The in-vitro metabolism of D,L-lactic acid by rumen microorganisms

Bacterial and protozoal fractions, isolated by centrifugation and filtration from the rumen of sheep given various diets, were used to examine the in-vitro metabolism of both the D(-) and L(+) isomers of lactic acid. The rate of disappearance of both the D- and L-lactic acid isomers in protozoal incubations was up to 15 × higher than the rate of disappearance in bacterial incubations, which was relatively constant at between 0.04 and 0.073 lactate per g protein per h for cells recovered from animals receiving various diets. However, the rate of lactate disappearance in the protozoal fraction varied from 0.133 g per g protein per h with a barley/hay diet to 1.12 g per g protein per h with a silage diet. L-Lactate disappeared more rapidly than the D-lactate in all protozoal incubations. It was confirmed that the disappearance of lactate associated with the protozoal fraction did not originate from adherent or associated bacteria. Further fractionation of the protozoal population by differential filtration showed that lactate only disappeared when incubated with entodiniomorphid protozoa and not with holotrich protozoa. Endogenous propionate and butyrate production by the entodiniomorphid ciliates was stimulated by 100% in the presence of lactate. It was calculated that on certain diets up to 30% of the volatile fatty acids formed from lactate could be protozoal in origin.     

金属离子对啤酒酵母发酵中生成乳酸的影响

通过对不同啤酒酵母发酵中Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+浓度梯度添加实验,采用高效液相相色谱法对乳酸生成的影响进行了分析。实验结果表明:与空白发酵液相比,在不同菌种作用下随着添加金属离子浓度梯度,乳酸生成表现出较明显的变化趋势性,分析结果对于啤酒生产具有一定的指导意义。     

The passage of lactic acid bacteria from silage into rumen fluid, in vitro studies

Inoculated silages sometimes improve cattle performance, possibly because of probiotic effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants. The cause of improved animal performance following feeding with inoculated silage is unclear. One issue in studying this phenomenon is to find out whether LAB pass from silage into the rumen fluid and survive in it. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether LAB from inoculated and uninoculated silages pass into the rumen fluid in vitro. Wheat and corn silages, uninoculated or inoculated with 1 of 10 commercial silage inoculant LAB, were prepared in glass jars. After ensiling, a 2.5-g silage sample was added to 25 mL of heat-sterilized or strained rumen fluid together with 5 g/L glucose, and incubated for 48 h at 39 degrees C. Analysis of the incubated rumen fluid included pH measurement, enumeration of LAB, and determination of lactic acid and volatile fatty acids (VFA). The pH of the rumen fluid decreased during incubation; both heat-sterilized and strained rumen fluid contained large numbers of LAB. The heat-sterilized rumen fluid contained lactic acid in addition to VFA, whereas the strained rumen fluid contained only VFA. The results indicate that LAB pass from silage samples into the rumen fluid in vitro and survive there. Their interactions with rumen microorganisms should be studied further to understand how some silage inoculant LAB exhibit probiotic effects in dairy cattle.     

乳酸大蒜的腌制

用食品生物技术思想设计了一个规模生产乳玻大蒜腌制的方法，并在重要环节做了试验，获得优质新型乳酸糖蒜。     

乳酸菌降胆固醇作用研究现状

乳酸菌及其相关制品具有降低介质以及血清中胆固醇的能力，已被体内及体外的大量实验所证实。然而，国内外对于乳酸菌降低胆固醇的作用机理尚存在不同的观点，主要体现在：（1）乳酸菌细胞直接吸收胆固醇；（2）乳酸菌的胆盐水解酶活性使胆盐由结合态转变为脱结合态，与胆固醇发生共沉淀；（3）其他理论，如抑制胆固醇合成途径中的酶等。对涉及上述作用机理的相关研究作了评述，提出和分析了研究中所存在的问题。     

向日葵籽乳酸饮料的研制

以向日葵为籽原料，磨浆后经乳酸发酵制取乳酸饮料，并通过对其制造过程的研究以及感观和风味的探讨，最终确定了向日葵籽乳酸饮料的最佳工艺和配方。     

薏米乳酸饮料的研究

以薏米为发酵主原料，强化锌、钙等成分，应用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵，生产新型保健饮料。发酵控制温度为38～40℃，发酵时间为22～25h。结果表明，所得产品不仅保留了薏米的原有营养成分和天然芳香，而且柔和适口。     

