Family Selection of Child-Care Centers: The Influence of Household Support, Ethnicity, and Parental Practices

Accumulating evidence shows that young children benefit developmentally by participating in quality child-care centers and preschools. But we know little about which family characteristics and home practices influence parents' selection of a center-based program. This article reports on the influence of the family's social-structural attributes, ethnicity, and parental practices on the likelihood of selecting a center-based program, after taking into account economic characteristics. The odds that parents enroll their child in a center-based program are greatest when mothers are more highly educated, when the child is older, and when less plentiful (nonpaternal) social support is available to the mother, such as from a resident grandparent. Ethnic differences in the propensity to select centers were found, even after family-economic and structural variables were taken into account: African-American families were more likely than white or Latino families to use center-based care. Parental practices linked to the child's early literacy development and close supervision were related to the likelihood of center selection. Selection processes must be more carefully taken into account as researchers attempt to isolate the discrete effects of children's participation in centers and preschools.     

Parent and Adolescent Perceptions of Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Risk Involvement

Objective. To compare parent and youth reports of the extent to which parents monitor their adolescents and to determine whether parents' perceptions of parental monitoring are more predictive of adolescent risk behavior. Design. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of 270 parent - adolescent dyads recruited from rural communities in West Virginia. Parents completed a series of written questionnaires, and adolescents (12-16 years) provided information about their involvement in various risk behaviors. Results. Parent perceptions of parental monitoring efforts did not relate to adolescent perceptions of parental monitoring; parents generally perceived themselves to have more information about their adolescents' whereabouts and activities than their adolescents reported. No main effects of age or gender were found in the discrepancies between parent and adolescent monitoring reports. Adolescent reports of monitoring were negatively correlated with adolescent drinking, marijuana use, and sexual activity over the previous 6-month period. Adolescent risk behaviors were predicted by adolescent reports of parental monitoring alone. Conclusions. Parents and adolescents perceive the magnitude of parental monitoring efforts differently even when both parties perceive parents to know much about adolescent activities. Adolescents' perceptions of how much their parents know about their activities are more predictive of their own involvement in risk behaviors than their parents' perceptions about their own monitoring efforts.     

Chronic Illness and Preterm Infants: Family Stress and Support Issues

As the survival rate for children with complex medical conditions has increased, the body of knowledge regarding childhood chronic illness has grown. While the initial focus of this literature was the effect of the illness on the child, recent studies have focused on chronic illness and broader family issues. The transactional and family systems perspectives suggest the need for longitudinal studies of chronically ill infants from the point of diagnosis. Although a few studies of relatively healthy preterm infants have documented family stress levels, there is a paucity of research on the effects of parenting a very low birthweight infant with complex medical needs. The Chronically Ill Infant Intervention (CIII) Project and its broad based interdisciplinary intervention is used to illustrate the changing needs of this population. Preliminary analyses of specific intervention needs during the infants' first 18 months are discussed in relation to the reduction of family stress.     

亲情关系中的女性角色及价值定位

女性在家庭中的角色主要为女儿、妻子、媳妇、母亲等,而由女性这一家庭角色所衍生出的女性特质则是“女儿性”“妻性”“母性”等。作为综合属性,三者始终蕴含在女性的成长过程中,而何种特质占主导地位,这与女性的角色阶段、责任意识、价值定位等密切相关。在情感问题日益凸显的今天,女性唯有正确理解自身在亲情关系中的角色定位及价值体现,才能处理好各种家庭情感问题,从而在立足社会时少一些后顾之忧。     

英国古代赡养习俗

在英国古代流行着这样的赡养习俗：当儿子继承家庭的土地等财产的时候,要与退出生产领域的父母订立一份＂赡养协议＂,说明赡养的各项细节及维护协议的措施方法。当父母没有得到适当照顾时,他们可以依据协议维护自己的权益。在以协议作为保障的同时,社区邻里也起着监督作用。赡养责任的承担与财产转移密切相关,以财产转移为赡养介质,谁继承谁赡养,谁赡养谁继承,无论继承人是谁。这种赡养方式,虽不尽合于我国的国情和传统,但对于我国老人权益的保障和家庭赡养关系的法治化却具有现实的借鉴意义。     

