铜捕集法回收铂族金属的理论及实验研究

对还原熔炼铜捕集法从失效汽车催化剂中回收铂族金属的基础理论进行研究并进行实验验证。计算整个过程可能发生的反应ΔG_T~Θ-T方程式。分析表明,铂族金属氧化物优先于氧化铜被还原为金属态,实际还原熔炼温度应低于1500℃;计算含MgO的CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2熔炼渣体系相图及黏度,熔炼过程应控制CaO、SiO_2的量来实现渣型的选择;结合从铜-铂族金属相图,铜能与铂、钯、铑连续固溶形成合金;从理论上证实铜捕集法从失效汽车催化剂中回收铂族金属的可行性;通过实验验证,结果表明在适宜的条件下,铂、钯、铑回收率分别为98.2%、99.2%、97.6%。     

固态还原铁捕集法回收铂族金属二次资源

研究固态还原铁捕集法回收铂族金属二次资源。结果表明:在铁精矿与铂族金属二次物料质量比为1.5:1,还原温度1220℃,还原时间6 h,还原剂配比9%,添加剂配比10%的条件下所得产物经湿式磁选,获得含铂族金属铁粉,其中Pt、Pd和Rh含量分别为110.4、27.3和52.1 g/t,Pt、Pd和Rh回收率分别为98.6%、91.7%和97.6%。该过程的机理主要在于固态还原过程中微量铂族金属优先转化为原子态或原子团簇,与新生金属Fe中自由电子键合在一起,同时,新生γ-Fe与Pt,Pd和Rh具有相同的晶体结构和相近的晶胞参数,从而形成合金;铁氧化物还原为Fe,Fe原子通过扩散方式凝聚在一起形成晶核粒子,Fe晶粒不断聚集长大,还原产物通过球磨磁选分离,实现铂族金属的回收。     

铜捕集法从失效汽车催化剂中回收铂、钯和铑的研究

采用铜捕集法从失效汽车催化剂中回收铂族金属,重点研究了Ca O/Si O2质量比、捕集剂、熔炼温度和时间、以及还原剂对Pt、Pd和Rh回收率的影响。结果表明,在Ca O/Si O2=1.05,Cu O配比35%~40%,还原剂配比6%,熔炼温度1400℃,熔炼时间5 h的条件下,Pt、Pd和Rh回收率分别为98.2%、99.2%和97.6%。     

从失效有机铑催化剂中富集铑的新工艺研究

针对失效有机铑催化剂,利用还原-磨选工艺富集铑。在还原过程中,添加剂促进铁晶粒长大并富集铑,再通过磁选分离富集含铑的铁精粉。研究表明最佳工艺参数为:还原温度1200℃,还原时间6 h,添加剂配比10%,煤粉配比5%,球磨时间45 min,磁场强度1.28×105 A/m。利用X射线衍射对磁选铁精粉进行了分析,磁选后主要物相为金属铁、铑,除去了大部分脉石。最终得到铁精矿品位88.67%,回收率92.74%,铑回收率为92.08%。本工艺具有还原温度低、收率高等特点,为失效有机铑催化剂富集提供一种途径。     

等离子熔炼技术富集铂族金属工艺初探

总结了等离子熔炼技术在贵金属二次资源回收领域的工业应用情况,介绍了等离子熔炼工艺流程和等离子熔炼尾气的处理过程,并对铁捕集铂族金属的原理进行了初步分析。通过一定规模的工业试验得到了等离子熔炼铁捕集技术从二次资源物料中富集铂族金属的初步工艺条件,铂、钯的回收率达到98%,铑的回收率达到97%以上,证明了等离子熔炼铁捕集技术富集铂族金属具有环境友好、铂族金属回收率高、物料适应性广等优点。     

含铑均相废催化剂回收铑技术进展

金属铑做为一种国家战略的储备金属,具有其他金属不可替代的作用,但铑资源主要集中在南非等一些国家,我国铑资源十分稀缺。而在我国工业化进程中,有大量含铑均相废铑催化剂产生,其中铑含量远远高于矿石,所以,从含铑均相废催化剂中回收铑尤为重要,本文对其回收方法进行了归纳总结,并对发展前景进行了展望。     

含钌废催化剂回收钌的技术综述

从废钌催化剂中回收钌对于钌资源缺乏的我国具有特殊意义。基于文献和国内相关专利的分析,对氧化蒸馏法、熔融还原沉淀法、离子交换法、吸附法、捕集法、萃取法以及其他回收钌的方法进行了综述分析。不同方法各有其优缺点,其中成熟和应用最广的是氧化蒸馏法,选择性吸附法和萃取法具有选择性高、回收率高、污染小,是有发展前景的技术。     

火法Bi捕集废汽车催化剂中的Pd、Pt、Rh

建立以绿色、无毒、低熔点的金属Bi为捕集剂,选取Na_2O-Si O_2-Al_2O_3-Bi_2O_3渣型的火法熔炼新工艺,从废汽车催化剂中回收铂族金属,研究熔渣碱度、金属Bi质量、熔炼温度、捕集时间和硅硼质量比等因素对Pd、Pt、Rh捕集行为的影响。熔渣碱度0.71、金属Bi 1.9 g、硅硼质量比0.94:1、1100℃熔炼10 min的优化条件下,熔渣易分离、贵铋表面光亮,Pd、Pt、Rh的回收率分别为98.90%、95.02%、97.00%,熔渣经二次熔炼后,Pd、Pt、Rh的总回收率均大于99%;熔炼过程中Pd、Pt、Rh优先被还原,以原子态或原子团簇形态与金属Bi键合,可形成α-Bi_2Pd、Bi_2Pt、Bi_4Rh等二元金属间化合物,有利于降低体系自由能,实现金属Bi对Pd、Pt、Rh的良好捕集。该工艺的成功开发为废汽车催化剂中铂族金属的综合回收开辟了一条新思路。     

汽车尾气催化剂中铂族金属回收工艺概述

我国铂族金属资源稀缺,从二次资源中回收铂族金属,对于实现可持续发展和环境保护都具有重要意义。综述了目前从报废汽车尾气净化催化剂中回收铂族金属的研究进展,包括预处理、富集和精炼与分离过程。预处理作用是打开废催化剂的包裹或增大与溶液的接触面积。富集是最回收废催化剂最为关键的步骤,湿法富集过程繁琐,周期较长、废水量较多,回收率不稳定。火法富集,以铁、铅、铜、锍的金属熔炼捕集为主,铅、锍熔炼过程会产生毒性物质,铜价格昂贵,而铁捕集具有经济廉价、且工艺流程短、无污染等特点,是未来处理汽车尾气催化剂的发展方向之一。精练与分离步骤包括沉淀、萃取、离子交换以及电解,其中电解法是未来的方向。     

从含银的废催化剂中回收白银

介绍了从含银的废催化剂中回收白银的一种新方法.采用氨浸,A还原剂还原,浸出率98.5%,还原率99.9%,直接可获高纯度的银粉,金属银纯度可达99.9%.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

A STUDY OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VALENCE BOND STRUCTURE OF TITANIUM

On the basis of energy and shape method for the determination of the valence bond (VB) structures of crystal, the valence bond structure of titanium is redetermined at room temperature and calculated in the whole temperature range of 0-1943K. The outer shell electronic distribution of Ti is e_c~(2.9907) · (s_c~(0.4980) d_c~(2.4927)) ef1.0093 in crystal. The temperature dependences of the VB structures of hcp and bcc phases are the same. The VB structures of hcp and bcc phases monotonically increase or decrease with the increase in temperature, but show discontinuous changes at the phase-transformation temperature 1155K.