乳酸菌饮料稳定性的影响因素

乳酸菌饮料常常不能保持均匀的稳定状态，易分层和沉淀。如何解决饮料中蛋白质的稳定性是许多食品工作者以及生产厂家亟待解决的问题。就影响乳酸菌饮料稳定性的因素及防止措施等加以论述。     

高效液相色谱法检测贝类中的乳酸和琥珀酸

研究探讨利用高效液相色谱测定贝类中乳酸和琥珀酸的样品处理方法和测定方法,结果显示:与乙醇沉淀法、国标法相比,流动相提取法更适合作为样品的提取方法,在检测条件中,流动相为pH2.5的2.0%NH4H2PO4,流速在1.0mL/min,波长为205nm为最优条件。此方法具有较好的线性、较高的准确度和精密度,加标实验回收率为94.0%～99.9%,相对标准偏差为0.09%～0.14%。也测定了两种贝类中乳酸和琥珀酸的含量。     

乳酸菌发生自溶的影响因素研究

研究了温度、pH值与金属离子对乳酸菌自溶的影响。结果表明，温度在10～60℃的范围内，40℃时自溶度最大；pH值在4．5～7．5的范围内，乳酸菌的自溶度随的pH值逐渐升高而增大；在金属离子中以Ca^2 浓度为10^-5mol／L时，对乳酸菌自溶现象的促进作用最强。     

白酒生产中乳酸菌的分布及主要代谢产物

乳酸菌是发酵产乳酸的一类革兰氏阳性菌,是大曲中的主要微生物菌系,对大曲中酯的形成是有利的,但在有些香型白酒(如清香、浓香型白酒)酿造中要控制或降低乳酸菌的作用.该文介绍了白酒生产中乳酸菌的分布,乳酸菌所产主要代谢产物的代谢途径及其对白酒的影响.     

乳酸菌在发酵香肠中的应用研究

筛选出适宜发酵肉制品使用的乳酸菌发酵剂,确定了其在发酵香肠中应用的最佳工艺条件,并对应用结果进行了分析讨论。     

Carbohydrate, peptide and lipid metabolism of lactic acid bacteria in sourdough

The metabolic pathways of lactic acid bacteria that influence bread quality are coupled to the central carbon flux by the availability of cofactors influencing the cellular and environmental redox potential. Homo- and heterofermentative metabolism differ fundamentally with respect to the requirement for regeneration of reduced cofactors, NADH or NADPH. The utilization of co-substrates such as oxygen or fructose as electron acceptors by obligate heterofermentative lactobacilli is coupled to an increased production of acetate in dough. Recently, several oxidoreductases involved in cofactor regeneration were characterized and glutathione and short-chain aldehydes derived from lipid oxidation were identified as substrates for cofactor regeneration by Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. Based on the different metabolic requirements for cofactor regeneration, homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli exert divergent effects on redox-reactions in sourdough that influence bread quality beyond the formation of acetate. Proteolysis, followed by peptide or amino acid metabolism by LAB is one of the key routes of flavour formation in bread flavour, and enables the strain-specific formation of antifungal metabolites. Peptide metabolism as well as the metabolism of cysteine, arginine, and phenylalanine in Lactobacillus plantarum, L. sanfranciscensis, and Lactobacillus pontis is increasingly understood and these insights provide new opportunities for the directed application of sourdough LAB for improved bread quality.     

