Interference Cancellation with Space Diversity for Downlink MC-CDMA Systems

Modern wireless communications require an efficient spectrum usage and high channel capacity and throughput. Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), Linear equalizers, multi-user detection and multicarrier code-division multiple access (MC-CDMA) are possible solutions to achieve spectral efficiency, high channel capacity, eliminate multiple access interference (MAI), eliminate Inter symbol interference (ISI) and robustness against frequency selective fading. In this paper, we combine all these techniques and investigate BER performance. We propose a low complexity receiver structure for Single-input Multiple-output (SIMO) downlink MC-CDMA systems. It employs an interference cancellation scheme to suppress the interference caused by the multipath fading channel. Also, the proposed scheme is developed for MIMO MC-CDMA system. The performance analysis of Downlink MIMO MC-CDMA systems with V-BLAST over frequency selective fading channel is investigated under various number of transmit and receive antennas. The simulation results show proposed SIMO equalization with parallel interference cancellation scheme is effective in reducing the ISI and the MAI. It improves the performance significantly and the simulation results show that MIMO MC-CDMA with V-BLAST multi-user detection provides high data rate and the BER significant improvement.     

非相干天线选择算法

基于广义似然比检验(GLRT)与天线选择相结合,提出了平瑞利衰落信道的非相干天线选择(NON-AS)算法,天线选择和信号检测无需信道状态信息.NON-AS算法适用于多输入多输出(MIMO)系统的接收端,接收天线选择是基于每个天线瞬时接收到信号矢量的F-2范数.与相干检测的天线选择相比,NON-AS算法不需要估计信道,大大降低了系统复杂性.成对错误概率分析和仿真结果表明:在高信噪比情况下,选择有最大范数的接收天线,系统能实现和使用全部接收天线相同的分集增益.     

Performance analysis and optimization of a space-time selective PIC for CDMA systems

This paper deals with an efficient receiver for applications in direct sequence-code-division multiple access wireless communication systems. This receiver combines a modified scheme of a parallel interference cancellation detector with antenna arrays with optimum beamforming and is used at the base station for the detection of asynchronous user signals. Each user's transmission channel is assumed to be a multipath frequency-selective independent Rayleigh fading channel. The receiver operates by dividing the signals into reliable and unreliable sets following space-time combining. The reliable signals are detected and canceled from the whole signal received at each sensor. Unreliable signals are then detected to improve the decision reliability. The receiver performance in terms of bit-error probability is analytically derived and optimized. According to the analytical and simulation results, this receiver outperforms previously proposed schemes and, thanks to its low implementation complexity, real-time operation is achieved.     

基于天线选择的低秩信道MIMO系统容量研究

最近的研究表明,在衰落信道多天线MIMO系统的容量随发射天线数线性增加.而对于低散射环境,即使信号经历独立的衰落,信道秩的降低也会严重影响系统容量的增加.对于这种低秩环境,选择天线发射或接收可以有效地降低系统的成本.本文研究了天线选择对低秩信道MIMO系统容量的影响.仿真结果表明,对不同的信道条件,适当选择天线发射不仅可以增加信道容量,而且可以降低系统的复杂度和射频成本.适当选择天线接收,在不严重降低系统容量的前提下,也达到了降低系统成本的目的.     

3×3多天线系统衰落相关与信道容量研究

为分析天线间距和散射角等信道物理参数对多输入多输出系统信道容量的影响,提出了一种相关衰落环境中信道容量的分析方法。该方法基于接收均匀圆阵构建了蕴含信道物理参数的衰落相关矩阵。并由此详细推导了3×3多天线系统信道容量的闭式表达。结果表明,相关矩阵特征值的个数和大小决定了系统信道容量的大小。该方法回避了已有算法需求取相关衰落信道特征值概率密度函数的问题,降低了运算量,可以被推广到任意收发天线数的多输入多输出和多输入多输出-频分复用系统。仿真结果表明,天线间距增大,信道容量随之增大。但是当天线间距增大到衰落相关的第一个过零点时,信道容量达到最大值,再增大天线间距对信道容量影响很小。散射角越大,信道容量收敛到最大值速率越快。     