Factor structure,reliability and validity of the Parental Support for Learning Scale: Adolescent Short Form (PSLS-AS)

Parental involvement in children’s learning has been found to influence academic success. However, very few tools exist for measuring parental involvement, particularly ones that target adolescents’ self-report. The present study assessed the factor structure, reliability and convergent validity of a new scale to assess adolescents’ perceptions of their mothers’ and fathers’ educational involvement: the Parental Support for Learning Scale: Adolescent Short Form (PSLS-AS). The PSLS-AS, as well as a questionnaire measuring the risk of high school drop-out, was administered to a sample of 825 youth (aged 13–14 years). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure representing parental involvement: Controlling Involvement and Autonomy Supportive Involvement. Adolescents’ perceptions of their parents’ involvement correlated with a risk of high school drop-out. Implications and future directions for further validation of the PSLS-AS are discussed.     

青少年网络成瘾与父母教养方式的研究

网络成瘾严重影响了青少年的身心健康和学习,它已成为当今社会问题之一。文章采用网络成瘾测验问卷和父母教养方式评价量表对600名青少年进行了测验。结果显示：在父亲教养方式中,网络成瘾与非网络成瘾青少年在惩罚严厉、过度干涉、拒绝否认、过度保护4个因子得分差异有显著性;在母亲教养方式中,网络成瘾与非网络成瘾青少年在过度干涉保护、拒绝否认、惩罚严厉3个因子的得分差异有显著性;父母的拒绝否认对高、低差异组青少年网络成瘾程度的差异有显著性。采取赏识、宽容、民主的教养方式,可以有效防止青少年网络成瘾。     

论家庭教育的责任缺位与理性回归

在孩子的学习与成长乃至整个社会化过程中,教育不仅仅要培养知识与能力,还有着更加广泛的内容。对于孩子的教育,家庭作为一个非正式的教育场所,比正式教育场所起着更加重要的作用。当前家长对孩子的教育在无意识中有过多不负责任的现象,他们把教育的责任盲目地推给了学校。在择校大潮中费尽精力,把自身的责任仅仅看作如何将孩子送入一流的学校。家长应该提高认识,在孩子的道德发展与人格培养中尽到应有的责任。     

父母监控与青少年问题行为的关系及对干预的启示

父母监控的增加并不必然带来青少年问题的减少。近期的有关研究表明:来自家庭方面的父母的知情程度、亲子关系、家庭结构,来自青少年方面的对父母监控的感知和对权力范围的认知,来自社会方面的不良同伴和社区环境,都会影响父母监控在减少青少年问题行为方面的效果。青少年已表现出的问题行为也会反过来降低父母的监控质量。     

青少年家庭教育若干矛盾探析

通过引证反映青少年家庭教育现实状况的调查素材,分析讨论了当前青少年家庭教育中普遍存在的问题即四对矛盾,并从家庭教育科学化现代化的总体要求上,提出了克服和化解这些家教病理现象的指导思想及对措施。     

家庭与青少年心理健康教育的关系

青少年是处于心理从易变走向成熟、从自然人走向社会人的一类特殊群体,随着时代变迁和社会变革,一些复杂社会问题对青少年心理健康的影响日益突出。文章分析了新时代青少年心理问题产生的原因及其各种表现、家庭环境对于青少年心理健康发展的影响。在系统分析基础上,针对性地提出了如下强化家庭对青少年心理健康教育的举措:与时俱进、建立现代家教理念和方法;营造良好的家庭心理教育氛围;充分发挥家庭、学校、社会教育的合力。     

青少年犯罪的家庭预防对策研究

影响青少年犯罪的家庭因素主要有三个方面：家庭环境(包括家庭的软环境和硬环境)、家庭结构(主要是单亲家庭、再婚家庭和支离型家庭)和家庭功能(包括家庭的生产功能、消费功能和精神功能)。要预防青少年的犯罪,必须在增强青少年犯罪家庭预防观念和提高对家庭预防重要性的认识基础上,改善家庭环境．优化家庭结构．强化家庭功能。     