直投式乳酸菌菌种传代培养初探

探讨了一次性直投式（DVS）乳酸菌菌种传代培养的可行性。并寻求最佳控制点,从而获得优良的子代发酵制,对菌种培养操作作了详尽的探索。     

海南黑山羊瘤胃液中乳酸菌的分离和鉴定

以海南黑山羊瘤胃液为研究对象,对其进行乳酸菌的分离和鉴定,为黑山羊饲料的青贮提供优质的乳酸菌菌株。通过形态学观察及H2O2酶、糖发酵等生理生化试验对所分得菌株进行初步鉴定,并对分离得到的菌株进行16S rDNA基因扩增与测序。结果表明从黑山羊胃液中筛选出15株革兰氏阳性、H2O2酶阴性的乳酸菌疑似菌株,除菌株HBG20不能在pH 3.0条件下生长,其余菌株均能生长;三株代表菌株HBG11、HBG46和HBG86在低温5 ℃和高温55 ℃条件以及pH2.5时均能生长,同时在盐浓度为6.5%时也能生长。16S rDNA基因测序结果表明,菌株HBG11与耐久肠球菌（Enterococcus durans）同源性最高,菌株HBG46与植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）同源性最高,菌株HBG86与干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）同源性最高。     

自制蛋白胨在乳酸菌培养中的应用

为了提高乳酸菌培养过程中的活菌总数,利用自制蛋白胨取代对照培养基中的氮源对乳酸菌进行培养。采用微生物菌液浊度测定法和微生物活菌计数法对培养结果进行测定。结果表明,用自制蛋白胨作为氮源取代对照培养基中的部分氮源培养植物乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、双歧杆菌时的菌液浊度和活菌总数均高于对照培养基,但在培养保加利亚乳杆菌时的培养效果不如对照培养基。自制蛋白胨作为氮源培养大部分乳酸菌时的培养结果要优于对照培养基,自制蛋白胨可以取代对照培养基中的部分氮源制作新的培养基,并降低培养基的制作成本。      

乳酸菌发酵香蕉酸奶的研究

本研究是将香蕉制汁后和牛奶混合,将嗜热链球菌及保加利亚乳杆菌以１∶１混合作为发酵剂进行乳酸发酵,用Ｌ９（３~４）正交试验得出最佳配料组合,研制出了具有浓郁香蕉风味的乳酸菌发酵酸奶。     

Amino acid composition of rumen bacteria and protozoa in cattle

Because microbial crude protein (MCP) constitutes more than 50% of the protein digested in cattle, its AA composition is needed to adequately estimate AA supply. Our objective was to update the AA contributions of the rumen microbial AA flowing to the duodenum using only studies from cattle, differentiating between fluid-associated bacteria (FAB), particle-associated bacteria (PAB), and protozoa, based on published literature (53, 16, and 18 treatment means were used for each type of microorganism, respectively). In addition, Cys and Met reported concentrations were retained only when an adequate protection of the sulfur groups was performed before the acid hydrolysis. The total AA (or true protein) fraction represented 82.4% of CP in bacteria. For 10 AA, including 4 essential AA, the AA composition differed between protozoa and bacteria. The most noticeable differences were a 45% lower Lys concentration and 40% higher Ala concentration in bacteria than in protozoa. Differences between FAB and PAB were less pronounced than differences between bacteria and protozoa. Assuming 33% FAB, 50% PAB, and 17% of protozoa in MCP duodenal flow, the updated concentrations of AA would decrease supply estimates of Met, Thr, and Val originating from MCP and increase those of Lys and Phe by 5 to 10% compared with those calculated using the FAB composition reported previously. Therefore, inclusion of the contribution of PAB and protozoa to the duodenal MCP flow is needed to adequately estimate AA supply from microbial origin when a factorial method is used to estimate duodenal AA flow. Furthermore, acknowledging the fact that hydrolysis of 1 kg of true microbial protein yields 1.16 kg of free AA substantially increases the estimates of AA supply from MCP.     

鸡肉蛋白酶解物对乳酸菌增殖作用研究

利用中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶水解鸡肉蛋白,研究水解物对乳酸菌增殖作用的影响。将不同酶解时间(2、4、6h)的酶解物以1%、2%、3%的添加量添加到四种乳酸菌(嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌)的MRS液体培养基中,37℃恒温培养72h后,通过测定OD622值比较得出对乳酸菌的增殖效果。结果表明,两种蛋白酶解物对四种乳酸菌的增殖作用均有影响,相同酶解时间下,中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的添加量为3%时,对乳酸菌增殖作用最强;在相同酶添加量下,酶解6h,对乳酸菌增殖作用最强。