A low-complexity combined antenna array and interferencecancellation DS-CDMA receiver in multipath fading channels

A simple direct sequence-code division multiple access receiver that combines adaptive beamforming with parallel interference cancellation in a multipath fading channel is proposed and analyzed. A fast adaptation, conjugate gradient algorithm is used to find the optimum beamformer weights. By beamforming, the desired user's signal is enhanced and the cochannel interference from other directions is reduced. For in-beam multiple access interference reduction, a parallel interference canceller is used in each RAKE finger. In the demodulation process, we propose a new demodulation method in which the incoming signal is correlated with the effecting spreading code rather than the physical spreading code called the effective matched filter. A new combining method called equivalent maximal ratio combining is also proposed and analyzed. The average uncoded bit error rate as a function of the average antenna signal-to-noise ratio and the number of receiving antennas is examined in a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel for all proposed receiver structures. Both simulation and analysis show an increase in system capacity as a function of the number of antennas and the number of interferers canceled per finger     

Capacity Improvement for TDD-MIMO Systems via AR Modeling Based Linear Prediction

The quality of channel state information (CSI) affects the performance of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems which employ multi-elements antenna arrays at both the transmitter and the receiver. In a time division duplex (TDD) systems, the CSI for downlink can be obtained from uplink channel using reciprocity principal. However, the performance of a MIMO system can be degraded due to channel impairments especially in fast fading scenarios when the CSI obtained from uplink is used for downlink transmission. In this paper, we study performance of autoregressive (AR) modeling based MIMO channel prediction under varying channel propagation conditions (mobile speed, multipath number and angle spread) and prediction filter order. Our simulation results show that using the predicted CSI for downlink provides capacity improvement compared to conventional method.     

Effective capacity of receive antenna selection MIMO–OSTBC systems in co-channel interference

In this paper, delay constrained performance of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system in a dense environment with co-channel interference is investigated. We apply orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC) at the transmitter, and for alleviating the high complexity and cost of the MIMO system, receive antenna selection (RAS) scheme is employed in the downlink. Here, for simple and cheap mobile handsets, one antenna is chosen at the receiver in each utilization of the channel. Under these assumptions, a maximum constant arrival rate with the delay quality-of-service guarantee in a wireless channel is extracted. We obtain a closed-form solution for the effective capacity of the MIMO–OSTBC channel with the RAS scheme in a quasi-static Rayleigh fading conditions and co-channel interference. After all, the numerical simulations are provided and verified the theoretical results.     

Sum Capacity of Multiuser MIMO Broadcast Channels with Block Diagonalization

The sum capacity of a Gaussian broadcast MIMO channel can be achieved with dirty paper coding (DPC). However, algorithms that approach the DPC sum capacity do not appear viable in the forseeable future, which motivates lower complexity interference suppression techniques. Block diagonalization (BD) is a linear preceding technique for downlink multiuser MIMO systems. With perfect channel knowledge at the transmitter, BD can eliminate other users' interference at each receiver. In this paper, we study the sum capacity of BD with and without receive antenna selection. We analytically compare BD without receive antenna selection to DPC for a set of given channels. It is shown that (1) if the user channels are orthogonal to each other, then BD achieves the same sum capacity as DPC; (2) if the user channels lie in the same subspace, then the gain of DPC over BD can be upper bounded by the minimum of the number of transmit and receive antennas. These observations also hold for BD with receive antenna selection. Further, we study the ergodic sum capacity of BD with and without receive antenna selection in a Rayleigh fading channel. Simulations show that BD can achieve a significant part of the total throughput of DPC. An upper bound on the ergodic sum capacity gain of DPC over BD is proposed for easy estimation of the gap between the sum capacity of DPC and BD without receive antenna selection.     