青少年违法行为的家庭预防--儿童自主性的培养

青少年违法行为是一个跨越时间和空间的永久性热点课题。在青少年违法行为的诸多影响因素中,家庭对儿童自主性的忽视是导致青少年违法行为的最主要因素之一。儿童自主性的发展经过了从对行为限度的意识,到初步作为规范的掌握、是非观念、判断能力及自我控制能力形成的过程。自主性的发展是青少年法律意识和自律行为的必要前提。发展儿童的自主性可以有效预防青少年违法行为;对自主性发展水平较低的青少年,要特别注意避免不良同伴的消极影响。     

Multiple Forms of Stress in Cambodian Adolescent Refugees

A sample of 170 Cambodian youth and 80 of their mothers were interviewed regarding DSM-III-R diagnoses of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorders, and the stress of war trauma, resettlement, and recent life events. A consistent relation between earlier war trauma, resettlement stress, and symptoms of PTSD was found. In contrast, the strongest relation with depressive symptoms was found for recent stressful events. Despite the long interval of time since the occurrence of the war trauma, these youth and their parents reported these experiences in a highly consistent fashion. PTSD and depression in refugee youth appear to be different conditions following different pathways during adolescent development.     

青少年父母支持和病理性互联网使用的关系:孤独感的中介作用

通过对434名青少年的测查,探讨了父母支持、病理性互联网使用和孤独感的特点,以及孤独感在父母支持和病理性互联网使用关系中的中介作用。结果发现,"网络成瘾群体者"所占比例为3.23%;男生的父母支持水平高于女生,七年级的父母支持显著高于八年级和九年级;在病理性互联网使用上,男生的病理性互联网使用水平高于女生,六年级、七年级和八年级的病理性互联网使用水平均显著低于九年级;父母支持负向预测病理性互联网使用,孤独感在父母支持和病理性互联网使用之间起部分中介作用。     

留守儿童家庭结构中的亲代在位

社会经济转型、城乡二元结构背景下,农村劳动力大量地向城市转移,导致农村留守家庭与隔代教养现象普遍存在。然而,父母缺场、亲子分离并不必然带来父母养育缺位、亲子关系断裂。主体的视角超越了二元对立的预设,在结构中创造属于自己的历史。留守儿童在社会文化的熏陶、亲子关系的感知、学校与社区重要他人的替代中,形成了基于自身视角的亲代在位的认知图式。儿童内心的亲代在位结构可划分为三个层次,分别是基础层次(象征父母与先验父母)、核心层次(具象父母与责任父母)、支持层次(监护人对于父母形象的维系以及重要他人的代理父母位置)。这样一个儿童视角的亲代在位解释框架,对于学校做好同留守儿童家庭的沟通与合作,对于理性选择留守儿童家庭教育的方法,具有启示意义。     

The Kempe Family Stress Inventory: a review

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to review the Kempe Family Stress Inventory (KFSI), a 10-item scale that measures risk for parenting difficulties based upon responses to a thorough psychosocial interview. The article provides a historical overview, as well as reviewing research regarding its reliability and validity. METHOD: Research and documentation regarding the KFSI were gathered from journals, book chapters, presentations, workshops, and intervention evaluation reports. RESULTS: The KFSI has been used to predict parents' future risk of maltreating their children. The scale covers a variety of domains, including psychiatric history, criminal and substance abuse history, childhood history of care, emotional functioning, attitudes towards and perception of child, discipline of child, and level of stress in the parent's life. Although construct validity has been demonstrated with the KFSI, questions remain about its specificity and sensitivity. In addition, there has been minimal reliability work done on the measure. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the KFSI may have clinical utility, but should be used as part of a more comprehensive risk assessment that includes multiple measures. Acceptable accuracy in predicting child abuse and neglect when used by itself has not been demonstrated. There is a need for more demonstration of reliability and validity. Suggestions for future research are noted.     

儿童幽默感培养的家庭支持策略

儿童幽默感的培养具有多方面的价值,既可以促进儿童身心的健康成长,又可以促进儿童创造力的发展以及社会交往能力的提升,而良好的家庭教育在儿童幽默感的培养过程中起重要作用。因此,家长作为家庭教育的实施者,可以从五方面来培养儿童的幽默感:转变传统观念,增强培养儿童幽默感的意识;发挥榜样作用,提高自身的幽默感;创设物质环境,营造培养儿童幽默感的氛围;培养乐观心态,创造培养儿童幽默感的条件;基于认知基础,遵循培养儿童幽默感的规律。