雌二醇对铅中毒模型大鼠骨组织及骨代谢指标不能产生影响

背景:关于铅中毒能否引起骨质疏松症及雌激素对其治疗是否有效尚无共识。目的:观察雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠和铅中毒大鼠所致骨质疏松症的治疗效果。方法:雌性大白鼠100只等分成正常对照组、去卵巢模型组、染铅模型组、雌二醇+去卵巢组和雌二醇+染铅模型组。建模后1周雌二醇+去卵巢组和雌二醇+染铅模型组皮下注射雌二醇(100μg/kg),2次/1周,连续12周。结果与结论:在去卵巢模型组和铅中毒组中骨钙、骨磷、血钙及血磷均出现降低(P<0.01),血碱性磷酸酶升高(P<0.01),骨组织形态呈现骨质疏松的病理改变。雌二醇+去卵巢组的骨代谢生化指标血钙、磷、和碱性磷酸酶和骨组织形态均恢复正常,而雌二醇+铅中毒组的骨代谢生化指标和骨组织形态呈现骨质疏松未出现明显改善迹象。铅中毒组和雌二醇+铅中毒组的骨铅和血铅明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。说明铅中毒可引起骨质疏松的病理改变,雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠的骨质疏松症有良好治疗效果,而对铅中毒所致的骨质疏松症无明显疗效。     

葛根素联合雌二醇干预去卵巢大鼠骨组织和骨代谢的变化

背景:用中药与雌激素治疗骨质疏松症,可能减少激素用量,进而减少不良反应和并发症的发生.目的:观察小剂量葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠的骨组织和骨代谢的影响.方法:5月龄健康雌性大白鼠分为假手术组、去卵巢模型组、葛根素组、雌二醇组和小剂量葛根素+雌二醇组,建立去卵巢动物模型,分别皮下注射雌二醇100 μg/kg,2次/周和/或葛根素25 mg/kg/1次/d.在第4,8,12和20周,每组随机取6只大鼠取股骨切片观察骨组织,采血测量血钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶.结果与结论:去卵巢模型组第4,8周与假手术组相比血钙、磷明显降低(P＜0.01),血碱性磷酸酶均明显升高(P＜0.01),骨组织呈骨质疏松的病理改变.3个用药组与假手术组相比骨组织和血钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶无明显差异(P＜0.05).小剂量葛根素+雌二醇组与葛根素组或雌二醇组相比骨组织和血钙、磷和碱性磷酸酶无明显差异(P＞0.05).小剂量的葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠的骨质疏松症的治疗效果与单独使用较大剂量的葛根素或较大剂量的雌二醇效果相近.     

葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症的治疗作用

背景：雌激素治疗绝经后骨质疏松症产生的不良反应较大。目的：观察小剂量葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠骨组织的影响。方法：120只健康雌性大白鼠等分成只切除卵巢旁的一小块脂肪垫的假手术组和切除双侧卵巢的去卵巢模型组、葛根素组、雌二醇组及葛根素＋雌二醇组。1周后葛根素组、雌二醇组和雌二醇＋葛根素组分别皮下注射葛根素（50mg/kg,1次/d）、雌二醇（200μg/kg,2次/周）和雌二醇（100μg/kg,2次/周）＋葛根素（25mg/kg,1次/d）。结果与结论：去卵巢模型组大鼠骨组织稀疏,骨钙、磷水平和骨密度明显低于假手术组（P〈0.01）,而经雌二醇和/或葛根素治疗后大鼠骨组织形态明显改善、骨钙、磷水平和骨密度明显升高。其中小剂量的葛根素联合雌二醇治疗与较大剂量的葛根素或雌二醇治疗效果接近。提示较小剂量的雌二醇与葛根素联合治疗也可对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症产生良好的治疗效果。     

葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症的治疗作用

背景:雌激素治疗绝经后骨质疏松症产生的不良反应较大.目的:观察小剂量葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠骨组织的影响.方法:120 只健康雌性大白鼠等分成只切除卵巢旁的一小块脂肪垫的假手术组和切除双侧卵巢的去卵巢模型组、葛根素组、雌二醇组及葛根素+雌二醇组.1 周后葛根素组、雌二醇组和雌二醇+葛根素组分别皮下注射葛根素(50 mg/kg,1 次/d)、雌二醇(200 μg/kg,2 次/周)和雌二醇(100 μg/kg,2 次/周)+葛根素(25 mg/kg,1 次/d).结果与结论:去卵巢模型组大鼠骨组织稀疏,骨钙、磷水平和骨密度明显低于假手术组(P < 0.01),而经雌二醇和/或葛根素治疗后大鼠骨组织形态明显改善、骨钙、磷水平和骨密度明显升高.其中小剂量的葛根素联合雌二醇治疗与较大剂量的葛根素或雌二醇治疗效果接近.提示较小剂量的雌二醇与葛根素联合治疗也可对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症产生良好的治疗效果.     

运动对去卵巢大鼠骨组织形态计量学的影响

目的评价运动对去卵巢大鼠骨组织形态计量学的影响。方法46只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(A组)、去卵巢手术组(B组)、雌激素对照组(C组)、运动组(D组)。A组行假手术,其余各组行双侧卵巢切除术,术后3 个月开始为期3 个月的治疗。C组用尼尔雌醇治疗,D组按要求进行运动。治疗结束后对胫骨作骨组织形态计量学分析。结果D组的骨小梁面积、骨小梁面积百分数、骨小梁周长、骨小梁数目明显高于B组,且在行卵巢切除术各组中骨小梁分离度、单位骨小梁面积破骨细胞数、每毫米破骨细胞数最低,荧光周长百分数、矿化沉积率、骨形成率最大。结论运动能增加去卵巢大鼠骨的骨量,具有促进骨形成和抑制骨吸收的双重作用。     

仙珍骨宝胶囊对去卵巢大鼠股骨颈骨代谢的影响

背景:用骨组织形态计量学方法探讨中药对去卵巢大鼠股骨颈骨质疏松的影响,可为采用中药防治绝经后妇女骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折提供实验依据.目的:观察仙珍骨宝胶囊对去卵巢大鼠股骨颈松质骨的影响.方法:3月龄SD雌鼠随机分为4组:基础对照组于实验开始时处死取材,去卵巢组和仙珍骨宝组去卵巢造模,仙珍骨宝组在去卵巢后灌胃仙珍骨宝,去卵巢组和年龄对照组灌胃生理盐水,90 d后处死,取股骨颈经不脱钙骨制片进行骨组织形态计量学参数测量.结果与结论:与年龄对照组比较,去卵巢大鼠静态参数的骨小梁面积百分数和骨小梁数量明显减少(P < 0.01),骨小梁间隙明显增大(P < 0.01);动态参数的每毫米破骨细胞数和破骨细胞贴壁表面长度明显增加(P < 0.01),骨矿化沉积率明显减少(P < 0.01).说明去卵巢能导致大鼠股骨颈骨量显著减少.给予仙珍骨宝治疗后,大鼠的骨小梁厚度及骨小梁面积明显增加(P < 0.05),每毫米破骨细胞数和破骨细胞贴壁表面长度有所减少,标记周长百分数则有所增加.说明仙珍骨宝能阻止去卵巢所致的大鼠股骨颈骨量丢失.     

仙珍骨宝胶囊对去卵巢大鼠股骨颈骨代谢的影响

背景：用骨组织形态计量学方法探讨中药对去卵巢大鼠股骨颈骨质疏松的影响,可为采用中药防治绝经后妇女骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折提供实验依据。目的：观察仙珍骨宝胶囊对去卵巢大鼠股骨颈松质骨的影响。方法：3月龄SD雌鼠随机分为4组：基础对照组于实验开始时处死取材,去卵巢组和仙珍骨宝组去卵巢造模。仙珍骨宝组在去卵巢后灌胃仙珍骨宝,去卵巢组和年龄对照组灌胃生理盐水,90d后处死,取股骨颈经不脱钙骨制片进行骨组织形态计量学参数测量。结果与结论：与年龄对照组比较,去卵巢大鼠静态参数的骨小梁面积百分数和骨小粱数量明显减少（P〈0.01）,骨小粱间隙明显增大（P〈O.01）;动态参数的每毫米破骨细胞数和破骨细胞贴壁表面长度明显增加（P〈O.01）,骨矿化沉积率明显减少（P〈O.01）。说明去卵巢能导致大鼠股骨颈骨量显著减少。给予仙珍骨宝治疗后,大鼠的骨小粱厚度及骨小梁面积明显增加（P〈O.05）,每毫米破骨细胞数和破骨细胞贴壁表面长度有所减少,标记周长百分数则有所增加。说明仙珍骨宝能阻止去卵巢所致的大鼠股骨颈骨量丢失。     