一种用于MIMO系统的快速天线选择算法

在多径衰落环境中, MIMO系统的信道容量随天线数的增加呈线性增加,发射/接收天线选择方法能以很小的性能损失换取射频成本的大幅度降低,使MIMO系统不完全受射频成本的限制。为快速选择出使系统容量最优的发射/接收天线子集,该文提出一种快速天线选择算法的改进算法。该算法通过实时更新优化参数,大大降低计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,该算法在不影响系统容量的情况下大大减少了计算时间。     

相关衰落下多天线 LS-CDMA信道容量

对相关多径信道下不同扩频地址码的多天线CDMA系统的信道容量进行了研究,在研究中分别采用了在多码检测和多用户检测联合检测算法.在多码检测的情况下,李道本教授发明的LS码多天线CDMA系统比Walsh码和Gold码的多天线系统有更大的系统容量,后两者在大的信噪比(20dB)时候均有平台效应;在采用多用户检测时它们的容量几乎相同.由于具有零相关窗特性,对于LS码而言这两种方法是等效的.当发射天线数目等于接收天线数目时,系统的容量和天线数目呈线性关系.     

Spatial multiplexing with transmit antenna and constellation selection for correlated MIMO fading channels

We consider spatial multiplexing systems in correlated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels with equal power allocated to each transmit antenna. Under this constraint, the number and subset of transmit antennas together with the transmit symbol constellations are determined assuming knowledge of the channel correlation matrices. We first consider a fixed data rate system and vary the number of transmit antennas and constellation such that the minimum margin in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is maximized for linear and Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) receivers. We also derive transmit antenna and constellation selection criteria for a successive interference cancellation receiver (SCR) with a fixed detection order and a variable number of bits transmitted on each substream. Compared with a system using all available antennas, performance results show significant gains using a subset of transmit antennas, even for independent fading channels. Finally, we select a subset of transmit antennas to maximize data rate given a minimum SNR margin. A lower bound on the maximum outage data rate is derived. The maximum outage data rate of the SCR receiver is seen to be close to the outage channel capacity.     

Capacity of Wireless Communication Systems Employing Antenna Arrays,a Tutorial Study

A tutorial study is performed on thecapacity of multiple antenna wireless communication systems.Multiple antenna structures can be classified into single-inputmultiple-outputs (SIMO), multiple-inputs single-output (MISO), andmultiple-inputs multiple-outputs (MIMO) systems. Assuming that thechannel is known at receiver, capacity expressions are providedfor each structure, under the conditions of quasi-static flatfading. Also, information rate limits are provided in each casefor some suboptimal structures or detection techniques that may beused in practice. Using simulations for the case of flat Rayleighfading, capacities of optimal/suboptimal implementations arecontrasted for each multi-antenna structure. Discussions are madeon system design, regarding implementation complexity andpractical limitations on achieving these capacities. Inparticular, the problem of fading correlation and required antennaspacing, effect of fast channel fading, and lack of channelknowledge at receiver are discussed. Providing the results of themost recent researches considering the capacity of multi-antennasystems, as well as some new results, this paper can give a goodperspective for designing appropriate architectures in differentwireless communication applications.     

Correlation and channel capacity of MIMO systems employing multimode antennas

A novel way of exploiting higher modes of antennas as diversity branches in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems is introduced. Essentially, antennas employing multiple modes offer characteristics similar to an antenna array, through multiple modes and using only a single element. The physical mechanism that yields different received signals is the fact that each mode has a different radiation pattern. Analytical expressions for the correlation between signals received by different modes are presented for a biconical and a circular microstrip antenna that employs higher order modes. It is found that the correlation is low enough to yield a significant diversity gain. Furthermore, the channel capacity of a MIMO system using a multimode antenna, i.e., an antenna employing multiple modes, is found to be comparable to the capacity of an array. Since only one element is needed, the multimode antenna offers several advantages over traditional arrays, and is an interesting antenna solution for future high capacity MIMO systems.     

