected using this approach. A complete discussion of the results is also provided in this paper.     

立体视觉方法在混凝土表面裂缝检测中的应用

针对混凝土结构表面裂缝宽度评定需要,研究了立体视觉测量方法的三维数学模型,提出了将裂缝边缘曲线投影到空间平面,用来恢复裂缝边缘的三维坐标的方法,并利用最小距离法和裂缝图像识别算法完成了对裂缝宽度的评定。使用该文集成的立体视觉测量系统完成了在破坏性静载试验中产生表面裂缝的三根混凝土梁的检测试验,得到了每根混凝土梁2个检测区域的裂缝宽度曲线,并与微显微观测仪的数据进行比较分析。试验结果表明:基于立体视觉的裂缝宽度检测方法准确地评定了裂缝宽度,验证了该方法用于混凝土表面裂缝宽度检测的可行性。     

THE EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON THE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF A LOW ALLOY STEEL NEAR THRESHOLD

Abstract— The influence of moisture on the fatigue crack growth behaviour near threshold of a 2NiCrMoV rotor steel has been investigated. At a high stress ratio ( R = 0.6), moisture enhances fatigue crack growth rates by approximately 60% compared with the growth rate in dry air. The effect would appear to be due to the influence of hydrogen which is confined to a volume of material at the crack tip considerably smaller than the plastic zone. At a low stress ratio ( R = 0.14), the growth rates in moist air can be very much lower than in dry air. This difference is closely associated with the formation of oxides on the fracture surface—moisture modifying the type and extent of oxidation which is observed. Observations of transient crack growth following environmental changes, suggest that fracture surface oxides within approximately 0.3 mm of the crack tip exert a strong retarding influence on crack growth although oxides up to at least 3 mm from the tip may also have some retarding effect.     

扩展卡尔曼滤波方法在转子典型故障诊断中的应用

转子故障的早期诊断与预示是当前转子动力学的一个难点。文献[1]提出了一种基于多模型估计得到转子裂纹参数对转子进行故障诊断的方法,但是该方法需要构造大量的多模型估计器,存在着构造复杂,计算量大的问题。针对这个问题,提出基于扩展卡尔曼理论(EKF)的转子典型故障诊断方法。针对Jeffcott转子建立了不对中、裂纹和弯曲故障模型,还分别构建了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波-加权整体迭代(EKF-WGI)的参数估计方程。通过不对中、弯曲和裂纹故障的实验验证,表明该参数估计方法对于转子典型故障有着较高的诊断能力。与传统的诊断方法提取频谱特征相比,该方法不依赖于经验和故障事例,可以较精确地估计故障参数,在转子的故障诊断中更有针对性。