17β-雌二醇对去卵巢SD大鼠离体骨组织微损伤的影响

目的 :观察 17β 雌二醇对不同时期去卵巢SD大鼠离体骨组织微损伤的影响 ,评价抗骨质疏松药物的防治效果及评价指标。方法 :10月龄SD大鼠 90只 ,随机分为 3组各 30只 ,每组分成去卵巢组 (OVX组 )、17β 雌二醇替代组(EST组 )和对照组 (SHAM组 ) 3个小组 ,分别于去卵巢后 3、15和 2 1周时处死大鼠 ,右侧胫骨上端行常规骨形态计量学观察 ,对第 4离体椎骨进行疲劳损伤后观测微损伤。结果 :疲劳损伤后每块骨组织磨片均可见微损伤 ,以微破裂最常见 ,各组间及小组间比较差异均无显著性。骨小梁单位面积百分率微破裂长度和数目在 3周时出现OVX组明显低于EST组 ,与SHAM组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;15周时 3组差异消失 ,2 1周时OVX组明显大于其它 2组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,EST组与SHAM组比较差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :10月龄SD大鼠去卵巢后早期尚不表现出骨结构性能的下降 ,17β 雌二醇早期应用可使骨结构性能提高 ,且应用至去卵巢后较晚时期显示出良好的抗骨结构性能下降效果。单位骨小梁面积百分率的微破裂长度和数目可反映药物对骨质疏松的影响 ,可作为骨结构性能的评价指标。观察时间以去卵巢后 2 1周较佳。     

雌激素与葛根素组合治疗去卵巢大鼠骨症的最佳剂量

背景：小剂量的葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症的治疗效果与单独使用较大剂量的葛根素或较大剂量的雌二醇效果相近。目的：寻找治疗Ⅰ型骨质疏松症最佳的雌二醇和葛根素的剂量搭配。方法：64只健康雌性大白鼠等分为假手术组、去卵巢模型组、葛根素-50组、雌二醇-200组、葛根素＋雌二醇-5,50,100,150组。除假手术组外,其余大鼠均建立去卵巢动物模型。葛根素-50组大鼠皮下注射葛根素50mg/kg,1次/d;雌二醇-200组大鼠皮下注射雌二醇200μg/kg,2次/周;葛根素＋雌二醇-5,50,100,150组大鼠皮下注射葛根素25mg/kg,1次/d同时分别注射雌二醇5,50,100,150μg/kg,2次/周。结果与结论：去卵巢模型组大鼠骨密度和骨钙、骨磷水平明显低于假手术组（P〈0.05）,骨组织呈骨质疏松的病理改变;葛根素和/或雌二醇治疗10,20周后骨密度和骨钙、骨磷水平明显升高（P〈0.05）,其中葛根素＋雌二醇-100组治疗去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的效果最为明显,提示葛根素25mg/kg,1次/d＋雌二醇100μg/kg,2次/周是治疗去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的最佳搭配剂量。     