On the Performance of the MIMO Zero-Forcing Receiver in the Presence of Channel Estimation Error

By employing spatial multiplexing, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless antenna systems provide increases in capacity without the need for additional spectrum or power. Zero-forcing (ZF) detection is a simple and effective technique for retrieving multiple transmitted data streams at the receiver. However the detection requires knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) and in practice accurate CSI may not be available. In this letter, we investigate the effect of channel estimation error on the performance of MIMO ZF receivers in uncorrelated Rayleigh flat fading channels. By modeling the estimation error as independent complex Gaussian random variables, tight approximations for both the post-processing SNR distribution and bit error rate (BER) for MIMO ZF receivers with M-QAM and M-PSK modulated signals are derived in closed-form. Numerical results demonstrate the tightness of our analysis     

Joint antenna selection and link adaptation for MIMO systems

Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, with multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver, are anticipated to be widely employed in future wireless networks due to their predicted tremendous system capacity. To protect the transmitted data against random channel impairment, it is desirable to consider link adaptation, such as rate adaptation and power control, to improve the system performance and guarantee certain quality of service. Based on the observation that link adaptation and antenna selection problems are often coupled, we propose a joint antenna subset selection and link adaptation study for MIMO systems. After the formulation of the multidimensional joint optimization problem, the main contribution of this paper lies in the design of efficient algorithms approaching the optimal solution for both uncorrelated and correlated MIMO channels. Specifically, we propose one simplified antenna selection and link adaptation rule based on the expected optimal number of active antennas for uncorrelated MIMO with Rayleigh fading and one for correlated MIMO channels only based on the slowly varying channel correlation information. Our proposed algorithms are verified through numerical results, demonstrating significant gains over traditional MIMO signaling, while feasible for practical implementation.     

Tradeoff between diversity gain and interference suppression in a MIMO MC-CDMA system

In this paper, the uplink of an asynchronous multi-carrier direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (MC-DS-CDMA) system with multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver is considered. We analyze the system performance over a spatially correlated Rayleigh fading channel with multiple-access interference (MAI), and evaluate the antenna array performance with joint fading reduction and MAI suppression. Assuming perfect channel knowledge available at the transmitter, maximal ratio transmission is employed to weight the transmitted signal optimally in terms of combating signal fading. At the receiver, adaptive beamforming reception is adopted to both suppress MAI and combat the fading. Note that while correlations among the fades of the antennas in the receive array reduce the diversity gain against fading, the array still has the capability for interference suppression. We examine the effect of varying the number of transmit and receive antennas on both the diversity gain and the interference suppression.     

多用户MIMO系统在有限反馈下结合预编码与调度算法的研究

捅要：研究了多用户多输入多输出（MIMO）系统在有限反馈下的一种结合单位预编码与用户调度算法的方案。在该系统中每一用户都具有多个接收天线,该方案具有较大的多用户分集增益和较小的计算复杂度,从而能够减少系统中的用户间干扰。每个用户独立地决定自己的天线合并矢量,并将最优波束矢量以及对应的估计信干噪比通过有限反馈信道反馈给基站,此时基站获取了相应的用户信道信息和用户间干扰信息。基于接收到的反馈信息,基站从预定义的码本中选取和速率最大的最优子集进行系统预编码,然后依照预编码矩阵调度欧氏距离最小的用户且用户个数不超过发送天线的数目。仿真结果显示该方案有效地改善了系统速率,特别是在用户数目较多或者信道环境较好的情况下。     

The performance evaluation of spatial–temporal algorithms in W‐CDMA systems

Differing from FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA, space division multiple access (SDMA) uses space resources to improve communication system performance. Utilizing the smart antenna system is an approach to realize the SDMA technique. Smart antenna systems using the beamforming technique can reduce the co‐channel interference and multipath fading to increase the channel capacity and communication quality. In this study the smart antenna system and rake receiver are integrated. The performance of spatial–temporal structure applied to the W‐CDMA system is evaluated. From the cumulative distribution function simulation results, W‐CDMA system with spatial–temporal algorithm can exactly provide SINR gain to improve the system performance and capacity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无线通信系统的MIMO信道测量与建模

在多径信道中,使用多天线的M IMO(多输入多输出)无线系统能够比单天线系统提供更高的信道容量,而信道测量与建模是决定通信性能的一个重要因素。文中对目前国际范围内现有的M IMO信道测量和建模进行了研究,并进行了归纳和分类,同时分析了M IMO信道测量和建模的方法,指出了目前信道测量和建模中存在的问题,并给出了一些针对M IMO信道测量系统设计的建议。