雌激素与葛根素组合治疗去卵巢大鼠骨症的最佳剂量

背景:小剂量的葛根素联合雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松症的治疗效果与单独使用较大剂量的葛根素或较大剂量的雌二醇效果相近。目的:寻找治疗Ⅰ型骨质疏松症最佳的雌二醇和葛根素的剂量搭配。方法:64只健康雌性大白鼠等分为假手术组、去卵巢模型组、葛根素-50组、雌二醇-200组、葛根素+雌二醇-5,50,100,150组。除假手术组外,其余大鼠均建立去卵巢动物模型。葛根素-50组大鼠皮下注射葛根素50mg/kg,1次/d;雌二醇-200组大鼠皮下注射雌二醇200μg/kg,2次/周;葛根素+雌二醇-5,50,100,150组大鼠皮下注射葛根素25mg/kg,1次/d同时分别注射雌二醇5,50,100,150μg/kg,2次/周。结果与结论:去卵巢模型组大鼠骨密度和骨钙、骨磷水平明显低于假手术组(P<0.05),骨组织呈骨质疏松的病理改变;葛根素和/或雌二醇治疗10,20周后骨密度和骨钙、骨磷水平明显升高(P<0.05),其中葛根素+雌二醇-100组治疗去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的效果最为明显,提示葛根素25mg/kg,1次/d+雌二醇100μg/kg,2次/周是治疗去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的最佳搭配剂量。     

Folate supplementation does not affect biochemical markers of bone turnover

BACKGROUND: Recently, increased plasma homocysteine (HCY) has been suggested as a novel independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. This study aimed to analyze the effect of a HCY lowering therapy by folic acid (FA) supplementation on biochemical bone markers in healthy subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We treated 61 healthy individuals (mean age: 58+/-8 years) with placebo, 0.4, 1 or 5 mg FA daily for 2 months. Fasting blood samples were taken after 0, 4 and 8 weeks. Serum HCY, folate, vitamin B12, osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) and C-terminal telopeptides of human collagen type I (CTX) were studied. RESULTS: Overall baseline HCY and folate levels were 13.4 +/- 3.6 micromol/L and 5.7 +/- 3.0 microg/L, respectively. Participants exhibited normal baseline OC, PINP and CTX levels. Serum folate increased during supplementation (4 weeks of placebo, 0.4, 1 and 5 mg of FA: -7, +160, +162 and +436 %; 8 weeks: -6, +305, +340 and +216 %) and HCY decreased (4 weeks of placebo, 0.4, 1 and 5 mg of FA: +2, -14, -21 and -17 %; 8 weeks: +2, -8, -20 and -17 %) in the treatment groups, but not in the placebo group. OC (placebo: 22.8 vs. 23.0 vs. 23.6; 0.4 mg FA: 21.6 vs. 22.1 vs. 24.1; 1 mg FA: 23.7 vs. 22.6 vs. 23.4; 5 mg FA: 24.1 vs. 20.5 vs. 20.9 microg/L), PINP (placebo: 43.5 vs. 51.3 vs. 46.5; 0.4 mg FA: 34.0 vs. 34.1 vs. 39.5; 1 mg FA: 43.6 vs. 39.7 vs. 43.2; 5 mg FA: 41.1 vs. 38.7 vs. 37.4 microg/L) and CTX (placebo: 258 vs. 360 vs. 321; 0.4 mg FA: 229 vs. 290 vs. 315; 1 mg FA: 319 vs. 325 vs. 301; 5 mg FA: 293 vs. 321 vs. 304 ng/L) did not change throughout the study. CONCLUSION: Short-term FA supplementation does not affect biochemical bone markers in non-osteoporotic subjects with a low folate status.     

Reversal of neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex does not affect EEG derived indices of depth of anesthesia

Objective  

According to previous studies neuromuscular blockade may affect the depth of anesthesia. One theory states that neuromuscular blockade prevents disturbing EMG signals, arousing from the muscles of the forehead, from falsely elevating bispectral index (BIS)-levels. According to the afferentation theory signals generated in muscle stretch receptors, accessing the brain through afferent nerve pathways, induce arousal. By blocking these signals neuromuscular blockade would increase depth of anesthesia. Arousal has previously been associated with neostigmine reversal. This study investigates the possible effect of sugammadex on the level of anesthesia as defined by BIS and spectral entropy levels.     

Endothelin does not affect aggregation of human platelets

Summary. Endothelin (ET-1) is a recently discovered endothelial-derived peptide with pronounced vasoconstrictor activity. The present study addressed whether ET-1, in analogy with several other vasoactive agents, can induce or modulate aggregation of human platelets in vitro. Venous blood from healthy donors was collected in citrate or heparin and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared. Portions of the PRP were added to drugs, and platelet aggregation was recorded according to Born & Cross (1963). ET-1 added to the PRP (final concentrations 1–100 nM) did not induce aggregation of platelets, either in citrate- or heparin-containing plasma. Adenosine-diphosphate (0·5-2 μM) or thrombin (0·1-0·4 NIH units ml^-1) induced dose-dependent aggregation of platelets in citrate- or heparin-containing PRP; such aggregation was, however, not affected by ET-1 (1–100 μM) either. We conclude that ET-1, in contrast to other endothelial-derived vasoactive agents, lacks direct effect on platelet aggregation in vitro.     

Ultrasound does not affect human lymphocyte transformation in vitro

The lymphocyte transformation test has been used in testing the effect of ultrasound on human lymphocytes. The test utilizes the mitogenic lectins, phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen to stimulate the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into resting lymphocytes after several days in culture. Ultrasound, which is increasingly used in diagnostic radiology, has been reported as an immunosuppressive agent in mice. Lymphocyte transformation has been used clinically as a test measuring the effectiveness of immunoenhancing and immunosuppressive therapies. The experiments reported here do not demonstrate an immunosuppressive role for ultrasound on human lymphocytes.     

Granulocyte concentrate splitting does not affect phenotype and function

Background

More granulocyte concentrates (GCs) could be produced for more patients from the same donor if apheresis bags were split and stored for longer periods of time. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that splitting and extension of storage of GCs do not impair granulocyte function or viability.

Study Design and Methods

Granulocyte apheresis concentrates were produced using modified fluid gelatin as a separation enhancer, split into two portions, and stored for 24 and 48 h. Granulocyte function, represented by cell migration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), was measured by live-cell imaging. ROS production, adhesive surface protein expression, and viability were measured by flow cytometry.

Results

Splitting had no effect on any of the tested parameters. After 24 h of storage, live-cell imaging showed no significant difference in migration, time to maximum ROS production, time to half-maximum NETosis, viability, or CD11b expression, but ROS production induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) decreased from an initial median fluorescence intensity of 1775–590 artificial units. After 48 h, PMA-induced ROS production, viability, and migration declined, as reflected by decreases in median total distance (119 vs. 63.5 μm) and median Euclidean distance (30.75 vs. 14.3 μm).

Conclusion

Splitting GC products has no effect on granulocyte viability or function, but extended storage >24 h does compromise granulocyte function. The findings confirm that GCs should be transfused within 24 h of collection. Longer storage cannot be recommended.     

Clarithromycin does not affect phosphorylation of zidovudine in vitro.

Zidovudine (ZDV) and clarithromycin (CLR) are often used simultaneously in the management of patients with AIDS. While pharmacokinetic studies show decreased absorption of ZDV when it is administered with CLR, it is unknown if CLR affects the intracellular metabolism of ZDV. We investigated the effects of CLR on the intracellular metabolism of ZDV in vitro. CEM-T4 cells were coincubated with a microM ZDV ([3 H] ZDV, 3 microCi/ml) either alone or with 1 or 10 microM CLR. Cells were also grown in the presence of CLR for 48 h prior to exposure to ZDV. Samples were analyzed for mono-, di-, and triphosphate metabolites of [3 H] ZDV by high-performance liquid chromatography separation and radiochemical detection. There were no significant differences in levels of intracellular metabolites of ZDV following exposure to ZDV, either alone or with 1 or 10 microM CLR and under both coincubated and preincubated conditions. These results show that treatment with CLR does not alter the formation of phosphorylated metabolites of ZDV in this cell line.     

Phosphatidylcholine does not affect peritoneal transport of intact rabbits

Ultrafiltration and solute transport during 60-min peritoneal dialyses of normal rabbits with intraperitoneal administration of phosphatidylcholine were compared to control values. The ultrafiltration rate of 0.27 mL/Kg/min did not increase when phosphatidylcholine was added. This agent had no effect on the ultrafiltration coefficient, sodium mass transport or solute clearances. Previously reported beneficial results with this agent could be due to repletion of a deficiency or an effect of the organic solvent. More studies of safety and efficacy of phosphatidylcholine are warranted before widespread clinical use.